1
|
Vitrac O, Nguyen PM, Hayert M. In Silico Prediction of Food Properties: A Multiscale Perspective. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.786879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several open software packages have popularized modeling and simulation strategies at the food product scale. Food processing and key digestion steps can be described in 3D using the principles of continuum mechanics. However, compared to other branches of engineering, the necessary transport, mechanical, chemical, and thermodynamic properties have been insufficiently tabulated and documented. Natural variability, accented by food evolution during processing and deconstruction, requires considering composition and structure-dependent properties. This review presents practical approaches where the premises for modeling and simulation start at a so-called “microscopic” scale where constituents or phase properties are known. The concept of microscopic or ground scale is shown to be very flexible from atoms to cellular structures. Zooming in on spatial details tends to increase the overall cost of simulations and the integration over food regions or time scales. The independence of scales facilitates the reuse of calculations and makes multiscale modeling capable of meeting food manufacturing needs. On one hand, new image-modeling strategies without equations or meshes are emerging. On the other hand, complex notions such as compositional effects, multiphase organization, and non-equilibrium thermodynamics are naturally incorporated in models without linearization or simplifications. Multiscale method’s applicability to hierarchically predict food properties is discussed with comprehensive examples relevant to food science, engineering and packaging. Entropy-driven properties such as transport and sorption are emphasized to illustrate how microscopic details bring new degrees of freedom to explore food-specific concepts such as safety, bioavailability, shelf-life and food formulation. Routes for performing spatial and temporal homogenization with and without chemical details are developed. Creating a community sharing computational codes, force fields, and generic food structures is the next step and should be encouraged. This paper provides a framework for the transfer of results from other fields and the development of methods specific to the food domain.
Collapse
|
2
|
Purlis E, Cevoli C, Fabbri A. Modelling Volume Change and Deformation in Food Products/Processes: An Overview. Foods 2021; 10:778. [PMID: 33916418 PMCID: PMC8067021 DOI: 10.3390/foods10040778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Volume change and large deformation occur in different solid and semi-solid foods during processing, e.g., shrinkage of fruits and vegetables during drying and of meat during cooking, swelling of grains during hydration, and expansion of dough during baking and of snacks during extrusion and puffing. In addition, food is broken down during oral processing. Such phenomena are the result of complex and dynamic relationships between composition and structure of foods, and driving forces established by processes and operating conditions. In particular, water plays a key role as plasticizer, strongly influencing the state of amorphous materials via the glass transition and, thus, their mechanical properties. Therefore, it is important to improve the understanding about these complex phenomena and to develop useful prediction tools. For this aim, different modelling approaches have been applied in the food engineering field. The objective of this article is to provide a general (non-systematic) review of recent (2005-2021) and relevant works regarding the modelling and simulation of volume change and large deformation in various food products/processes. Empirical- and physics-based models are considered, as well as different driving forces for deformation, in order to identify common bottlenecks and challenges in food engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Cevoli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy;
| | - Angelo Fabbri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Prawiranto K, Carmeliet J, Defraeye T. Identifying in silico how microstructural changes in cellular fruit affect the drying kinetics. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:9929-9945. [PMID: 33030498 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00749h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Convective drying of fruits leads to microstructural changes within the material as a result of moisture removal. In this study, an upscaling approach is developed to understand and identify the relation between the drying kinetics and the resulting microstructural changes of apple fruit, including shrinkage of cells without membrane breakage (free shrinkage) and with membrane breakage (lysis). First, the effective permeability is computed from a microscale model as a function of the water potential. Both temperature dependency and microstructural changes during drying are modeled. The microscale simulation shows that lysis, which can be induced using various pretreatment processes, enhances the tissue permeability up to four times compared to the free shrinkage of the cells. Second, via upscaling, macroscale modeling is used to quantify the impact of these microstructural changes in the fruit drying kinetics. We identify the formation of a barrier layer for water transport during drying, with much lower permeability, at the tissue surface. The permeability of this layer strongly depends on the dehydration mechanism. We also quantified how inducing lysis or modifying the drying conditions, such as airspeed and relative humidity, can accelerate the drying rate. We found that inducing lysis is more effective in increasing the drying rate (up to 26%) than increasing the airspeed from 1 to 5 m s-1 or decreasing the relative humidity from 30% to 10%. This study quantified the need for including cellular dehydration mechanisms in understanding fruit drying processes and provided insight at a spatial resolution that experiments almost cannot reach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Prawiranto
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu L, Zhang P, Xie P, Ji S. Coupling of dilated polyhedral DEM and SPH for the simulation of rock dumping process in waters. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.06.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
5
|
Spatarelu CP, Zhang H, Trung Nguyen D, Han X, Liu R, Guo Q, Notbohm J, Fan J, Liu L, Chen Z. Biomechanics of Collective Cell Migration in Cancer Progression: Experimental and Computational Methods. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3766-3787. [PMID: 32953985 PMCID: PMC7500334 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is essential for regulating many biological processes in physiological or pathological conditions, including embryonic development and cancer invasion. In vitro and in silico studies suggest that collective cell migration is associated with some biomechanical particularities such as restructuring of extracellular matrix (ECM), stress and force distribution profiles, and reorganization of the cytoskeleton. Therefore, the phenomenon could be understood by an in-depth study of cells' behavior determinants, including but not limited to mechanical cues from the environment and from fellow "travelers". This review article aims to cover the recent development of experimental and computational methods for studying the biomechanics of collective cell migration during cancer progression and invasion. We also summarized the tested hypotheses regarding the mechanism underlying collective cell migration enabled by these methods. Together, the paper enables a broad overview on the methods and tools currently available to unravel the biophysical mechanisms pertinent to cell collective migration as well as providing perspectives on future development toward eventually deciphering the key mechanisms behind the most lethal feature of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hao Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Dung Trung Nguyen
- Department of Engineering and Computer Science, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington 98119,
United States
| | - Xinyue Han
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Ruchuan Liu
- College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400032, China
| | - Qiaohang Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350014,
China
| | - Jacob Notbohm
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706,
United States
| | - Jing Fan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City College of City University of New York, New York 10031, United
States
| | - Liyu Liu
- College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400032, China
| | - Zi Chen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wijerathne WDCC, Rathnayaka CM, Karunasena HCP, Senadeera W, Sauret E, Turner IW, Gu YT. A coarse-grained multiscale model to simulate morphological changes of food-plant tissues undergoing drying. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:901-916. [PMID: 30543256 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01593g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Numerical modelling has emerged as a powerful and effective tool to study various dynamic behaviours of biological matter. Such numerical modelling tools have contributed to the optimisations of food drying parameters leading to higher quality end-products in the field of food engineering. In this context, one of the most recent developments is the meshfree-based numerical models, which have demonstrated enhanced capabilities to model cellular deformations during drying, providing many benefits compared to conventional grid-based modelling approaches. However, the potential extension of this method for simulating bulk level tissues has been a challenge due to the increased requirement for higher computational time and resources. As a solution for this, by incorporating meshfree features, a novel coarse-grained multiscale numerical model is proposed in this work to predict bulk level (macroscale) deformations of food-plant tissues during drying. Accordingly, realistic simulation of morphological changes of apple tissues can now be performed with just 2% of the previous computational time in microscale and macroscale simulations can also be conducted. Compared to contemporary multiscale models, this modelling approach provides more convenient computational implementation as well. Thus, this novel approach can be recommended for efficiently and accurately simulating morphological changes of cellular materials undergoing drying processes, while confirming its potential future expansion to efficiently and accurately predict morphological changes of heterogeneous plant tissues in different spatial scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W D C C Wijerathne
- School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4001, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Prawiranto K, Defraeye T, Derome D, Bühlmann A, Hartmann S, Verboven P, Nicolai B, Carmeliet J. Impact of drying methods on the changes of fruit microstructure unveiled by X-ray micro-computed tomography. RSC Adv 2019; 9:10606-10624. [PMID: 35515289 PMCID: PMC9062507 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00648f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinct evolution of fruit microstructure under different drying conditions were identified using a 3D imaging and Eulerian–Lagrangian analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Prawiranto
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
- Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles
- Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ)
| | - Thijs Defraeye
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
- Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles
- Switzerland
| | - Dominique Derome
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
- Laboratory for Multiscale Studies in Building Physics
- Switzerland
| | | | - Stefan Hartmann
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
- Center for X-ray Analytics
- Switzerland
| | - Pieter Verboven
- KU Leuven – University of Leuven
- Division MeBioS
- Postharvest Group
- Belgium
| | - Bart Nicolai
- KU Leuven – University of Leuven
- Division MeBioS
- Postharvest Group
- Belgium
- VCBT
| | - Jan Carmeliet
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ)
- Chair of Building Physics
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Prawiranto K, Defraeye T, Derome D, Verboven P, Nicolai B, Carmeliet J. New insights into the apple fruit dehydration process at the cellular scale by 3D continuum modeling. J FOOD ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
9
|
Rahman M, Kumar C, Joardder MU, Karim M. A micro-level transport model for plant-based food materials during drying. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
10
|
Rathnayaka CM, Karunasena HCP, Senadeera W, Gu YT. Application of a coupled smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and coarse-grained (CG) numerical modelling approach to study three-dimensional (3-D) deformations of single cells of different food-plant materials during drying. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:2015-2031. [PMID: 29376541 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01465a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Numerical modelling has gained popularity in many science and engineering streams due to the economic feasibility and advanced analytical features compared to conventional experimental and theoretical models. Food drying is one of the areas where numerical modelling is increasingly applied to improve drying process performance and product quality. This investigation applies a three dimensional (3-D) Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) and Coarse-Grained (CG) numerical approach to predict the morphological changes of different categories of food-plant cells such as apple, grape, potato and carrot during drying. To validate the model predictions, experimental findings from in-house experimental procedures (for apple) and sources of literature (for grape, potato and carrot) have been utilised. The subsequent comaprison indicate that the model predictions demonstrate a reasonable agreement with the experimental findings, both qualitatively and quantitatively. In this numerical model, a higher computational accuracy has been maintained by limiting the consistency error below 1% for all four cell types. The proposed meshfree-based approach is well-equipped to predict the morphological changes of plant cellular structure over a wide range of moisture contents (10% to 100% dry basis). Compared to the previous 2-D meshfree-based models developed for plant cell drying, the proposed model can draw more useful insights on the morphological behaviour due to the 3-D nature of the model. In addition, the proposed computational modelling approach has a high potential to be used as a comprehensive tool in many other tissue morphology related investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Rathnayaka
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Science and Engineering Faculty, School of Chemistry Physics and Mechanical Engineering, 2- George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia. and Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
| | - H C P Karunasena
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Hapugala, Galle, Sri Lanka
| | - W Senadeera
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Australia
| | - Y T Gu
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Science and Engineering Faculty, School of Chemistry Physics and Mechanical Engineering, 2- George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rahman M, Gu Y, Karim M. Development of realistic food microstructure considering the structural heterogeneity of cells and intercellular space. FOOD STRUCTURE-NETHERLANDS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foostr.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
12
|
Pieczywek PM, Zdunek A. Compression simulations of plant tissue in 3D using a mass-spring system approach and discrete element method. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:7318-7331. [PMID: 28951923 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01137g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid model based on a mass-spring system methodology coupled with the discrete element method (DEM) was implemented to simulate the deformation of cellular structures in 3D. Models of individual cells were constructed using the particles which cover the surfaces of cell walls and are interconnected in a triangle mesh network by viscoelastic springs. The spatial arrangement of the cells required to construct a virtual tissue was obtained using Poisson-disc sampling and Voronoi tessellation in 3D space. Three structural features were included in the model: viscoelastic material of cell walls, linearly elastic interior of the cells (simulating compressible liquid) and a gas phase in the intercellular spaces. The response of the models to an external load was demonstrated during quasi-static compression simulations. The sensitivity of the model was investigated at fixed compression parameters with variable tissue porosity, cell size and cell wall properties, such as thickness and Young's modulus, and a stiffness of the cell interior that simulated turgor pressure. The extent of the agreement between the simulation results and other models published is discussed. The model demonstrated the significant influence of tissue structure on micromechanical properties and allowed for the interpretation of the compression test results with respect to changes occurring in the structure of the virtual tissue. During compression virtual structures composed of smaller cells produced higher reaction forces and therefore they were stiffer than structures with large cells. The increase in the number of intercellular spaces (porosity) resulted in a decrease in reaction forces. The numerical model was capable of simulating the quasi-static compression experiment and reproducing the strain stiffening observed in experiment. Stress accumulation at the edges of the cell walls where three cells meet suggests that cell-to-cell debonding and crack propagation through the contact edge of neighboring cells is one of the most prevalent ways for tissue to rupture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr M Pieczywek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Joardder MUH, Kumar C, Karim MA. Prediction of porosity of food materials during drying: Current challenges and directions. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:2896-2907. [PMID: 28718662 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1345852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pore formation in food samples is a common physical phenomenon observed during dehydration processes. The pore evolution during drying significantly affects the physical properties and quality of dried foods. Therefore, it should be taken into consideration when predicting transport processes in the drying sample. Characteristics of pore formation depend on the drying process parameters, product properties and processing time. Understanding the physics of pore formation and evolution during drying will assist in accurately predicting the drying kinetics and quality of food materials. Researchers have been trying to develop mathematical models to describe the pore formation and evolution during drying. In this study, existing porosity models are critically analysed and limitations are identified. Better insight into the factors affecting porosity is provided, and suggestions are proposed to overcome the limitations. These include considerations of process parameters such as glass transition temperature, sample temperature, and variable material properties in the porosity models. Several researchers have proposed models for porosity prediction of food materials during drying. However, these models are either very simplistic or empirical in nature and failed to consider relevant significant factors that influence porosity. In-depth understanding of characteristics of the pore is required for developing a generic model of porosity. A micro-level analysis of pore formation is presented for better understanding, which will help in developing an accurate and generic porosity model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad U H Joardder
- a Faculty of Engineering and Science , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, Queensland 4001 , Australia.,b Department of Mechanical Engineering , Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology , Bangladesh
| | - C Kumar
- a Faculty of Engineering and Science , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, Queensland 4001 , Australia
| | - M A Karim
- a Faculty of Engineering and Science , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, Queensland 4001 , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rahman MM, Joardder MUH, Khan MIH, Pham ND, Karim MA. Multi-scale model of food drying: Current status and challenges. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:858-876. [PMID: 27646175 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1227299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
For a long time, food engineers have been trying to describe the physical phenomena that occur during food processing especially drying. Physics-based theoretical modeling is an important tool for the food engineers to reduce the hurdles of experimentation. Drying of food is a multi-physics phenomenon such as coupled heat and mass transfer. Moreover, food structure is multi-scale in nature, and the microstructural features play a great role in the food processing specially in drying. Previously simple macroscopic model was used to describe the drying phenomena which can give a little description about the smaller scale. The multiscale modeling technique can handle all the phenomena that occur during drying. In this special kind of modeling approach, the single scale models from bigger to smaller scales are interconnected. With the help of multiscale modeling framework, the transport process associated with drying can be studied on a smaller scale and the resulting information can be transferred to the bigger scale. This article is devoted to discussing the state of the art multi-scale modeling, its prospect and challenges in the field of drying technology. This article has also given some directions to how to overcome the challenges for successful implementation of multi-scale modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Rahman
- a School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Mohammad U H Joardder
- a School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - M I H Khan
- a School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia.,b Department of Mechanical Engineering , Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology , Gazipur , Bangladesh
| | - Nghia Duc Pham
- a School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia.,c Engineering Faculty , Vietnam National University of Agriculture , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - M A Karim
- a School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Seyedabadi E, Khojastehpour M, Abbaspour-Fard MH. Convective drying simulation of banana slabs considering non-isotropic shrinkage using FEM with the Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian method. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2017.1288134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeel Seyedabadi
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khojastehpour
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Novel trends in numerical modelling of plant food tissues and their morphological changes during drying – A review. J FOOD ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
17
|
Chen X, Yao X, Chen L, Chen X. Acid-Sensitive Nanogels for Synergistic Chemo-Photodynamic Therapy. Macromol Biosci 2015; 15:1563-70. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201500180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Chen
- Department of Chemistry; Northeast Normal University; Changchun 130024 P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Yao
- Department of Chemistry; Northeast Normal University; Changchun 130024 P. R. China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Chemistry; Northeast Normal University; Changchun 130024 P. R. China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Department of Chemistry; Northeast Normal University; Changchun 130024 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Karunasena H, Brown R, Gu Y, Senadeera W. Application of meshfree methods to numerically simulate microscale deformations of different plant food materials during drying. J FOOD ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|