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Reid C, Gunnoe TB. Rhodium-Catalyzed Oxidative Alkenylation of Anisole: Control of Regioselectivity. Organometallics 2024; 43:1362-1376. [PMID: 38938896 PMCID: PMC11200324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.4c00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
We report the conversion of anisoles and olefins to alkenyl anisoles via a transition-metal-catalyzed arene C-H activation and olefin insertion mechanism. The catalyst precursor, [(η2-C2H4)2Rh(μ-OAc)]2, and the in situ oxidant Cu(OPiv)2 (OPiv = pivalate) convert anisoles and olefins (ethylene or propylene) to alkenyl anisoles. When ethylene is used as the olefin, the o/m/p ratio varies between approximately 1:3:1 (selective for 3-methoxystyrene) and 1:5:10 (selective for 4-methoxystyrene). When propylene is the olefin, the o/m/p regioselectivity varies between approximately 1:8:20 and 1:8.5:5. The o/m/p ratios depend on the concentration of pivalic acid and olefin. For example, when using ethylene, at relatively high pivalic acid concentrations and low ethylene concentrations, the o/m/p regioselectivity is 1:3:1. Conversely, again for use of ethylene, at relatively low pivalic acid concentrations and high ethylene concentrations, the o/m/p regioselectivity is 1:5:10. Mechanistic studies of the conversion of anisoles and olefins to alkenyl anisoles provide evidence that the regioselectivity is likely under Curtin-Hammett conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher
W. Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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2
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Ketcham H, Zhu W, Gunnoe TB. Highly Anti-Markovnikov Selective Oxidative Arene Alkenylation Using Ir(I) Catalyst Precursors and Cu(II) Carboxylates. Organometallics 2024; 43:774-786. [PMID: 38606203 PMCID: PMC11005047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.4c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The Ir(I) complex [Ir(μ-Cl)(coe)2]2 (coe = cis-cyclooctene) is a catalyst precursor for benzene alkenylation using Cu(II) carboxylate salts. Using [Ir(μ-Cl)(coe)2]2, propenylbenzenes are formed from the reaction of benzene, propylene, and CuX2 (X = acetate, pivalate, or 2-ethylhexanoate). The Ir-catalyzed reactions selectively produce anti-Markovnikov products, trans-β-methylstyrene, cis-β-methylstyrene, and allylbenzene, along with minor amounts of the Markovnikov product, α-methylstyrene. The selectivity for the anti-Markovnikov products changed as the reaction progressed. For example, in a reaction that uses 240 equiv of Cu(OHex)2 (related to Ir), the selectivity for the anti-Markovnikov products increases from 18:1 at 3 h to 42:1 at 42 h with 30 psig of propylene at 150 °C. Studies of product stability have revealed that the increase in the selectivity for anti-Markovnikov products is not the result of an isomerization process or the selective decomposition of specific products. Rather, the change in selectivity correlates with the ratio of Cu(II) to Cu(I) in the solution, which decreases as the reaction progresses. We propose that the identity of the active catalyst changes as Cu(I) is accumulated, resulting in the formation of an active catalyst that is more selective for anti-Markovnikov products. Using a 4:1 Cu(I)/Cu(II) ratio at the start of the reaction, a 65(3):1 anti-Markovnikov/Markovnikov ratio is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Ketcham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Weihao Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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Bennett MT, Jia X, Musgrave CB, Zhu W, Goddard WA, Gunnoe TB. Pd(II) and Rh(I) Catalytic Precursors for Arene Alkenylation: Comparative Evaluation of Reactivity and Mechanism Based on Experimental and Computational Studies. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37392467 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
We combine experimental and computational investigations to compare and understand catalytic arene alkenylation using the Pd(II) and Rh(I) precursors Pd(OAc)2 and [(η2-C2H4)2Rh(μ-OAc)]2 with arene, olefin, and Cu(II) carboxylate at elevated temperatures (>120 °C). Under specific conditions, previous computational and experimental efforts have identified heterotrimetallic cyclic PdCu2(η2-C2H4)3(μ-OPiv)6 and [(η2-C2H4)2Rh(μ-OPiv)2]2(μ-Cu) (OPiv = pivalate) species as likely active catalysts for these processes. Further studies of catalyst speciation suggest a complicated equilibrium between Cu(II)-containing complexes containing one Rh or Pd atom with complexes containing two Rh or Pd atoms. At 120 °C, Rh catalysis produces styrene >20-fold more rapidly than Pd. Also, at 120 °C, Rh is ∼98% selective for styrene formation, while Pd is ∼82% selective. Our studies indicate that Pd catalysis has a higher predilection toward olefin functionalization to form undesired vinyl ester, while Rh catalysis is more selective for arene/olefin coupling. However, at elevated temperatures, Pd converts vinyl ester and arene to vinyl arene, which is proposed to occur through low-valent Pd(0) clusters that are formed in situ. Regardless of arene functionality, the regioselectivity for alkenylation of mono-substituted arenes with the Rh catalyst gives an approximate 2:1 meta/para ratio with minimal ortho C-H activation. In contrast, Pd selectivity is significantly influenced by arene electronics, with electron-rich arenes giving an approximate 1:2:2 ortho/meta/para ratio, while the electron-deficient (α,α,α)-trifluorotoluene gives a 3:1 meta/para ratio with minimal ortho functionalization. Kinetic intermolecular arene ethenylation competition experiments find that Rh reacts most rapidly with benzene, and the rate of mono-substituted arene alkenylation does not correlate with arene electronics. In contrast, with Pd catalysis, electron-rich arenes react more rapidly than benzene, while electron-deficient arenes react less rapidly than benzene. These experimental findings, in combination with computational results, are consistent with the arene C-H activation step for Pd catalysis involving significant η1-arenium character due to Pd-mediated electrophilic aromatic substitution character. In contrast, the mechanism for Rh catalysis is not sensitive to arene-substituent electronics, which we propose indicates less electrophilic aromatic substitution character for the Rh-mediated arene C-H activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc T Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Xiaofan Jia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Charles B Musgrave
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Weihao Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - T Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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Ketcham HE, Bennett MT, Reid CW, Gunnoe TB. Advances in arene alkylation and alkenylation catalyzed by transition metal complexes based on ruthenium, nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium and iridium. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Musgrave CB, Bennett MT, Ellena JF, Dickie DA, Gunnoe TB, Goddard WA. Reaction Mechanism Underlying Pd(II)-Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling of Ethylene and Benzene to Form Styrene: Identification of a Cyclic Mono-Pd II Bis-Cu II Complex as the Active Catalyst. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles B. Musgrave
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Marc T. Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Jeffrey F. Ellena
- Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance Facility, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Electron-Deficient Ru(II) Complexes as Catalyst Precursors for Ethylene Hydrophenylation. INORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics10060076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) complexes with the general formula TpRu(L)(NCMe)Ph (Tp = hydrido(trispyrazolyl)borate, L = CO, PMe3, P(OCH2)3CEt, P(pyr)3, P(OCH2)2(O)CCH3) have previously been shown to catalyze arene alkylation via Ru-mediated arene C–H activation including the conversion of benzene and ethylene to ethylbenzene. Previous studies have suggested that the catalytic performance of these TpRu(II) catalysts increases with reduced electron-density at the Ru center. Herein, three new structurally related Ru(II) complexes are synthesized, characterized, and studied for possible catalytic benzene ethylation. TpRu(NO)Ph2 exhibited low stability due to the facile elimination of biphenyl. The Ru(II) complex (TpBr3)Ru(NCMe)(P(OCH2)3CEt)Ph (TpBr3 = hydridotris(3,4,5-tribromopyrazol-1-yl)borate) showed no catalytic activity for the conversion of benzene and ethylene to ethylbenzene, likely due to the steric bulk introduced by the bromine substituents. (Ttz)Ru(NCMe)(P(OCH2)3CEt)Ph (Ttz = hydridotris(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)borate) catalyzed approximately 150 turnover numbers (TONs) of ethylbenzene at 120 °C in the presence of Lewis acid additives. Here, we compare the activity and features of catalysis using (Ttz)Ru(NCMe)(P(OCH2)3CEt)Ph to previously reported catalysis based on TpRu(L)(NCMe)Ph catalyst precursors.
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Zhu W, Gunnoe TB. Advances in Group 10 Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Arene Alkylation and Alkenylation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6746-6766. [PMID: 33908253 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
On a large scale, the dominant method to produce alkyl arenes has been arene alkylation from arenes and olefins using acid-based catalysis. The addition of arene C-H bonds across olefin C═C bonds catalyzed by transition-metal complexes through C-H activation and olefin insertion into metal-aryl bonds provides an alternative approach with potential advantages. This Perspective presents recent developments of olefin hydroarylation and oxidative olefin hydroarylation catalyzed by molecular complexes based on group 10 transition metals (Ni, Pd, Pt). Emphasis is placed on comparisons between Pt catalysts and other group 10 metal catalysts as well as Ru, Ir, and Rh catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - T Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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Musgrave CB, Zhu W, Coutard N, Ellena JF, Dickie DA, Gunnoe TB, Goddard WA. Mechanistic Studies of Styrene Production from Benzene and Ethylene Using [(η 2-C 2H 4) 2Rh(μ-OAc)] 2 as Catalyst Precursor: Identification of a Bis-Rh I Mono-Cu II Complex As the Catalyst. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles B. Musgrave
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, Department of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Weihao Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Nathan Coutard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Jeffrey F. Ellena
- Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance Facility, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, Department of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Gunnoe TB, Schinski WL, Jia X, Zhu W. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Arene Alkylation and Alkenylation: Catalytic Processes for the Generation of Chemical Intermediates. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - William L. Schinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Xiaofan Jia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Weihao Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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10
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Luo Z, Whitcomb CA, Kaylor N, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Davis RJ, Gunnoe TB. Oxidative Alkenylation of Arenes Using Supported Rh Materials: Evidence that Active Catalysts are Formed by Rh Leaching. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwen Luo
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - Colby A. Whitcomb
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - Nicholas Kaylor
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
- Southwest Research Institute San Antonio TX 78238 USA
| | - Yulu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - Sen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - Robert J. Davis
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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12
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Jia X, Frye LI, Zhu W, Gu S, Gunnoe TB. Synthesis of Stilbenes by Rhodium-Catalyzed Aerobic Alkenylation of Arenes via C–H Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10534-10543. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Jia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Lucas I. Frye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Weihao Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Shunyan Gu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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Abstract
ConspectusAlkyl and alkenyl arenes are of substantial value in both large-scale and fine chemical processes. Billions of pounds of alkyl and alkenyl arenes are produced annually. Historically, the dominant method for synthesis of alkyl arenes is acid-catalyzed arene alkylation, and alkenyl arenes are often synthesized in a subsequent dehydrogenation step. But these methods have limitations that result from the catalytic mechanism including (1) common polyalkylation, which requires an energy intensive transalkylation process, (2) quantitative selectivity for Markovnikov products for arene alkylation using α-olefins, (3) for substituted arenes, regioselectivity that is dictated by the electronic character of the arene substituents, (4) inability to form alkenyl arenes in a single process, and (5) commonly observed slow reactivity with electron-deficient arenes. Transition-metal-catalyzed aryl-carbon coupling reactions can produce alkyl or alkenyl arenes from aryl halides. However, these reactions often generate halogenated waste and typically require a stoichiometric amount of metal-containing transmetalation reagent. Transition-metal-catalyzed arene alkylation or alkenylation that involves arene C-H activation and olefin insertion into metal-aryl bonds provides a potential alternative method to prepare alkyl or alkenylation arenes. Such reactions can circumvent carbocationic intermediates and, as a result, can overcome some of the limitations mentioned above. In particular, controlling the regioselectivity of the insertion of α-olefins into metal-aryl bonds provides a strategy to selectively synthesize anti-Markovnikov products. But, previously reported catalysts often show limited longevity and low selectivity for anti-Markovnikov products.In this Account, we present recent developments in single-step arene alkenylation using Rh catalyst precursors. The reactions are successful for unactivated hydrocarbons and exhibit unique selectivity. The catalytic production of alkenyl arenes operates via Rh-mediated aromatic C-H activation, which likely occurs by a concerted metalation-deprotonation mechanism, olefin insertion into a Rh-aryl bond, β-hydride elimination from the resulting Rh-hydrocarbon product, and net dissociation of alkenyl arene with formation of a Rh hydride. Reaction of the Rh hydride with Cu(II) oxidant completes the catalytic cycle. Although Rh nanoparticles can be formed under some conditions, mechanistic studies have revealed that soluble Rh species are likely responsible for the catalysis. These Rh catalyst precursors achieve high turnovers with >10,000 catalytic turnovers observed in some cases. Under anaerobic conditions, Cu(II) carboxylates are used as the oxidant. In some cases, aerobic recycling of Cu(II) oxidant has been demonstrated. Hence, the Rh arene alkenylation catalysis bears some similarities to Pd-catalyzed olefin oxidation (i.e., the Wacker-Hoechst process). The Rh-catalyzed arene alkenylation is compatible with some electron-deficient arenes, and they are selective for anti-Markovnikov products when using substituted olefins. Finally, when using monosubstituted arenes, consistent with a metal-mediated C-H activation process, Rh-catalyzed alkenylation of substituted arenes shows selectivity for meta- and para-alkenylation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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14
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de Palo A, La Ganga G, Nastasi F, Guelfi M, Bortoluzzi M, Pampaloni G, Puntoriero F, Campagna S, Marchetti F. Ru(ii) water oxidation catalysts with 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine and tris(pyrazolyl)methane ligands: assembly of photo-active and catalytically active subunits in a dinuclear structure. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:3341-3352. [PMID: 32103210 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04815d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two mononuclear Ru(ii) complexes, i.e. [RuCl(κ3N-terpy)(κ2N-dpp)]PF6 ([1]PF6; terpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine; dpp = 2,3-bis(2'-pyridyl-pyrazine) and [RuCl(κ3N-tpm)(κ2N-dpp)]Cl ([2]Cl; tpm = tris(1-pyrazolyl)methane), and one dinuclear complex, i.e. [Ru2Cl(κ3N-tpm)(μ-κ2N:κ2N-dpp)Ru(κ2N-bpy)2][PF6]3 ([3][PF6]3; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine), have been synthesized and their water oxidation catalytic properties have been investigated. A combined DFT and experimental (35Cl NMR and conductivity measurements) study aimed to elucidate the nature of [1]+ and [2]+ in aqueous solution has also been performed, indicating that one water molecule is allowed to enter the first coordination sphere of [2]+ in the ground state, replacing one tpm nitrogen. Conversely, in the case of [1]+, water coordination, assumed to be needed for the water oxidation process, presumably occurs following the oxidation of the metal. For all complexes, a catalytic wave has been detected in acetonitrile/water 1 : 1 (v/v) solution in the range 1.4-1.7 V vs. SCE. In all cases, water oxidation (investigated at pH < 8) takes place initially via a proton-coupled two-electron, two-proton process with the formation of an Ru(iv)[double bond, length as m-dash]O moiety, followed by one electron oxidation and water nucleophilic attack. The TON and TOF values (within the range of 16-33 and 1.3-2.2 h-1, respectively) of the complexes are higher than those of the benchmark [Ru(LLL)(LL)(OH2)]2+-type species (LLL and LL are tridentate and bidentate polypyridine ligands, respectively), which is [Ru(terpy)(bpm)(OH2)]2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice de Palo
- Università di Pisa, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
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15
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Saper NI, Ohgi A, Small DW, Semba K, Nakao Y, Hartwig JF. Nickel-catalysed anti-Markovnikov hydroarylation of unactivated alkenes with unactivated arenes facilitated by non-covalent interactions. Nat Chem 2020; 12:276-283. [PMID: 32042137 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-019-0409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Anti-Markovnikov additions to alkenes have been a longstanding goal of catalysis, and anti-Markovnikov addition of arenes to alkenes would produce alkylarenes that are distinct from those formed by acid-catalysed processes. Existing hydroarylations are either directed or occur with low reactivity and low regioselectivity for the n-alkylarene. Herein, we report the first undirected hydroarylation of unactivated alkenes with unactivated arenes that occurs with high regioselectivity for the anti-Markovnikov product. The reaction occurs with a nickel catalyst ligated by a highly sterically hindered N-heterocyclic carbene. Catalytically relevant arene- and alkene-bound nickel complexes have been characterized, and the rate-limiting step was shown to be reductive elimination to form the C-C bond. Density functional theory calculations, combined with second-generation absolutely localized molecular orbital energy decomposition analysis, suggest that the difference in activity between catalysts containing large and small carbenes results more from stabilizing intramolecular non-covalent interactions in the secondary coordination sphere than from steric hindrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam I Saper
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Akito Ohgi
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - David W Small
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kazuhiko Semba
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nakao
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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16
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Liebov NS, Zhu W, Chen J, Webster-Gardiner MS, Schinski WL, Gunnoe TB. Rhodium-Catalyzed Alkenylation of Toluene Using 1-Pentene: Regioselectivity To Generate Precursors for Bicyclic Compounds. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nichole S. Liebov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Weihao Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Junqi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | | | | | - T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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17
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Jia X, Foley AM, Liu C, Vaughan BA, McKeown BA, Zhang S, Gunnoe TB. Styrene Production from Benzene and Ethylene Catalyzed by Palladium(II): Enhancement of Selectivity toward Styrene via Temperature-dependent Vinyl Ester Consumption. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Jia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Aisling M. Foley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Benjamin A. Vaughan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Bradley A. McKeown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Sen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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18
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Zhu W, Luo Z, Chen J, Liu C, Yang L, Dickie DA, Liu N, Zhang S, Davis RJ, Gunnoe TB. Mechanistic Studies of Single-Step Styrene Production Catalyzed by Rh Complexes with Diimine Ligands: An Evaluation of the Role of Ligands and Induction Period. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Zhongwen Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Junqi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Naiming Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Sen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Robert J. Davis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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19
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Evano G, Theunissen C. Beyond Friedel and Crafts: Innate Alkylation of C−H Bonds in Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7558-7598. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et Physico-Chimie OrganiquesUniversité libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Cédric Theunissen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et Physico-Chimie OrganiquesUniversité libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06 1050 Brussels Belgium
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20
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Schönbauer D, Spettel M, Pollice R, Pittenauer E, Schnürch M. Investigations of the generality of quaternary ammonium salts as alkylating agents in direct C-H alkylation reactions: solid alternatives for gaseous olefins. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:4024-4030. [PMID: 30949657 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00243j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
C-H alkylation reactions using short chain olefins as alkylating agents could be operationally simplified on the lab scale by using quaternary ammonium salts as precursors for these gaseous reagents: Hofmann elimination delivers in situ the desired alkenes with the advantage that the alkene concentration in the liquid phase is high. In case a catalytic system did not tolerate the conditions for Hofmann elimination, a very simple spatial separation of both reactions, Hofmann elimination and direct alkylation, was achieved to circumvent possible side reactions or catalyst deactivation. Additionally, the truly catalytically active species of a rhodium(i) mediated alkylation reaction could be identified by using this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schönbauer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Wien, Austria.
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21
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Evano G, Theunissen C. Jenseits von Friedel und Crafts: immanente Alkylierung von C‐H‐Bindungen in Arenen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et Physico-Chimie OrganiquesUniversité libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06 1050 Brüssel Belgien
| | - Cédric Theunissen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et Physico-Chimie OrganiquesUniversité libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06 1050 Brüssel Belgien
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22
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Paudel J, Pokhrel A, Kirk ML, Li F. Remote Charge Effects on the Oxygen-Atom-Transfer Reactivity and Their Relationship to Molybdenum Enzymes. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:2054-2068. [PMID: 30673233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the syntheses, crystal structures, and characterization of the novel cis-dioxomolybdenum(VI) complexes [Tpm*MoVIO2Cl](MoO2Cl3) (1) and [Tpm*MoVIO2Cl](ClO4) (2), which are supported by the charge-neutral tris(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)methane (Tpm*) ligand. A comparison between isostructural [Tpm*MoVIO2Cl]+ and Tp*MoVIO2Cl [Tp* = hydrotris(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)borate] reveals the effects of one unit of overall charge difference on their spectroscopic and electrochemical properties, geometric and electronic structures, and O-atom-transfer (OAT) reactivities, providing new insight into pyranopterin molybdoenzyme OAT reactivity. Computational studies of these molecules indicate that the delocalized positive charge lowers the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy of cationic [Tpm*MoO2Cl]+ relative to Tp*MoO2Cl. Despite their virtually identical geometric structures revealed by crystal structures, the MoVI/MoV redox potential of 2 is increased by 350 mV relative to that of Tp*MoVIO2Cl. This LUMO stabilization also contributes to an increased effective electrophilicity of [Tpm*MoO2Cl]+ relative to that of Tp*MoO2Cl, resulting in a more favorable resonant interaction between the molydenum complex LUMO and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the PPh3 substrate. This leads to a greater thermodynamic driving force, an earlier transition state, and a lowered activation barrier for the orbitally controlled first step of the OAT reaction in the Tpm* system relative to the Tp* system. An Eyring plot analysis shows that this initial step yields an O≡MoIV-OPPh3 intermediate via an associative transition state, and the reaction is ∼500-fold faster for 2 than for Tp*MoO2Cl. The second step of the OAT reaction entails solvolysis of the O≡MoIV-OPPh3 intermediate to afford the solvent-substituted MoIV product and is 750-fold faster for the Tpm* system at -15 °C compared to the Tp* system. The observed rate enhancement for the second step is ascribed to a switch of the reaction mechanism from a dissociative pathway for the Tp* system to an alternative associative pathway for the Tpm* system. This is due to a more Lewis acidic MoIV center in the Tpm* system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Paudel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , New Mexico State University , Las Cruces , New Mexico 88003 , United States
| | - Amrit Pokhrel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , The University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
| | - Martin L Kirk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , The University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
| | - Feifei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , New Mexico State University , Las Cruces , New Mexico 88003 , United States
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23
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Sun C, Skorupskii G, Dou JH, Wright AM, Dincă M. Reversible Metalation and Catalysis with a Scorpionate-like Metallo-ligand in a Metal–Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:17394-17398. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyue Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Grigorii Skorupskii
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jin-Hu Dou
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ashley M. Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mircea Dincă
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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24
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Chen J, Nielsen RJ, Goddard WA, McKeown BA, Dickie DA, Gunnoe TB. Catalytic Synthesis of Superlinear Alkenyl Arenes Using a Rh(I) Catalyst Supported by a “Capping Arene” Ligand: Access to Aerobic Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:17007-17018. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Robert J. Nielsen
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Bradley A. McKeown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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25
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Zhang M, Hu L, Lang Y, Cao Y, Huang G. Mechanism and Origins of Regio- and Enantioselectivities of Iridium-Catalyzed Hydroarylation of Alkenyl Ethers. J Org Chem 2018; 83:2937-2947. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular
Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Lingfei Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular
Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yanmin Lang
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular
Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yang Cao
- Institute of New Energy, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518031, P.R. China
| | - Genping Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular
Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- National
Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
Education, National Virtual Simulation Experimental Teaching Center
for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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26
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Jia X, Gary JB, Gu S, Cundari TR, Gunnoe TB. Oxidative Hydrophenylation of Ethylene Using a Cationic Ru(II) Catalyst: Styrene Production with Ethylene as the Oxidant. Isr J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201700099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Jia
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia 22904 United States
| | - J. Brannon Gary
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Stephen F. Austin State University Nacogdoches, Texas 75962 United States
| | - Shaojin Gu
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia 22904 United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan Textile University Wuhan, Hubei 430200 People's Republic of China
| | - Thomas R. Cundari
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM) University of North Texas Denton, Texas 76203 United States
| | - T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia 22904 United States
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27
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Studies of the decomposition of the ethylene hydrophenylation catalyst TpRu(CO)(NCMe)Ph. J Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Dong Z, Ren Z, Thompson SJ, Xu Y, Dong G. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed C–H Alkylation Using Alkenes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:9333-9403. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 725] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Dong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zhi Ren
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Samuel J. Thompson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yan Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Guangbin Dong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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29
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Vaughan BA, Khani SK, Gary JB, Kammert JD, Webster-Gardiner MS, McKeown BA, Davis RJ, Cundari TR, Gunnoe TB. Mechanistic Studies of Single-Step Styrene Production Using a Rhodium(I) Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1485-1498. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Vaughan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Sarah K. Khani
- Center
for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling, Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - J. Brannon Gary
- Center
for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling, Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - James D. Kammert
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | | | - Bradley A. McKeown
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Robert J. Davis
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Thomas R. Cundari
- Center
for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling, Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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30
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McKeown BA, Lee JP, Mei J, Cundari TR, Gunnoe TB. Transition Metal Mediated C-H Activation and Functionalization: The Role of Poly(pyrazolyl)borate and Poly(pyrazolyl)alkane Ligands. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201501470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A. McKeown
- Department of Chemistry; University of Virginia; 22904 Charlottesville VA USA
| | - John P. Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Physics; The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga; 37403 Chattanooga TN USA
| | - Jiajun Mei
- Department of Chemistry; University of Virginia; 22904 Charlottesville VA USA
| | - Thomas R. Cundari
- Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM); Department of Chemistry; University of North Texas; 76203 Denton TX USA
| | - T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry; University of Virginia; 22904 Charlottesville VA USA
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31
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Huang G, Liu P. Mechanism and Origins of Ligand-Controlled Linear Versus Branched Selectivity of Iridium-Catalyzed Hydroarylation of Alkenes. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b02201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Genping Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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32
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Pettinari C, Pettinari R, Marchetti F. Golden Jubilee for Scorpionates. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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33
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Di Giuseppe A, Castarlenas R, Oro LA. Mechanistic considerations on catalytic H/D exchange mediated by organometallic transition metal complexes. CR CHIM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Vaughan BA, Webster-Gardiner MS, Cundari TR, Gunnoe TB. Organic chemistry. A rhodium catalyst for single-step styrene production from benzene and ethylene. Science 2015; 348:421-4. [PMID: 25908817 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa2260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Rising global demand for fossil resources has prompted a renewed interest in catalyst technologies that increase the efficiency of conversion of hydrocarbons from petroleum and natural gas to higher-value materials. Styrene is currently produced from benzene and ethylene through the intermediacy of ethylbenzene, which must be dehydrogenated in a separate step. The direct oxidative conversion of benzene and ethylene to styrene could provide a more efficient route, but achieving high selectivity and yield for this reaction has been challenging. Here, we report that the Rh catalyst ((Fl)DAB)Rh(TFA)(η(2)-C2H4) [(Fl)DAB is N,N'-bis(pentafluorophenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-1,4-diaza-1,3-butadiene; TFA is trifluoroacetate] converts benzene, ethylene, and Cu(II) acetate to styrene, Cu(I) acetate, and acetic acid with 100% selectivity and yields ≥95%. Turnover numbers >800 have been demonstrated, with catalyst stability up to 96 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Vaughan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | | | - Thomas R Cundari
- Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling, Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
| | - T Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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