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Lee G, Cha S. Depth-Dependent Chemical Analysis of Handwriting by Nanospray Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:315-321. [PMID: 33176422 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanospray desorption electrospray ionization (nano-DESI) has been utilized in direct sampling mass spectrometry (MS) that requires highly spatially resolved sampling with minimal sample destruction. In this study, we explored the applicability of nano-DESI MS for the forensic chemical analysis of ink directly from handwriting on paper. Nano-DESI readily ionizes dyes, including the polyanionic ones, with minimal fragmentation and produces chemical fingerprints of ballpoint pens directly from a paper surface. Further, we specifically focused on how the potential of nano-DESI that changes the mass spectral profiles over time could reflect the differential distribution of analytes in a vertical direction because mildly extracted analytes are immediately transferred and analyzed in real time. To test this, we wrote the character "X" with various combinations of two different pens and analyzed the crosspoints by nano-DESI MS. As a result, the time-course changes in the chemical fingerprints of the ink, which were consistent with the order of the pen strokes, were successfully obtained by nano-DESI MS in most cases. After confirming the capability of the depth-dependent analysis of nano-DESI MS, we analyzed a simulated forgery in which the original and forged writings were made before and after affixing a seal and clearly distinguished the two portions based on the time-dependent changes in the profile of the ink compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwangbin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin 17035, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwon Cha
- Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
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Baygildieva DI, Krylova AS, Baygildiev TM, Shpigun OA, Rodin IA. Studying of Handwritten Strokes Aging Kinetics by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934819130033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Fikiet MA, Khandasammy SR, Mistek E, Ahmed Y, Halámková L, Bueno J, Lednev IK. Forensics: evidence examination via Raman spectroscopy. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2017-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Forensic science can be broadly defined as the application of any of the scientific method to solving a crime. Within forensic science there are many different disciplines, however, for the majority of them, five main concepts shape the nature of forensic examination: transfer, identification, classification/individualization, association, and reconstruction. The concepts of identification, classification/individualization, and association rely greatly on analytical chemistry techniques. It is, therefore, no stretch to see how one of the rising stars of analytical chemistry techniques, Raman spectroscopy, could be of use. Raman spectroscopy is known for needing a small amount of sample, being non-destructive, and very substance specific, all of which make it ideal for analyzing crime scene evidence. The purpose of this chapter is to show the state of new methods development for forensic applications based on Raman spectroscopy published between 2015 and 2017.
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de Jesus J, Bunch J, Verbeck G, Webb RP, Costa C, Goodwin RJA, Bailey MJ. Application of Various Normalization Methods for Microscale Analysis of Tissues Using Direct Analyte Probed Nanoextraction. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12094-12100. [PMID: 30260213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Direct analyte probed nanoextraction (DAPNe) is a method of extracting material from a microscale region of a sample and provides the opportunity for detailed mass spectrometry analysis of extracted analytes from a small area. The technique has been shown to provide enhanced sensitivity compared with bulk analysis by selectively removing analytes from their matrix and has been applied for selective analysis of single cells and even single organelles. However, the quantitative capabilities of the technique are yet to be fully evaluated. In this study, various normalization techniques were investigated in order to improve the quantitative capabilities of the technique. Two methods of internal standard incorporation were applied to test substrates, which were designed to replicate biological sample matrices. Additionally, normalization to the extraction spot area and matrix compounds were investigated for suitability in situations when an internal standard is not available. The variability observed can be significantly reduced by using a sprayed internal standard and, in some cases, by normalizing to the extracted area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janella de Jesus
- Department of Chemistry , University of Surrey , Guildford , Surrey GU2 7XH , United Kingdom.,The National Physical Laboratory , Teddington , Middlesex TW11 0LW , United Kingdom
| | - Josephine Bunch
- The National Physical Laboratory , Teddington , Middlesex TW11 0LW , United Kingdom
| | - Guido Verbeck
- University of North Texas , Denton , Texas 76203 , United States
| | - Roger P Webb
- University of Surrey Ion Beam Centre , Guildford , Surrey GU2 7XH , United Kingdom
| | - Catia Costa
- University of Surrey Ion Beam Centre , Guildford , Surrey GU2 7XH , United Kingdom
| | - Richard J A Goodwin
- Pathology Sciences, Drug Safety & Metabolism , IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Melanie J Bailey
- Department of Chemistry , University of Surrey , Guildford , Surrey GU2 7XH , United Kingdom
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Khandasammy SR, Fikiet MA, Mistek E, Ahmed Y, Halámková L, Bueno J, Lednev IK. Bloodstains, paintings, and drugs: Raman spectroscopy applications in forensic science. Forensic Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Amador VS, Pereira HV, Sena MM, Augusti R, Piccin E. Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry for the Forensic Analysis of Black Ballpoint Pen Inks. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1965-1976. [PMID: 28477244 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1686-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the use of paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) for the direct analysis of black ink writings made with ballpoint pens. The novel approach was developed in a forensic context by first performing the classification of commercially available ballpoint pens according to their brands. Six of the most commonly worldwide utilized brands (Bic, Paper Mate, Faber Castell, Pentel, Compactor, and Pilot) were differentiated according to their characteristic chemical patterns obtained by PS-MS. MS on the negative ion mode at a mass range of m/z 100-1000 allowed prompt discrimination just by visual inspection. On the other hand, the concept of relative ion intensity (RII) and the analysis at other mass ranges were necessary for the differentiation using the positive ion mode. PS-MS combined with partial least squares (PLS) was utilized to monitor changes on the ink chemical composition after light exposure (artificial aging studies). The PLS model was optimized by variable selection, which allowed the identification of the most influencing ions on the degradation process. The feasibility of the method on forensic investigations was also demonstrated in three different applications: (1) analysis of overlapped fresh ink lines, (2) analysis of old inks from archived documents, and (3) detection of alterations (simulated forgeries) performed on archived documents. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Silva Amador
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Hebert Vinicius Pereira
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Martins Sena
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Bioanalítica, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodinei Augusti
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Evandro Piccin
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Analysis of cellular autofluorescence in touch samples by flow cytometry: implications for front end separation of trace mixture evidence. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:4167-4179. [PMID: 28516277 PMCID: PMC5486938 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0364-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to survey optical and biochemical variation in cell populations deposited onto a surface through touch or contact and identify specific features that may be used to distinguish and then sort cell populations from separate contributors in a trace biological mixture. Although we were not able to detect meaningful biochemical variation in touch samples deposited by different contributors through preliminary antibody surveys, we did observe distinct differences in red autofluorescence emissions (650-670 nm), with as much as a tenfold difference in mean fluorescence intensities observed between certain pairs of donors. Results indicate that the level of red autofluorescence in touch samples can be influenced by a donor's contact with specific material prior to handling the substrate from which cells were collected. In particular, we observed increased red autofluorescence in cells deposited subsequent to handling laboratory gloves, plant material, and certain types of marker ink, which could be easily visualized microscopically or using flow cytometry, and persisted after hand washing. To test whether these observed optical differences could potentially be used as the basis for a cell separation workflow, a controlled two-person touch mixture was separated into two fractions via fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) using gating criteria based on intensity of 650-670 nm emissions and then subjected to DNA analysis. Genetic analysis of the sorted fractions provided partial DNA profiles that were consistent with separation of individual contributors from the mixture suggesting that variation in autofluorescence signatures, even if driven by extrinsic factors, may nonetheless be a useful means of isolating contributors to some touch mixtures. Graphical Abstract Conceptual workflow diagram. Trace biological mixtures containing cells from multiple individuals are analyzed by flow cytometry. Cells are then physically separated into two populations based on intensity of red autofluorescence using Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting. Each isolated cell fraction is subjected to DNA analysis resulting in a DNA profile for each contributor.
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Sun Q, Luo Y, Xiang P, Yang X, Shen M. Analysis of PEG oligomers in black gel inks: Discrimination and ink dating. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 277:1-9. [PMID: 28528194 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-based black gel inks are common samples in forensic practice of questioned document examination in China, but there are few analytical methods for this type of ink. In this study, a liquid chromatography-.high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method was established for the analysis of PEG oligomers in carbon-based black gel ink entries. The coupled instruments achieve both the identification and quantification of PEG oligomers in ink entries with reproducible results. Twenty carbon-based black gel inks, whose Raman spectra appeared identical, were analyzed using the LC-HRMS method. As a result, the twenty gel inks were classified into four groups according to the distribution of PEG oligomers. Artificially aging of PEG 400 and a gel ink showed that as PEG degraded, the relative amounts of low molecular weight PEG oligomers increased, while those of high molecular weight decreased. The degradation of PEG oligomers in a naturally aged gel ink was consistent with those in the artificially aged samples, but occurred more slowly. This study not only provided a new method for discriminating carbon-based black gel ink entries, but also offered a new approach for studying the relative ink dating of carbon-based black gel ink entries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiran Sun
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, 1347 West Guangfu Road, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Yiwen Luo
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, 1347 West Guangfu Road, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, 1347 West Guangfu Road, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, 1347 West Guangfu Road, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Min Shen
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, 1347 West Guangfu Road, Shanghai 200063, China.
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Huynh V, Phelps MS, Golden TD, Verbeck GF. Direct analyte-probed nanoextraction (DAPNe) coupled to matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) for examination of the ink chemistry on documents. Forensic Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Huynh V, Sasiene ZJ, Mach PM, Golden TD, Verbeck GF. Laser ablation coupled with DAPNe-NSI-MS applied to redacted documents. Sci Justice 2016; 56:329-340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Laskin
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA 99352
| | - Ingela Lanekoff
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Box 599, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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