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Parathyroid hormone and its related peptides in bone metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114669. [PMID: 34224692 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is an 84-amino-acid peptide hormone that is secreted by the parathyroid gland. It has different administration modes in bone tissue through which it promotes bone formation (intermittent administration) and bone resorption (continuous administration) and has great potential for application in sbone defect repair. PTH regulates bone metabolism by binding to PTH1R. PTH plays an osteogenic role by acting directly on mesenchymal stem cells, cells with an osteoblastic lineage, osteocytes, and T cells. It also participates as an osteoclast by indirectly acting on osteoclast precursor cells and osteoclasts and directly acting on T cells. In these cells, PTH activates the Wnt signaling, cAMP/PKA, cAMP/PKC, and RANKL/RANK/OPG pathways and other signaling pathways. Although PTH(1-34), also known as teriparatide, has been used clinically, it still has some disadvantages. Developing improved PTH-related peptides is a potential solution to teriparatide's shortcomings. The action mechanism of these PTH-related peptides is not exactly the same as that of PTH. Thus, the mechanisms of PTH and PTH-related peptides in bone metabolism were reviewed in this paper.
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2
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Lima PHCD, Butera AP, Cabeça LF, Ribeiro-Viana RM. Liposome surface modification by phospholipid chemical reactions. Chem Phys Lipids 2021; 237:105084. [PMID: 33891960 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liposomal systems are well known for playing an important role as drug carriers, presenting several therapeutic applications in different sectors, such as in drug delivery, diagnosis, and in many other academic areas. A novel class of this nanoparticle is the actively target liposome, which is constructed with the surface modified with appropriated molecules (or ligands) to actively bind a target molecule of certain cells, system, or tissue. There are many ways to functionalize these nanostructures, from non-covalent adsorption to covalent bond formation. In this review, we focus on the strategies of modifying liposomes by glycerophospholipid covalent chemical reaction. The approach used in this text summarizes the main reactions and strategies used in phospholipid modification that can be carried out by chemists and researchers from other areas. The knowledge of these methodologies is of great importance for planning new studies using this material and also for manipulating its properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Correia de Lima
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Engenharia de Materiais (PPGCEM-UTFPR), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, UTFPR-Ld, CEP 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Anna Paola Butera
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, UEL, CEP 86051-980, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando Cabeça
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Engenharia de Materiais (PPGCEM-UTFPR), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, UTFPR-Ld, CEP 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil; Departamento Acadêmico de Química, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, UTFPR-Ld, CEP 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Renato Márcio Ribeiro-Viana
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Engenharia de Materiais (PPGCEM-UTFPR), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, UTFPR-Ld, CEP 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil; Departamento Acadêmico de Química, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, UTFPR-Ld, CEP 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Liu S, Jean-Alphonse FG, White AD, Wootten D, Sexton PM, Gardella TJ, Vilardaga JP, Gellman SH. Use of Backbone Modification To Enlarge the Spatiotemporal Diversity of Parathyroid Hormone Receptor-1 Signaling via Biased Agonism. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14486-14490. [PMID: 31496241 PMCID: PMC6930011 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The type-1 parathyroid hormone receptor (PTHR1), which regulates calcium homeostasis and tissue development, has two native agonists, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related protein (PTHrP). PTH forms a complex with the PTHR1 that is rapidly internalized and induces prolonged cAMP production from endosomes. In contrast, PTHrP induces only transient cAMP production, which primarily arises from receptors on the cell surface. We show that backbone modification of PTH(1-34)-NH2 and abaloparatide (a PTHrP derivative) with a single homologous β-amino acid residue can generate biased agonists that induce prolonged cAMP production from receptors at the cell surface. This unique spatiotemporal profile could be useful for distinguishing effects associated with the duration of cAMP production from effects associated with the site of cAMP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Liu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | | | | | - Denise Wootten
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology , Monash University , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology , Monash University , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia
| | - Thomas J Gardella
- Endocrine Unit , Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts 02114 , United States
| | | | - Samuel H Gellman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
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Clemons TD, Singh R, Sorolla A, Chaudhari N, Hubbard A, Iyer KS. Distinction Between Active and Passive Targeting of Nanoparticles Dictate Their Overall Therapeutic Efficacy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:15343-15349. [PMID: 30441895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The role of nanoparticles in cancer medicine is vast with debate still surrounding the distinction between therapeutic efficacy of actively targeted nanoparticles versus passively targeted systems for drug delivery. While it is commonly accepted that methodologies that result in homing a high concentration of drug loaded nanoparticles to the tumor is beneficial, the role of intracellular trafficking of these nanoparticles in dictating the overall therapeutic outcome remains unresolved. Herein we demonstrate that the therapeutic outcome of drug loaded nanoparticles is governed beyond simply enabling nanoparticle internalization in cells. Using two model polymeric nanoparticles, one decorated with the GE11 peptide for active targeting of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the other without, we demonstrate that EGFR mediated intracellular internalization results in an enhanced therapeutic effect compared to the nontargeted formulation. Our findings demonstrate that the intracellular destination of nanoparticles beyond its ability to internalize is an important parameter that has to be accounted for in the design of targeted drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan D Clemons
- School of Molecular Sciences , University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway , Crawley , Western Australia Australia , 6009
| | - Ruhani Singh
- School of Molecular Sciences , University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway , Crawley , Western Australia Australia , 6009
- CSIRO Manufacturing , New Horizons Centre , 20 Research Way , Clayton , Victoria Australia 3168
| | - Anabel Sorolla
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research , 6 Verdun Street , Nedlands , Western Australia Australia 6009
| | - Nutan Chaudhari
- School of Molecular Sciences , University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway , Crawley , Western Australia Australia , 6009
| | - Alysia Hubbard
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis , University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway , Crawley , Western Australia Australia , 6009
| | - K Swaminatha Iyer
- School of Molecular Sciences , University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway , Crawley , Western Australia Australia , 6009
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Culhane KJ, Belina ME, Sims JN, Cai Y, Liu Y, Wang PSP, Yan ECY. Parathyroid Hormone Senses Extracellular Calcium To Modulate Endocrine Signaling upon Binding to the Family B GPCR Parathyroid Hormone 1 Receptor. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2347-2358. [PMID: 29952553 PMCID: PMC10640708 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) binds to a family B G protein coupled receptor, parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R). One of its functions is to regulate Ca2+ homeostasis in bone remodeling, during which Ca2+ can reach up to 40 mM. A truncated version of PTH, PTH(1-34), can fully activate PTH1R and has been used for osteoporosis treatments. Here, we used fluorescence anisotropy to examine the binding of PTH(1-34) to PTH1R purified in nanodiscs (PTH1R-ND) and found that the affinity increases 5-fold in the presence of 15 mM Ca2+. However, PTHrP(1-36), another truncated endogenous agonist for PTH1R, does not show this Ca2+ effect. Mutations of Glu19 and Glu22 in PTH(1-34) that are not conserved in PTHrP(1-36) largely abolished the Ca2+ effect. The results support that PTH(1-34) not only activates PTH1R but also uniquely senses Ca2+. This dual function of a peptide hormone is a novel observation that couples changes in extracellular environment with endocrine signaling. Understanding this can potentially reveal the complex role of PTH signaling in bone remodeling and improve the PTH(1-34) treatment for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J. Culhane
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 266 Whitney Ave, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Morgan E. Belina
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Jeremiah N. Sims
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Yingying Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Yuting Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Pam S. P. Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Elsa C. Y. Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Cai Y, Liu Y, Culhane KJ, DeVree BT, Yang Y, Sunahara RK, Yan ECY. Purification of family B G protein-coupled receptors using nanodiscs: Application to human glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179568. [PMID: 28609478 PMCID: PMC5469476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Family B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play vital roles in hormone-regulated homeostasis. They are drug targets for metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis. Despite their importance, the signaling mechanisms for family B GPCRs at the molecular level remain largely unexplored due to the challenges in purification of functional receptors in sufficient amount for biophysical characterization. Here, we purified the family B GPCR human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor (GLP1R), whose agonists, e.g. exendin-4, are used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The receptor was expressed in HEK293S GnTl- cells using our recently developed protocol. The protocol incorporates the receptor into the native-like lipid environment of reconstituted high density lipoprotein (rHDL) particles, also known as nanodiscs, immediately after the membrane solubilization step followed by chromatographic purification, minimizing detergent contact with the target receptor to reduce denaturation and prolonging stabilization of receptor in lipid bilayers without extra steps of reconstitution. This method yielded purified GLP1R in nanodiscs that could bind to GLP-1 and exendin-4 and activate Gs protein. This nanodisc purification method can potentially be a general strategy to routinely obtain purified family B GPCRs in the 10s of microgram amounts useful for spectroscopic analysis of receptor functions and activation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yuting Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kelly J. Culhane
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Brian T. DeVree
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yang Yang
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Roger K. Sunahara
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Elsa C. Y. Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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Cheloha RW, Watanabe T, Dean T, Gellman SH, Gardella TJ. Backbone Modification of a Parathyroid Hormone Receptor-1 Antagonist/Inverse Agonist. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:2752-2762. [PMID: 27533344 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A backbone-modified peptide derived from parathyroid hormone (PTH) is shown to function as an inhibitor and inverse agonist of parathyroid hormone receptor-1 (PTHR1) signaling. This receptor acts to regulate calcium and phosphate homeostasis, as well as bone turnover and development. PTH is a natural agonist of PTHR1, and PTH(1-34) displays full activity relative to the natural 84-residue hormone. PTH(1-34) is used clinically to treat osteoporosis. N-terminally truncated derivatives of PTH(1-34), such as PTH(7-34), are known to bind to PTHR1 without initiating intracellular signaling and can thus act as competitive antagonists of PTH-induced signaling at PTHR1. In some cases, N-terminally truncated PTH derivatives also act as inverse agonists of PTHR1 variants that display pathologically high levels of signaling in the absence of PTH. Many analogues of PTH, however, are rapidly degraded by proteases, which may limit biomedical application. We show that backbone modification via periodic replacement of α-amino acid residues with homologous β-amino acid residues leads to an α/β-PTH(7-34) peptide that retains the antagonist and inverse agonist activities of the prototype α-peptide while exhibiting enhanced stability in the presence of aggressive proteases. These findings highlight the value of backbone-modified peptides derived from PTH as tools for investigating determinants of PTH metabolism and provide guidance for designing therapeutic agents for diseases arising from excessive ligand-dependent or ligand-independent PTHR1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross W. Cheloha
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tomoyuki Watanabe
- Endocrine
Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Thomas Dean
- Endocrine
Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Samuel H. Gellman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Thomas J. Gardella
- Endocrine
Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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Culhane KJ, Liu Y, Cai Y, Yan ECY. Transmembrane signal transduction by peptide hormones via family B G protein-coupled receptors. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:264. [PMID: 26594176 PMCID: PMC4633518 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although family B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) contain only 15 members, they play key roles in transmembrane signal transduction of hormones. Family B GPCRs are drug targets for developing therapeutics for diseases ranging from metabolic to neurological disorders. Despite their importance, the molecular mechanism of activation of family B GPCRs remains largely unexplored due to the challenges in expression and purification of functional receptors to the quantity for biophysical characterization. Currently, there is no crystal structure available of a full-length family B GPCR. However, structures of key domains, including the extracellular ligand binding regions and seven-helical transmembrane regions, have been solved by X-ray crystallography and NMR, providing insights into the mechanisms of ligand recognition and selectivity, and helical arrangements within the cell membrane. Moreover, biophysical and biochemical methods have been used to explore functions, key residues for signaling, and the kinetics and dynamics of signaling processes. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the signal transduction mechanism of family B GPCRs at the molecular level and comments on the challenges and outlook for mechanistic studies of family B GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Culhane
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yuting Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yingying Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elsa C Y Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA
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