1
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Chen S, Fan C, Xu Z, Pei M, Wang J, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Li J, Lu J, Peng C, Wei X. Mechanochemical synthesis of organoselenium compounds. Nat Commun 2024; 15:769. [PMID: 38278789 PMCID: PMC10817960 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44891-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We disclose herein a strategy for the rapid synthesis of versatile organoselenium compounds under mild conditions. In this work, magnesium-based selenium nucleophiles are formed in situ from easily available organic halides, magnesium metal, and elemental selenium via mechanical stimulation. This process occurs under liquid-assisted grinding (LAG) conditions, requires no complicated pre-activation procedures, and operates broadly across a diverse range of aryl, heteroaryl, and alkyl substrates. In this work, symmetrical diselenides are efficiently obtained after work-up in the air, while one-pot nucleophilic addition reactions with various electrophiles allow the comprehensive synthesis of unsymmetrical monoselenides with high functional group tolerance. Notably, the method is applied to regioselective selenylation reactions of diiodoarenes and polyaromatic aryl halides that are difficult to operate via solution approaches. Besides selenium, elemental sulfur and tellurium are also competent in this process, which showcases the potential of the methodology for the facile synthesis of organochalcogen compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Chunying Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Zijian Xu
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Mengyao Pei
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jiemin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jiye Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yilei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Yanta, China
| | - Jiyu Li
- Xi'an Aisiyi Health Industry Co., Ltd, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Junliang Lu
- Xi'an Aisiyi Health Industry Co., Ltd, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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2
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Zuo S, Zheng S, Liu J, Zuo A. Mechanochemical synthesis of unsymmetrical salens for the preparation of Co-salen complexes and their evaluation as catalysts for the synthesis of α-aryloxy alcohols via asymmetric phenolic kinetic resolution of terminal epoxides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1416-1423. [PMID: 36300012 PMCID: PMC9577384 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we report the mechanochemical synthesis of unsymmetrical salens using grinding and ball milling technologies, respectively, both of which were afforded in good yield. The chelating effect of the unsymmetrical salens with zinc, copper, and cobalt was studied and the chiral Co-salen complex 2f was obtained in 98% yield. Hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR) of epichlorohydrin with water catalyzed by complex 2f (0.5 mol %) was explored and resulted in 98% ee, suggesting complex 2f could serve as an enantioselective catalyst for the asymmetric ring opening of terminal epoxides by phenols. A library of α-aryloxy alcohols 3 was thereafter synthesized in good yield and high ee using 2f via the phenolic KR of epichlorohydrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuxiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ang Zuo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and UICentre, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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3
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Gao P, Jiang J, Maeda S, Kubota K, Ito H. Mechanochemically Generated Calcium‐Based Heavy Grignard Reagents and Their Application to Carbon–Carbon Bond‐Forming Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207118. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Gao
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| | - Julong Jiang
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| | - Koji Kubota
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
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4
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Gao P, Jiang J, Maeda S, Kubota K, Ito H. Mechanochemically Generated Calcium‐Based Heavy Grignard Reagents and Their Application to Carbon−Carbon Bond‐Forming Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Gao
- Hokkaido University: Hokkaido Daigaku Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery JAPAN
| | - Julong Jiang
- Hokkaido University: Hokkaido Daigaku Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Hokkaido University: Hokkaido Daigaku Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Koji Kubota
- Hokkaido University: Hokkaido Daigaku Division of Applied Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Hajime Ito
- Hokkaido University Division of Applied Chemistry Kita-13 Nishi-8Kita-ku 060-8628 Sapporo JAPAN
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5
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Sim Y, Leon F, Hum G, Phang SJI, Ong HC, Ganguly R, Díaz J, Clegg JK, García F. Pre-arranged building block approach for the orthogonal synthesis of an unfolded tetrameric organic-inorganic phosphazane macrocycle. Commun Chem 2022; 5:59. [PMID: 36697579 PMCID: PMC9814789 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00673-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Inorganic macrocycles remain challenging synthetic targets due to the limited number of strategies reported for their syntheses. Among these species, large fully inorganic cyclodiphosphazane macrocycles have been experimentally and theoretically highlighted as promising candidates for supramolecular chemistry. In contrast, their hybrid organic-inorganic counterparts are lagging behind due to the lack of synthetic routes capable of controlling the size and topological arrangement (i.e., folded vs unfolded) of the target macrocycle, rendering the synthesis of differently sized macrocycles a tedious screening process. Herein, we report-as a proof-of-concept-the combination of pre-arranged building blocks and a two-step synthetic route to rationally enable access a large unfolded tetrameric macrocycle, which is not accessible via conventional synthetic strategies. The obtained macrocycle hybrid cyclodiphosphazane macrocycle, cis-[μ-P(μ-NtBu)]2(μ-p-OC6H4C(O)O)]4[μ-P(μ-NtBu)]2 (4), displays an unfolded open-face cavity area of 110.1 Å2. Preliminary theoretical host-guest studies with the dication [MeNC5H4]22+ suggest compound 4 as a viable candidate for the synthesis of hybrid proto-rotaxanes species based on phosphazane building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sim
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry. School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Felix Leon
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry. School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Gavin Hum
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry. School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Si Jia Isabel Phang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry. School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - How Chee Ong
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry. School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Rakesh Ganguly
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry. School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Shiv Nadar University, NH-91, Tehsil Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, 201314, India
| | - Jesús Díaz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Jack K Clegg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Cooper Road, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, QLD, Australia.
| | - Felipe García
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry. School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Claveria 8, Oviedo, 33006, Asturias, Spain.
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6
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Zhang J, Zhang P, Ma Y, Szostak M. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Ketones via Chemoselective Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling of Acyl Chlorides. Org Lett 2022; 24:2338-2343. [PMID: 35297638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The direct synthesis of ketones via acyl Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of widely available acyl chlorides is a central transformation in organic synthesis. Herein, we report the first mechanochemical solvent-free method for highly chemoselective synthesis of ketones from acyl chlorides and boronic acids. This acylation reaction is conducted in the solid state, in the absence of potentially harmful solvents, for a short reaction time and shows excellent selectivity for C(acyl)-Cl bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yangmin Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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7
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Kunde T, Pausch T, Guńka PA, Krzyżanowski M, Kasprzak A, Schmidt BM. Fast, solvent-free synthesis of ferrocene-containing organic cages via dynamic covalent chemistry in the solid state. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2877-2883. [PMID: 35382473 PMCID: PMC8905640 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06372c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, solvent-free synthetic protocol towards the synthesis of organic self-assembled macromolecules has been established. By employing mechanochemistry using glassware readily available to every organic chemist, we were able to synthesise three novel organic cage compounds exemplarily and to speed up the synthesis of a ferrocene-containing macrocycle by a factor of 288 compared to the solution-based synthesis. The structural investigation of the newly synthesised cages revealed different modes of connectivity from using ferrocene-containing aldehydes caused by the free rotation of the cyclopentadienyl units against each other. By extending the facile solvent-free synthesis to ball-milling, even compounds that show lower reactivity could be employed in the dynamic covalent formation of organometallic cage compounds. The presented protocol gives access to otherwise inaccessible structures, speeds up general synthetic workflows, and simultaneously reduces the environmental impact of supramolecular syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kunde
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 D-40225 Düsseldorf Germany http://www.bmschmidtlab.de
| | - Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 D-40225 Düsseldorf Germany http://www.bmschmidtlab.de
| | - Piotr A Guńka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego Str. 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Maurycy Krzyżanowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego Str. 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Artur Kasprzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego Str. 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 D-40225 Düsseldorf Germany http://www.bmschmidtlab.de
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8
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Hernández JG, Ardila-Fierro KJ, Barišić D, Geneste H. Multi-faceted reactivity of N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) under mechanochemical conditions: fluorination, fluorodemethylation, sulfonylation, and amidation reactions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:182-189. [PMID: 35233257 PMCID: PMC8848345 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search for versatile reagents compatible with mechanochemical techniques, in this work we studied the reactivity of N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) by ball milling. We corroborated that, by mechanochemistry, NFSI can engage in a variety of reactions such as fluorinations, fluorodemethylations, sulfonylations, and amidations. In comparison to the protocols reported in solution, the mechanochemical reactions were accomplished in the absence of solvents, in short reaction times, and in yields comparable to or higher than their solvent-based counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G Hernández
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- current address Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Karen J Ardila-Fierro
- Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dajana Barišić
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hervé Geneste
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Neuroscience Research, D-67008 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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9
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Jia W, Li X, Zhi X, Zhong R. Mechanochemical synthesis of half‐sandwich iridium/rhodium complexes with 8‐hydroxyquinoline derivatives ligands. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Guo Jia
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecular‐Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science Anhui Normal University Wuhu China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Science Fuzhou China
| | - Xiao‐Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecular‐Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science Anhui Normal University Wuhu China
| | - Xue‐Ting Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecular‐Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science Anhui Normal University Wuhu China
| | - Rui Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecular‐Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science Anhui Normal University Wuhu China
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10
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Aleksanyan DV, Churusova SG, Brunova VV, Peregudov AS, Shakhov AM, Rybalkina EY, Klemenkova ZS, Kononova EG, Denisov GL, Kozlov VA. Mechanochemistry for the synthesis of non-classical N-metalated palladium(II) pincer complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16726-16738. [PMID: 34761776 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03259c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The peculiarities of cyclopalladation of a series of non-classical pincer-type ligands based on monothiooxalyl amides bearing ancillary N- or S-donor groups in the amide units have been scrutinized both under conditions of conventional solution-based synthesis and in the absence of a solvent according to a solid-phase methodology including mechanochemical activation. Grinding the functionalized monothiooxamides with PdCl2(NCPh)2 in a mortar or vibration ball mill is shown to serve as an efficient and green alternative to the synthesis of these complex metal-organic systems in solution that can offer such advantages as the absence of any auxiliary and significant rate and yield enhancement, especially for the challenging ligands. The realization of S,N,N- or S,N,S-monoanionic tridentate coordination in the resulting pincer complexes has been confirmed by multinuclear NMR (including 2D NMR) and IR spectroscopy and, in some cases, X-ray diffraction. The course and outcome of the solid-phase reactions have been studied by a combination of different spectroscopic methods as well as SEM/EDS analysis. The preliminary evaluation of cytotoxic activity against several human cancer cell lines has revealed the high potency of some of the cyclopalladated derivatives obtained, rendering further development of solvent-free synthetic routes to this type of complexes very urgent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana V Aleksanyan
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 28, Moscow, 119991 Russia.
| | - Svetlana G Churusova
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 28, Moscow, 119991 Russia.
| | - Valentina V Brunova
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 28, Moscow, 119991 Russia.
| | - Alexander S Peregudov
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 28, Moscow, 119991 Russia.
| | - Aleksander M Shakhov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Kosygina 4, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - Ekaterina Yu Rybalkina
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kashirskoe shosse 23, Moscow, 115478 Russia
| | - Zinaida S Klemenkova
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 28, Moscow, 119991 Russia.
| | - Elena G Kononova
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 28, Moscow, 119991 Russia.
| | - Gleb L Denisov
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 28, Moscow, 119991 Russia.
| | - Vladimir A Kozlov
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 28, Moscow, 119991 Russia.
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11
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Moura A, Gaglieri C, Alarcon RT, Ferreira LT, Vecchi R, Sanches MLR, Oliveira RC, Venturini J, Silva‐Filho LC, Junior Caires F. A New Curcuminoids‐Coumarin Derivative: Mechanochemical Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Its In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Properties. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aniele Moura
- School of Sciences Chemistry Department UNESP São Paulo State University Bauru 17033-260 SP Brazil
| | - Caroline Gaglieri
- School of Sciences Chemistry Department UNESP São Paulo State University Bauru 17033-260 SP Brazil
| | - Rafael Turra Alarcon
- School of Sciences Chemistry Department UNESP São Paulo State University Bauru 17033-260 SP Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Vecchi
- Medicine School Tropical Diseases and Imaging Diagnosis UNESP-São Paulo State University Botucatu 18618-687 SP Brazil
| | - Mariana Liessa Rovis Sanches
- Bauru School of Dentistry Department of Biological Sciences USP-University of São Paulo Bauru 17011-220 SP Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Cardoso Oliveira
- Bauru School of Dentistry Department of Biological Sciences USP-University of São Paulo Bauru 17011-220 SP Brazil
| | - James Venturini
- Medicine School Tropical Diseases and Imaging Diagnosis UNESP-São Paulo State University Botucatu 18618-687 SP Brazil
- Medicine School UFMS- Mato Grosso do Sul Federal University Campo Grande 79070-900 MS Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Silva‐Filho
- School of Sciences Chemistry Department UNESP São Paulo State University Bauru 17033-260 SP Brazil
| | - Flávio Junior Caires
- School of Sciences Chemistry Department UNESP São Paulo State University Bauru 17033-260 SP Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry UNESP-São Paulo State University Araraquara 14800-900 SP Brazil
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12
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Schumacher C, Molitor C, Smid S, Truong KN, Rissanen K, Bolm C. Mechanochemical Syntheses of N-Containing Heterocycles with TosMIC. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14213-14222. [PMID: 34405999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A mechanochemical van Leusen pyrrole synthesis with a base leads to 3,4-disubstitued pyrroles in moderate to excellent yields. The developed protocol is compatible with a range of electron-withdrawing groups and can also be applied to the synthesis of oxazoles. Attempts to mechanochemically convert the resulting pyrroles into porphyrins proved to be difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schumacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Claude Molitor
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Smid
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Khai-Nghi Truong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, Survontie 9 B, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, Survontie 9 B, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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13
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Ardila-Fierro KJ, Hernández JG. Sustainability Assessment of Mechanochemistry by Using the Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2145-2162. [PMID: 33835716 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, mechanochemistry has been growing into a widely accepted alternative for chemical synthesis. In addition to their efficiency and practicality, mechanochemical reactions are also recognized for their sustainability. The association between mechanochemistry and Green Chemistry often originates from the solvent-free nature of most mechanochemical protocols, which can reduce waste production. However, mechanochemistry satisfies more than one of the Principles of Green Chemistry. In this Review we will present a series of examples that will clearly illustrate how mechanochemistry can significantly contribute to the fulfillment of Green Chemistry in a more holistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Ardila-Fierro
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - José G Hernández
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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14
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Koby RF, Doerr AM, Rightmire NR, Schley ND, Brennessel WW, Long BK, Hanusa TP. Mechanochemical Formation, Solution Rearrangements, and Catalytic Behavior of a Polymorphic Ca/K Allyl Complex. Chemistry 2021; 27:8195-8202. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross F. Koby
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - Alicia M. Doerr
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996–1600 USA
| | | | - Nathan D. Schley
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - William W. Brennessel
- X-ray Crystallographic Facility, Department of Chemistry University of Rochester Rochester NY 14627 USA
| | - Brian K. Long
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996–1600 USA
| | - Timothy P. Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
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15
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Jia WG, Zhi XT, Li XD, Zhou JP, Zhong R, Yu H, Lee R. Postsynthetic Modification of Half-Sandwich Ruthenium Complexes by Mechanochemical Synthesis. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:4313-4321. [PMID: 33761240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A mild and environmentally friendly method to synthesize half-sandwich ruthenium complexes through the Wittig reaction between an aldehyde-tagged half-sandwich ruthenium complex and phosphorus ylide mechanochemically is reported herein. The mechanochemical synthesis of valuable half-sandwich ruthenium complexes resulted in a fast reaction, good yield with simple workup, and the avoidance of harsh reaction conditions and organic solvents. The synthesized half-sandwich ruthenium complexes exhibited high catalytic activity for transfer hydrogenation of ketones using 2-propanol as the hydrogen source and solvent. Density functional theory was carried out to propose a mechanism for the transfer hydrogenation process. The modeling suggests the importance of the labile p-cymene ligand in modulating the reactivity of the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Guo Jia
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecular-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.,State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Science, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xue-Ting Zhi
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecular-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecular-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Jun-Peng Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecular-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Rui Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecular-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Haibo Yu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Richmond Lee
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
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16
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Sarathkumar S, Kavala V, Yao CF. A Water-Soluble Rhenium(I) Catalyst for the Regio- and Stereoselective C(sp 2)-H Alkenylation of N-Pyridyl-/ N-Pyrimidylindole and the N-H Alkenylation of N-Pyrimidylaniline Derivatives with Ynamides. Org Lett 2021; 23:1960-1965. [PMID: 33523663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A water-soluble and low-valent rhenium(I) catalyst for the C2 alkenylation of N-pyridyl/N-pyrimidylindole derivatives with ynamides under mild conditions using water as the solvent has been described. The reaction of N-pyridyl/N-pyrimidyl indole with the ynamide afforded the C2-Z-selective alkenylation derivative as the sole product, and the reactions of N-pyrimidylanilines delivered the corresponding N-alkenylated product rather than the expected C-H alkenylation products in high yields under the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundaramoorthi Sarathkumar
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, No-88, Sec.4, Ting- Zhou Road, Taipei 11677, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Veerababurao Kavala
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, No-88, Sec.4, Ting- Zhou Road, Taipei 11677, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Ching-Fa Yao
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, No-88, Sec.4, Ting- Zhou Road, Taipei 11677, Taiwan R.O.C
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17
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Lapshin OV, Boldyreva EV, Boldyrev VV. Role of Mixing and Milling in Mechanochemical Synthesis (Review). RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023621030116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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18
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Roy S. Prins-Friedel-Crafts Cyclization: Synthesis of Diversely Functionalized Six- Membered Oxacycles. CURR ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272825666210114105020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prins cyclization is a well-established synthetic protocol to generate a wide range
of important oxygen heterocycles. It is a cyclization reaction performed by an oxocarbenium
ion that undergoes an intramolecular pi-bond attack to construct a new carbon-carbon bond.
When this cyclization process is conjugated with Friedel-Crafts reaction, it further expands
the synthetic potential by fabricating two different carbon-carbon bonds in one single reaction.
Different acid catalysts mediated the coupled Prins-Friedel-Crafts reaction which is conducted
both in stepwise as well as in tandem fashion. In the stepwise route, three different
reacting components were utilized whereas, the tandem methodology required proper modification
of the initial substrate molecule. An array of allylic, propargylic, other related alkenols,
and carbonyl reactants were employed to carry out the cyclization process. Several oxygenated
heterocycles equipped with diverse functionalities were constructed in a stereoselective manner which again
reinforced the significance of this cyclization protocol undoubtedly. The present mini-review highlights the utilization
of different one-pot stepwise Prins-Friedel-Crafts reactions and the subsequent development of cascade Prins-
Friedel-Crafts cyclization process to furnish intricate molecular architectures of vital six-membered oxacycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Banwarilal Bhalotia College, Asansol-713303, West Bengal, India
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19
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Fiss BG, Richard AJ, Douglas G, Kojic M, Friščić T, Moores A. Mechanochemical methods for the transfer of electrons and exchange of ions: inorganic reactivity from nanoparticles to organometallics. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8279-8318. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00918k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For inorganic metathesis and reduction reactivity, mechanochemistry is demonstrating great promise towards both nanoparticles and organometallics syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine G. Fiss
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montréal
- Canada
| | - Austin J. Richard
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montréal
- Canada
| | - Georgia Douglas
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montréal
- Canada
| | - Monika Kojic
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montréal
- Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montréal
- Canada
| | - Audrey Moores
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montréal
- Canada
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20
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Bal A, Maiti S, Mal P. Intermolecular C‐Arylation of 2‐Amidobiphenyls Overcoming Intramolecular N‐Arylation. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Bal
- School of Chemical Sciences National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda Odisha 752050 India
| | - Saikat Maiti
- School of Chemical Sciences National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda Odisha 752050 India
| | - Prasenjit Mal
- School of Chemical Sciences National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda Odisha 752050 India
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21
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Allenbaugh RJ, Zachary JR, Underwood AN, Bryson JD, Williams JR, Shaw A. Kinetic analysis of the complete mechanochemical synthesis of a palladium(II) carbene complex. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2019.107622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Yu J, Yang X, Wu C, Su W. Palladium-Catalyzed C–H/C–H Cross-Coupling by Mechanochemistry: Direct Alkenylation and Heteroarylation of N1-Protected 1H-Indazoles. J Org Chem 2019; 85:1009-1021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Xinjie Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Chongyang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Weike Su
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
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23
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and the Renewable Energy and Chemical Transformations Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Logesh Mathivathanan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Titel Jurca
- Department of Chemistry and the Renewable Energy and Chemical Transformations Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
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25
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Budny-Godlewski K, Justyniak I, Leszczyński MK, Lewiński J. Mechanochemical and slow-chemistry radical transformations: a case of diorganozinc compounds and TEMPO. Chem Sci 2019; 10:7149-7155. [PMID: 31588281 PMCID: PMC6686643 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01396b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
From the green chemistry perspective, molecular solid-state transformations conducted under mild conditions are of great interest and desirability. However, research in this area lacked popularity in the previous century, and thus progressed slowly. In particular, the application of radical reactions in solid-state chemistry has been hampered by several long-standing challenges that are intrinsically associated with the apparent unpredictable nature of radical chemistry. We present a comparative study of model mechanochemical, slow-chemistry and solution radical reactions between TEMPO and homoleptic organozinc compounds (i.e., di-tert-butylzinc and diphenylzinc). In the case of the tBu2Zn/TEMPO reaction system only a dimeric diamagnetic complex [tBuZn(μ-TEMPO*)]2 is obtained in yields slightly varying with the method chosen. In contrast, when TEMPO is mixed with diphenylzinc in a 2 : 1 molar ratio a novel paramagnetic Lewis acid-base adduct [[Ph2Zn(η1-TEMPO)]·TEMPO] is isolated in high yields regardless of the applied methodology. This adduct is also formed in the slow-chemistry process when TEMPO is gently mixed with Ph2Zn in a 1 : 1 molar ratio and left for two weeks at ambient temperature. Within the next week the reaction mixture gives in high yield a diamagnetic dinuclear compound [PhZn(μ-TEMPO*)][PhZn(μ2-η1:η1-TEMPO*)] and biphenyl. The analogous reaction conducted in toluene results in a much lower conversion rate. The reported results open up a new horizon in molecular solid-state radical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Budny-Godlewski
- Faculty of Chemistry , Warsaw University of Technology , Noakowskiego 3 , 00-664 Warsaw , Poland . ; ; Tel: +48 22 2347315
| | - Iwona Justyniak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52 , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Michał K Leszczyński
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52 , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Faculty of Chemistry , Warsaw University of Technology , Noakowskiego 3 , 00-664 Warsaw , Poland . ; ; Tel: +48 22 2347315
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52 , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
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26
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Kubota K, Takahashi R, Ito H. Mechanochemistry allows carrying out sensitive organometallic reactions in air: glove-box-and-Schlenk-line-free synthesis of oxidative addition complexes from aryl halides and palladium(0). Chem Sci 2019; 10:5837-5842. [PMID: 31293773 PMCID: PMC6566379 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01711a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic reactions that employ moisture- and/or oxygen-sensitive reagents or intermediates usually involve the use of glove-box or Schlenk-line techniques as well as dry and degassed solvents. Unfortunately, these requirements may greatly reduce the utility of the targeted organic molecules. Herein, we demonstrate that solvent-free mechanochemical synthetic techniques allow using highly oxygen-sensitive palladium(0) species in air for the stoichiometric oxidative addition of aryl halides. The low diffusion efficiency of gaseous oxygen in crystalline or amorphous solid-state reaction mixtures should be the main reason for the low impact of the presence of atmospheric oxygen on the sensitive oxidative addition reactions under the applied conditions. This study thus illustrates the outstanding potential of mechanochemistry to serve as an operationally simple, glove-box-and-Schlenk-line-free synthetic route to organometallic compounds and other valuable synthetic targets, even when sensitive reagents or intermediates are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center , Faculty of Engineering , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan . ;
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - Rina Takahashi
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center , Faculty of Engineering , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan . ;
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center , Faculty of Engineering , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan . ;
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan
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27
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Staleva P, Hernández JG, Bolm C. Mechanochemical Copper-Catalyzed Asymmetric Michael-Type Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of Indoles with Arylidene Malonates. Chemistry 2019; 25:9202-9205. [PMID: 31106927 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A mechanochemical version of the asymmetric Michael-type Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indoles with arylidene malonates was developed. The reaction proceeds under ambient atmosphere using a chiral bis(oxazoline)copper catalyst in a mixer mill. Under these reaction conditions nineteen 3-substituted indole derivatives were synthesized in good to excellent yields (up to 98 %), and with good enantioselectivities (up to 91:9 e.r.) after short milling times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plamena Staleva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - José G Hernández
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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28
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Beillard A, Bantreil X, Métro TX, Martinez J, Lamaty F. Alternative Technologies That Facilitate Access to Discrete Metal Complexes. Chem Rev 2019; 119:7529-7609. [PMID: 31059243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Organometallic complexes: these two words jump to the mind of the chemist and are directly associated with their utility in catalysis or as a pharmaceutical. Nevertheless, to be able to use them, it is necessary to synthesize them, and it is not always a small matter. Typically, synthesis is via solution chemistry, using a round-bottom flask and a magnetic or mechanical stirrer. This review takes stock of alternative technologies currently available in laboratories that facilitate the synthesis of such complexes. We highlight five such technologies: mechanochemistry, also known as solvent-free chemistry, uses a mortar and pestle or a ball mill; microwave activation can drastically reduce reaction times; ultrasonic activation promotes chemical reactions because of cavitation phenomena; photochemistry, which uses light radiation to initiate reactions; and continuous flow chemistry, which is increasingly used to simplify scale-up. While facilitating the synthesis of organometallic compounds, these enabling technologies also allow access to compounds that cannot be obtained in any other way. This shows how the paradigm is changing and evolving toward new technologies, without necessarily abandoning the round-bottom flask. A bright future is ahead of the organometallic chemist, thanks to these novel technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Beillard
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Xavier Bantreil
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Thomas-Xavier Métro
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Frédéric Lamaty
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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29
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Ardila-Fierro KJ, Pich A, Spehr M, Hernández JG, Bolm C. Synthesis of acylglycerol derivatives by mechanochemistry. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:811-817. [PMID: 30992730 PMCID: PMC6444433 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent times, many biologically relevant building blocks such as amino acids, peptides, saccharides, nucleotides and nucleosides, etc. have been prepared by mechanochemical synthesis. However, mechanosynthesis of lipids by ball milling techniques has remained essentially unexplored. In this work, a multistep synthetic route to access mono- and diacylglycerol derivatives by mechanochemistry has been realized, including the synthesis of diacylglycerol-coumarin conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Ardila-Fierro
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Spehr
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - José G Hernández
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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30
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Nezhadali Baghan Z, Salimi A, Eshtiagh-Hosseini H, Oliver AG. Hydrogen-bonded 3D network of d10-metal halide coordination polymer containing N-(3-pyridinyl) nicotinamide: influence of ligand conformation, halide anions and solvent. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce00107g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structures of four new d10-metal halide coordination polymers are determined as one-dimensional (1D) zigzag chains which are in contact with each other by C/N–H⋯X (X = Cl, Br, I) hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Salimi
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
- Mashhad
- Iran
| | | | - Allen G. Oliver
- Molecular Structure Facility
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Notre Dame
- Indiana 46556
- USA
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31
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Tan D, García F. Main group mechanochemistry: from curiosity to established protocols. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:2274-2292. [PMID: 30806391 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00813a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, mechanochemistry has become rapidly established as a powerful tool enabling environmentally-benign and sustainable chemical syntheses. Not only have these techniques been demonstrated as viable alternatives to traditional solution-based syntheses, but they have also received attention for their ability to enable new reactivity and "unlocking" novel compounds inaccessible by conventional methods. Reflecting the rising popularity of mechanochemistry, many excellent reviews highlighting its benefits have recently been published. Whilst the scope of most of these focuses on organic chemistry, transition-metal catalysis, porous framework materials, coordination compounds and supramolecular synthesis, few have addressed the use of mechanochemical ball milling for the synthesis of compounds containing s- and p-block elements. This tutorial review turns the spotlight towards mechanochemical research in the field of inorganic main group chemistry, highlighting significant advantages that solid-state inorganic reactions often possess, and the potential for these to drive the development of greener methodologies within the modern main group arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davin Tan
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore.
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32
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Koby RF, Hanusa TP, Schley ND. Mechanochemically Driven Transformations in Organotin Chemistry: Stereochemical Rearrangement, Redox Behavior, and Dispersion-Stabilized Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15934-15942. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross F. Koby
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B #351822, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Timothy P. Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B #351822, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Nathan D. Schley
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B #351822, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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33
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Shaw TE, Shultz LR, Garayeva LR, Blair RG, Noll BC, Jurca T. Mechanochemical routes for the synthesis of acetyl- and bis-(imino)pyridine ligands and organometallics. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:16876-16884. [PMID: 30351333 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03608j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Organometallic precatalysts play a pivotal role in organic synthesis. However, their preparation often relies on multiple time, energy, and solvent intensive steps, including the synthesis of supporting organic ligand structures, and finally installation on the desired metal centres. We report the sustainable mechanochemical synthesis of acetyl- and bis-(imino)pyridine pincer complexes, a ubiquitous ligand class for organometallic precatalysts. The approach is extended to the one-pot synthesis of acetyl(imino)pyridine-CoCl2, where the ligand is formed in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and the Energy Conversion and Propulsion Cluster, University of Central Florida, 4353 Scorpius Street, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
| | - Lorianne R Shultz
- Department of Chemistry and the Energy Conversion and Propulsion Cluster, University of Central Florida, 4353 Scorpius Street, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
| | - Louiza R Garayeva
- Department of Chemistry and the Energy Conversion and Propulsion Cluster, University of Central Florida, 4353 Scorpius Street, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
| | - Richard G Blair
- Florida Space Institute, University of Central Florida, 12354 Research Parkway, Suite 214, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Bruce C Noll
- Bruker AXS Inc., 5465 East Cheryl Parkway, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Titel Jurca
- Department of Chemistry and the Energy Conversion and Propulsion Cluster, University of Central Florida, 4353 Scorpius Street, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
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34
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Cao Q, Howard JL, Wheatley E, Browne DL. Mechanochemical Activation of Zinc and Application to Negishi Cross-Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11339-11343. [PMID: 30015403 PMCID: PMC6220771 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A form independent activation of zinc, concomitant generation of organozinc species and engagement in a Negishi cross-coupling reaction via mechanochemical methods is reported. The reported method exhibits a broad substrate scope for both C(sp3 )-C(sp2 ) and C(sp2 )-C(sp2 ) couplings and is tolerant to many important functional groups. The method may offer broad reaching opportunities for the in situ generation organometallic compounds from base metals and their concomitant engagement in synthetic reactions via mechanochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Cao
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3EQUK
| | - Joseph L. Howard
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3EQUK
| | - Emilie Wheatley
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3EQUK
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3EQUK
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35
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Cao Q, Howard JL, Wheatley E, Browne DL. Mechanochemical Activation of Zinc and Application to Negishi Cross-Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qun Cao
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3EQ UK
| | - Joseph L. Howard
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3EQ UK
| | - Emilie Wheatley
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3EQ UK
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3EQ UK
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36
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Schumacher C, Crawford DE, RaguŽ B, Glaum R, James SL, Bolm C, Hernández JG. Mechanochemical dehydrocoupling of dimethylamine borane and hydrogenation reactions using Wilkinson's catalyst. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:8355-8358. [PMID: 29993055 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04487b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry enabled the selective synthesis of the recherché orange polymorph of Wilkinson's catalyst [RhCl(PPh3)3]. The mechanochemically prepared Rh-complex catalysed the solvent-free dehydrogenation of Me2NH·BH3 in a ball mill. The in situ-generated hydrogen (H2) could be utilised for Rh-catalysed hydrogenation reactions by ball milling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schumacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, Aachen D-52074, Germany.
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37
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Howard JL, Sagatov Y, Browne DL. Mechanochemical electrophilic fluorination of liquid beta-ketoesters. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Bolm C, Hernández JG. From Synthesis of Amino Acids and Peptides to Enzymatic Catalysis: A Bottom-Up Approach in Mechanochemistry. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:1410-1420. [PMID: 29436773 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201800113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, chemical reactions induced or facilitated by mechanical energy have gained recognition in diverse areas of chemical synthesis. In particular, mechanosyntheses of amino acids and short peptides, along with their applications in catalysis, have revealed the high degree of stability of peptide bonds in environments of harsh mechanical stress. These observations quickly led to the recent interest in developing mechanochemical enzymatic reactions. Experimentally, manual grinding, ball-milling techniques, and twin-screw extrusion technology have proven valuable to convey mechanical forces into a chemical synthesis. These practices have enabled the establishment of more sustainable alternatives for chemical synthesis by reducing the use of organic solvents and waste production, thereby having a direct impact on the E-factor of the chemical process. In this Minireview, the series of events that allowed the development of mechanochemical enzymatic reactions are described from a bottom-up perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - José G Hernández
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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39
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Mantovani AC, Hernández JG, Bolm C. Synthesis of 3-Iodobenzofurans by Electrophilic Cyclization under Solventless Conditions in a Ball Mill. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anderson C. Mantovani
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - José G. Hernández
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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40
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Cheng H, Hernández JG, Bolm C. Mechanochemical Cobalt-Catalyzed C−H Bond Functionalizations by Ball Milling. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanchao Cheng
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1, D- 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - José G. Hernández
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1, D- 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1, D- 52074 Aachen Germany
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41
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Leonardi M, Villacampa M, Menéndez JC. Multicomponent mechanochemical synthesis. Chem Sci 2018; 9:2042-2064. [PMID: 29732114 PMCID: PMC5909673 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc05370c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, the use of mechanochemical methods in synthesis has been almost negligible, but their perception by the synthetic community has changed in recent years and they are on their way to becoming mainstream. However, the hybridization of mechanochemical synthesis with methodologies designed to increase synthetic efficiency by allowing the generation of several bonds in a single operation has taken off only recently, but it already constitutes a very promising approach to sustainable chemistry. In this context, we provide in this Perspective a critical summary and discussion of the main known synthetic methods based on mechanochemical multicomponent reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Leonardi
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica , Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas , Facultad de Farmacia , Universidad Complutense , 28040 Madrid , Spain .
| | - Mercedes Villacampa
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica , Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas , Facultad de Farmacia , Universidad Complutense , 28040 Madrid , Spain .
| | - J Carlos Menéndez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica , Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas , Facultad de Farmacia , Universidad Complutense , 28040 Madrid , Spain .
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Do JL, Tan D, Friščić T. Oxidative Mechanochemistry: Direct, Room-Temperature, Solvent-Free Conversion of Palladium and Gold Metals into Soluble Salts and Coordination Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Do
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
| | - Davin Tan
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
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Do JL, Tan D, Friščić T. Oxidative Mechanochemistry: Direct, Room-Temperature, Solvent-Free Conversion of Palladium and Gold Metals into Soluble Salts and Coordination Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2667-2671. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Do
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
| | - Davin Tan
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
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Kumar R, Pandey MK, Mondal D, Balakrishna MS. Reaction of PdCl2
with Diphenylacetylene Revisited: Effect of Solvents and Ball Milling on Cyclization and Crystal Structures of Dimeric Cyclobutenylpalladium Chloride Complexes. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish Kumar
- Phosphorus Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai; Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Madhusudan K. Pandey
- Phosphorus Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai; Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Dipanjan Mondal
- Phosphorus Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai; Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Maravanji S. Balakrishna
- Phosphorus Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai; Mumbai 400076 India
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45
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Sim Y, Tan D, Ganguly R, Li Y, García F. Orthogonality in main group compounds: a direct one-step synthesis of air- and moisture-stable cyclophosphazanes by mechanochemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01043a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry has been established to be an environmentally-friendly way of conducting reactions in a solvent-free manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sim
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
| | - Davin Tan
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
| | - Rakesh Ganguly
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
| | - Yongxin Li
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
| | - Felipe García
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
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46
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Garci A, Castor KJ, Fakhoury J, Do JL, Di Trani J, Chidchob P, Stein RS, Mittermaier AK, Friščić T, Sleiman H. Efficient and Rapid Mechanochemical Assembly of Platinum(II) Squares for Guanine Quadruplex Targeting. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:16913-16922. [PMID: 29058892 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We present a rapid and efficient method to generate a family of platinum supramolecular square complexes, including previously inaccessible targets, through the use of ball milling mechanochemistry. This one-pot, two-step process occurs in minutes and enables the synthesis of the squares [Pt4(en)4(N∩N)4][CF3SO3]8 (en= ethylenediamine, N∩N = 4,4'-bipyridine derivatives) from commercially available precursor K2PtCl4 in good to excellent yields. In contrast, solution-based assembly requires heating the reagents for weeks and gives lower yields. Mechanistic investigations into this remarkable rate acceleration revealed that solution-based assembly (refluxing for days) results in the formation of large oligomeric side-products that are difficult to break down into the desired squares. On the other hand, ball milling in the solid state is rapid and appears to involve smaller intermediates. We examined the binding of the new supramolecular squares to guanine quadruplexes, including oncogene and telomere-associated DNA and RNA sequences. Sub-micromolar binding affinities were obtained by fluorescence displacement assays (FID) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), with binding preference to telomere RNA (TERRA) sequences. ITC showed a 1:1 binding stoichiometry of the metallosquare to TERRA, while the stoichiometry was more complex for telomeric quadruplex DNA and a double-stranded DNA control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Garci
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Katherine J Castor
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Johans Fakhoury
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Jean-Louis Do
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Justin Di Trani
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Pongphak Chidchob
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Robin S Stein
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Anthony K Mittermaier
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Hanadi Sleiman
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Davin Tan
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St.W. H3A0B8 Montreal Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St.W. H3A0B8 Montreal Canada
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48
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Hernández JG. C−H Bond Functionalization by Mechanochemistry. Chemistry 2017; 23:17157-17165. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José G. Hernández
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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49
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Gečiauskaitė AA, García F. Main group mechanochemistry. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:2068-2077. [PMID: 29062428 PMCID: PMC5647729 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, mechanochemistry has emerged as a powerful methodology in the search for sustainable alternatives to conventional solvent-based synthetic routes. Mechanochemistry has already been successfully applied to the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), organic compounds, metal oxides, coordination compounds and organometallic complexes. In the main group arena, examples of synthetic mechanochemical methodologies, whilst still relatively sporadic, are on the rise. This short review provides an overview of recent advances and achievements in this area that further validate mechanochemistry as a credible alternative to solution-based methods for the synthesis of main group compounds and frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agota A Gečiauskaitė
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
| | - Felipe García
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
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50
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Howard JL, Nicholson W, Sagatov Y, Browne DL. One-pot multistep mechanochemical synthesis of fluorinated pyrazolones. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:1950-1956. [PMID: 29062413 PMCID: PMC5629391 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Solventless mechanochemical synthesis represents a technique with improved sustainability metrics compared to solvent-based processes. Herein, we describe a methodical process to run one solventless reaction directly into another through multistep mechanochemistry, effectively amplifying the solvent savings. The approach has to consider the solid form of the materials and compatibility of any auxiliary used. This has culminated in the development of a two-step, one-jar protocol for heterocycle formation and subsequent fluorination that has been successfully applied across a range of substrates, resulting in 12 difluorinated pyrazolones in moderate to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Howard
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - William Nicholson
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Yerbol Sagatov
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Duncan L Browne
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
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