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Feng B, Zhu Y, Wu J, Huang X, Song R, Huang L, Feng X, Zeng W. Monitoring intracellular pH fluctuation with an excited-state intramolecular proton transfer-based ratiometric fluorescent sensor. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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2
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Rajan TS, Read TL, Abdalla A, Patel BA, Macpherson JV. Ex Vivo Electrochemical pH Mapping of the Gastrointestinal Tract in the Absence and Presence of Pharmacological Agents. ACS Sens 2020; 5:2858-2865. [PMID: 32633120 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ex vivo pH profiling of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract (of a mouse), using an electrochemical pH probe, in both the absence and presence of pharmacological agents aimed at altering acid/bicarbonate production, is reported. Three pH electrodes were first assessed for suitability using a GI tract biological mimic buffer solution containing 0.5% mucin. These include a traditional glass pH probe, an iridium oxide (IrOx)-coated electrode (both operated potentiometrically), and a quinone (Q) surface-integrated boron-doped diamond (BDD-Q) electrode (voltammetric). In mucin, the time scale for both IrOx and glass to provide a representative pH reading was in the ∼100's of s, most likely due to mucin adsorption, in contrast to 6 s with the BDD-Q electrode. Both the glass and IrOx pH electrodes were also compromised on robustness due to fragility and delamination (IrOx) issues; contact with the GI tissue was an experimental requirement. BDD-Q was deemed the most appropriate. Ten measurements were made along the GI tract, esophagus (1), stomach (5), and duodenum (4). Under buffer only conditions, the BDD-Q probe tracked the pH from neutral in the esophagus to acidic in the stomach and rising to more alkaline in the duodenum. In the presence of omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, the body regions of the stomach exhibited elevated pH levels. Under melatonin treatment (a bicarbonate agonist and acid inhibitor), both the body of the stomach and the duodenum showed elevated pH levels. This study demonstrates the versatility of the BDD-Q pH electrode for real-time ex vivo biological tissue measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teena S. Rajan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- Diamond Science and Technology CDT, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Tania L. Read
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Aya Abdalla
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4AT, U.K
| | - Bhavik A. Patel
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4AT, U.K
| | - Julie V. Macpherson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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3
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Mirza KB, Golden CT, Nikolic K, Toumazou C. Closed-Loop Implantable Therapeutic Neuromodulation Systems Based on Neurochemical Monitoring. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:808. [PMID: 31481864 PMCID: PMC6710388 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Closed-loop or intelligent neuromodulation allows adjustable, personalized neuromodulation which usually incorporates the recording of a biomarker, followed by implementation of an algorithm which decides the timing (when?) and strength (how much?) of stimulation. Closed-loop neuromodulation has been shown to have greater benefits compared to open-loop neuromodulation, particularly for therapeutic applications such as pharmacoresistant epilepsy, movement disorders and potentially for psychological disorders such as depression or drug addiction. However, an important aspect of the technique is selection of an appropriate, preferably neural biomarker. Neurochemical sensing can provide high resolution biomarker monitoring for various neurological disorders as well as offer deeper insight into neurological mechanisms. The chemicals of interest being measured, could be ions such as potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), chloride (Cl−), hydrogen (H+) or neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin and glutamate. This review focusses on the different building blocks necessary for a neurochemical, closed-loop neuromodulation system including biomarkers, sensors and data processing algorithms. Furthermore, it also highlights the merits and drawbacks of using this biomarker modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid B Mirza
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Bio-Inspired Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline T Golden
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Bio-Inspired Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantin Nikolic
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Bio-Inspired Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christofer Toumazou
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Bio-Inspired Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Gowers SAN, Freeman DME, Rawson TM, Rogers ML, Wilson RC, Holmes AH, Cass AE, O’Hare D. Development of a Minimally Invasive Microneedle-Based Sensor for Continuous Monitoring of β-Lactam Antibiotic Concentrations in Vivo. ACS Sens 2019; 4:1072-1080. [PMID: 30950598 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance poses a global threat to patient health. Improving the use and effectiveness of antimicrobials is critical in addressing this issue. This includes optimizing the dose of antibiotic delivered to each individual. New sensing approaches that track antimicrobial concentration for each patient in real time could allow individualized drug dosing. This work presents a potentiometric microneedle-based biosensor to detect levels of β-lactam antibiotics in vivo in a healthy human volunteer. The biosensor is coated with a pH-sensitive iridium oxide layer, which detects changes in local pH as a result of β-lactam hydrolysis by β-lactamase immobilized on the electrode surface. Development and optimization of the biosensor coatings are presented, giving a limit of detection of 6.8 μM in 10 mM PBS solution. Biosensors were found to be stable for up to 2 weeks at -20 °C and to withstand sterilization. Sensitivity was retained after application for 6 h in vivo. Proof-of-concept results are presented showing that penicillin concentrations measured using the microneedle-based biosensor track those measured using both discrete blood and microdialysis sampling in vivo. These preliminary results show the potential of this microneedle-based biosensor to provide a minimally invasive means to measure real-time β-lactam concentrations in vivo, representing an important first step toward a closed-loop therapeutic drug monitoring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A. N. Gowers
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - David M. E. Freeman
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy M. Rawson
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle L. Rogers
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard C. Wilson
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Alison H. Holmes
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony E. Cass
- Department of Chemistry & Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Danny O’Hare
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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5
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Chaisiwamongkhol K, Batchelor-McAuley C, Compton RG. Optimising amperometric pH sensing in blood samples: an iridium oxide electrode for blood pH sensing. Analyst 2019; 144:1386-1393. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an02238k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of iridium oxide supported on an iridium micro-disc electrode as a pH probe for amperometric blood pH sensing via CV and SWV is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korbua Chaisiwamongkhol
- Department of Chemistry
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford University
- Oxford OX1 3QZ
- UK
| | | | - Richard G. Compton
- Department of Chemistry
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford University
- Oxford OX1 3QZ
- UK
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Chatzimichail S, Supramaniam P, Ces O, Salehi-Reyhani A. Micropatterning of planar metal electrodes by vacuum filling microfluidic channel geometries. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14380. [PMID: 30258167 PMCID: PMC6158193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32706-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a simple, facile method to micropattern planar metal electrodes defined by the geometry of a microfluidic channel network template. By introducing aqueous solutions of metal into reversibly adhered PDMS devices by desiccation instead of flow, we are able to produce difficult to pattern "dead end" or discontinuous features with ease. We characterize electrodes fabricated using this method and perform electrical lysis of mammalian cancer cells and demonstrate their use as part of an antibody capture assay for GFP. Cell lysis in microwell arrays is achieved using the electrodes and the protein released is detected using an antibody microarray. We show how the template channels used as part of the workflow for patterning the electrodes may be produced using photolithography-free methods, such as laser micromachining and PDMS master moulding, and demonstrate how the use of an immiscible phase may be employed to create electrode spacings on the order of 25-50 μm, that overcome the current resolution limits of such methods. This work demonstrates how the rapid prototyping of electrodes for use in total analysis systems can be achieved on the bench with little or no need for centralized facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stelios Chatzimichail
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Pashiini Supramaniam
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Oscar Ces
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
- fabriCELL, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Ali Salehi-Reyhani
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
- fabriCELL, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
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Yang S, Chen X, Liu S, Wang F, Ouyang G. Microwave-assisted solid-phase synthesis of highly fluorescent carbon nanoparticles and its application in intracellular pH sensing. Talanta 2018; 186:80-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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Bell CG, Seelanan P, O'Hare D. Microelectrode generator-collector systems for electrolytic titration: theoretical and practical considerations. Analyst 2017; 142:4048-4057. [PMID: 28980672 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01450c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electochemical generator-collector systems, where one electrode is used to generate a reagent, have a potentially large field of application in sensing and measurement. We present a new theoretical description for coplanar microelectrode disc-disc systems where the collector is passive (such as a potentiometric sensor) and the generator is operating at constant flux. This solution is then used to develop a leading order solution for such a system where the reagent reacts reversibly in solution, such as in acid-base titration, where a hydrogen ion flux is generated by electrolysis of water. The principal novel result of the theory is that such devices are constrained by a maximum reagent flux. The hydrogen ion concentration at the collector will only reflect the buffer capacity of the bulk solution if this constraint is met. Both mathematical solutions are evaluated with several microfabricated devices and reasonable agreement with theory is demonstrated.
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Rawson TM, Sharma S, Georgiou P, Holmes A, Cass A, O'Hare D. Towards a minimally invasive device for beta-lactam monitoring in humans. Electrochem commun 2017; 82:1-5. [PMID: 31031564 PMCID: PMC6485621 DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a leading patient safety issue. There is a need to develop novel mechanisms for monitoring and subsequently improving the precision of how we use antibiotics. A surface modified microneedle array was developed for monitoring beta-lactam antibiotic levels in human interstitial fluid. The sensor was fabricated by anodically electrodepositing iridium oxide (AEIROF) onto a platinum surface on the microneedle followed by fixation of beta-lactamase enzyme within a hydrogel. Calibration of the sensor was performed to penicillin-G in buffer solution (PBS) and artificial interstitial fluid (ISF). Further calibration of a platinum disc electrode was undertaken using amoxicillin and ceftriaxone. Open-circuit potentials were performed and data analysed using the Hill equation and log(concentration [M]) plots. The microneedle sensor demonstrated high reproducibility between penicillin-G runs in PBS with mean Km (±1SD) = 0.0044 ± 0.0013 M and mean slope function of log(concentration plots) 29 ± 1.80 mV/decade (r2=0.933). Response was reproducible after 28 days storage at 4°C. In artificial ISF, the sensors response was Km (±1SD) = 0.0077 ± 0.0187 M and a slope function of 34 ± 1.85 mv/decade (r2=0.995). Our results suggest that microneedle array based beta-lactam sensing may be a future application of this AEIROF based enzymatic sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Miles Rawson
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London. W12 0NN. United Kingdom
| | - Sanjiv Sharma
- Department of Chemistry & Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Pantelis Georgiou
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Holmes
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London. W12 0NN. United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, Acton, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Cass
- Department of Chemistry & Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Danny O'Hare
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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10
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Mirza KB, Zuliani C, Hou B, Ng FS, Peters NS, Toumazou C. Injection moulded microneedle sensor for real-time wireless pH monitoring. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017; 2017:189-192. [PMID: 29059842 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2017.8036794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the development of an array of individually addressable pH sensitive microneedles using injection moulding and their integration within a portable device for real-time wireless recording of pH distributions in biological samples. The fabricated microneedles are subjected to gold patterning followed by electrodeposition of iridium oxide to sensitize them to 0.07 units of pH change. Miniaturised electronics suitable for the sensors readout, analog-to-digital conversion and wireless transmission of the potentiometric data are embodied within the device, enabling it to measure real-time pH of soft biological samples such as muscles. In this paper, real-time recording of the cardiac pH distribution, during ischemia followed by reperfusion cycles in cardiac muscles of male Wistar rats has been demonstrated by using the microneedle array.
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11
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Concept and Development of an Electronic Framework Intended for Electrode and Surrounding Environment Characterization In Vivo. SENSORS 2016; 17:s17010059. [PMID: 28042815 PMCID: PMC5298632 DOI: 10.3390/s17010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There has been substantial progress over the last decade towards miniaturizing implantable microelectrodes for use in Active Implantable Medical Devices (AIMD). Compared to the rapid development and complexity of electrode miniaturization, methods to monitor and assess functional integrity and electrical functionality of these electrodes, particularly during long term stimulation, have not progressed to the same extent. Evaluation methods that form the gold standard, such as stimulus pulse testing, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, are either still bound to laboratory infrastructure (impractical for long term in vivo experiments) or deliver no comprehensive insight into the material’s behaviour. As there is a lack of cost effective and practical predictive measures to understand long term electrode behaviour in vivo, material investigations need to be performed after explantation of the electrodes. We propose the analysis of the electrode and its environment in situ, to better understand and correlate the effects leading to electrode failure. The derived knowledge shall eventually lead to improved electrode designs, increased electrode functionality and safety in clinical applications. In this paper, the concept, design and prototyping of a sensor framework used to analyse the electrode’s behaviour and to monitor diverse electrode failure mechanisms, even during stimulation pulses, is presented. We focused on the electronic circuitry and data acquisition techniques required for a conceptual multi-sensor system. Functionality of single modules and a prototype framework have been demonstrated, but further work is needed to convert the prototype system into an implantable device. In vitro studies will be conducted first to verify sensor performance and reliability.
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Zuliani C, Ng FS, Alenda A, Eftekhar A, Peters NS, Toumazou C. An array of individually addressable micro-needles for mapping pH distributions. Analyst 2016; 141:4659-4666. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an00639f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the preparation of an array of individually addressable pH sensitive microneedles which demonstrated suitable for measuring pH distribution during heart ischemia and reperfusion cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Zuliani
- Centre for Bioinspired Technology
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department
- Imperial College London
- South Kensington
- UK
| | - Fu Siong Ng
- National Heart & Lung Institute
- Imperial College London
- London
- UK
| | - Andrea Alenda
- Centre for Bioinspired Technology
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department
- Imperial College London
- South Kensington
- UK
| | - Amir Eftekhar
- Centre for Bioinspired Technology
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department
- Imperial College London
- South Kensington
- UK
| | | | - Christofer Toumazou
- Centre for Bioinspired Technology
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department
- Imperial College London
- South Kensington
- UK
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13
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Liu M, Ma Y, Su L, Chou KC, Hou X. A titanium nitride nanotube array for potentiometric sensing of pH. Analyst 2016; 141:1693-9. [PMID: 26818696 DOI: 10.1039/c5an02675j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A titanium nitride nanotube array (TiN NTA) was fabricated through reduction and nitridation of TiO2 NTA obtained from anodic oxidation of titanium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Yanling Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Lei Su
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Kuo-Chih Chou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Xinmei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
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14
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Xu XY, Yan B. An efficient and sensitive fluorescent pH sensor based on amino functional metal–organic frameworks in aqueous environment. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:7078-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00361c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work, an amino group functionalized MOF (Al-MIL-101-NH2), which shows strong blue luminescence, is used as pH sensor. Due to the protonated amino group, the fluorescence intensity of Al-MIL-101-NH2almost increases with increasing pH and gives a good linear relationship (R2= 0.99688) with the pH value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Xu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability
- Department of Chemistry
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | - Bing Yan
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability
- Department of Chemistry
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
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15
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Ng SR, Pang H, Chen P, Li CM, O'Hare D. A Novel Electroactive Polymer for pH-independent Oxygen Sensing. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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