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He M, Hu C, Wei R, Wang XF, Liu LL. Recent advances in the chemistry of isolable carbene analogues with group 13-15 elements. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3896-3951. [PMID: 38436383 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00784g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Carbenes (R2C:), compounds with a divalent carbon atom containing only six valence shell electrons, have evolved into a broader class with the replacement of the carbene carbon or the RC moiety with main group elements, leading to the creation of main group carbene analogues. These analogues, mirroring the electronic structure of carbenes (a lone pair of electrons and an empty orbital), demonstrate unique reactivity. Over the last three decades, this area has seen substantial advancements, paralleling the innovations in carbene chemistry. Recent studies have revealed a spectrum of unique carbene analogues, such as monocoordinate aluminylenes, nitrenes, and bismuthinidenes, notable for their extraordinary properties and diverse reactivity, offering promising applications in small molecule activation. This review delves into the isolable main group carbene analogues that are in the forefront from 2010 and beyond, spanning elements from group 13 (B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl), group 14 (Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb) and group 15 (N, P, As, Sb, and Bi). Specifically, this review focuses on the potential amphiphilic species that possess both lone pairs of electrons and vacant orbitals. We detail their comprehensive synthesis and stabilization strategies, outlining the reactivity arising from their distinct structural characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian He
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Chaopeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Rui Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xin-Feng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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2
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Ebeler F, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Ghadwal RS. Divergent Reactivity of a Cyclic Bis-Hydridostannylene: A Masked Sn(I) Diradicaloid. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400382. [PMID: 38294490 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Herein, reactivity studies of a cyclic bis-hydridostannylene [(ADC)SnH]2 (1-H2) (ADC=PhC{(NDipp)C}2; Dipp=2,6-iPr2C6H3) with various unsaturated organic substrates are reported. Reactions of terminal alkynes (RC≡CH) with 1-H2 afford mixed acetylide-vinyl-functionalized bis-stannylenes via dehydrogenation and hydrostannylation. Treatment of 1-H2 with PhC≡CCH3 gives a unique distannabarrelene via dehydrogenative C(sp3)-H stannylation and hydrostannylation of the C≡CCH3 moiety. 1-H2 undergoes dehydrogenative [2+2]-cycloaddition reactions with diphenylacetylene, azobenzene, acetone, benzophenone, and benzaldehyde to form the 1,4-distannabarrelene derivatives. The elimination of H2 in these reactions suggests the masked-diradical property of 1-H2. In fact, these [2+2]-cycloaddition products are also accessible on treatments of the Sn(I) diradicaloid [(ADC)Sn]2 (1) with appropriate reagents. All compounds have been characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Moreover, the catalytic activity of 1-H2 has been shown for the hydroboration of unsaturated substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Ebeler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rajendra S Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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3
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An isolable germylyne radical with a one-coordinate germanium atom. Nat Chem 2023; 15:200-205. [PMID: 36344822 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Carbynes (R-[Formula: see text]), species that bear a monovalent carbon atom with three non-bonding valence electrons, are important intermediates and potentially useful in organic synthetic chemistry. However, free species of the type R-[Formula: see text] of any group 14 element (E) have eluded isolation in the condensed phase due to their high reactivity. Here we report the isolation, characterization and reactivity of a crystalline germylyne radical by using a sterically hindered hydrindacene ligand. The germylyne radical bears an essentially one-coordinate germanium atom as shown by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic studies and theoretical calculations show that the germylyne radical features a doublet ground state, and the three non-bonding valence electrons at the germanium atom contribute to the lone pair of electrons as the highest occupied molecular orbital-3 and one unpaired electron as the singly occupied molecular orbital.
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4
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Omaña AA, Frenette BL, Dornsiepen E, Kobayashi R, Ferguson MJ, Iwamoto T, Rivard E. Frustrated Lewis pair-ligated tetrelenes. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:774-786. [PMID: 36594250 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03807b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of [PB{SiX2}] (X = Cl, Br; PB = 1,2-iPr2(C6H4)BCy2; E = Si, Ge) adducts is described, with an initial focus on reduction attempts to access [PB{E}]x species; however, in all cases only free PB ligand was formed as the soluble product. Moreover, computations were performed to evaluate the energy penalty associated with EX2 dissociation from the PB chelates. Moving up the periodic table, the formal methylene adduct [PB{CH2}] was isolated and its reactivity was compared with its heavier element congeners of [PB{EH2}]. We also introduce new phosphine-borane frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) chelates and explore preliminary coordination chemistry with these ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Brandon L Frenette
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Eike Dornsiepen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Ryo Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Takeaki Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.
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5
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Widemann M, Aicher FSW, Bonath M, Eichele K, Maichle‐Mössmer C, Schubert H, Sirsch P, Anwander R, Wesemann L. Molecular Ln(III)-H-E(II) Linkages (Ln=Y, Lu; E=Ge, Sn, Pb). Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201032. [PMID: 35620817 PMCID: PMC9541956 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Following the alkane-elimination route, the reaction between tetravalent aryl tintrihydride Ar*SnH3 and trivalent rare-earth-metallocene alkyls [Cp*2 Ln(CH{SiMe3 }2 )] gave complexes [Cp*2 Ln(μ-H)2 SnAr*] implementing a low-valent tin hydride (Ln=Y, Lu; Ar*=2,6-Trip2 C6 H3 , Trip=2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl). The homologous complexes of germanium and lead, [Cp*2 Ln(μ-H)2 EAr*] (E = Ge, Pb), were accessed via addition of low-valent [(Ar*EH)2 ] to the rare-earth-metal hydrides [(Cp*2 LnH)2 ]. The lead compounds [Cp*2 Ln(μ-H)2 PbAr*] exhibit H/D exchange in reactions with deuterated solvents or dihydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Widemann
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieEberhard Karls Universität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Frederik S. W. Aicher
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieEberhard Karls Universität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Martin Bonath
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieEberhard Karls Universität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Klaus Eichele
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieEberhard Karls Universität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Cäcilia Maichle‐Mössmer
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieEberhard Karls Universität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Hartmut Schubert
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieEberhard Karls Universität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Peter Sirsch
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieEberhard Karls Universität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Reiner Anwander
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieEberhard Karls Universität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Lars Wesemann
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieEberhard Karls Universität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
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6
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Auer M, Diab F, Eichele K, Schubert H, Wesemann L. Reactivity of organogermanium and organotin trihydrides. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5950-5961. [PMID: 35348165 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00681b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The organogermanium and organotin trihydrides (TbbEH3) [E = Ge (3), Sn (7)] with the Tbb substituent were synthesized by hydride substitution (Tbb = 2,6-[CH(SiMe3)2]2-4-(t-Bu)C6H2). Deprotonation of the organoelement trihydrides 3 and 7 was studied in reaction with bases MeLi, BnK and LDA (Bn = benzyl, LDA = lithium diisopropylamide) to yield the deprotonation products (8-11) as lithium or potassium salts. Hydride abstraction from TbbSnH3 using the trityl salt [Ph3C][Al(OC{CF3}3)4] gives the salt [TbbSnH2][Al(OC{CF3}3)4] (12) which was stabilized by thf donor ligands [TbbSnH2(thf)2][Al(OC{CF3}3)4] (13). Tintrihydride 7 reacts with trialkylamine Et2MeN to give as the product of a reductive elimination of hydrogen the distannane (TbbSnH2)2 (14). Transfer of hydrogen was observed in reaction of trihydrides TbbEH3 (E = Ge, Sn) and Ar*GeH3 with N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC). The NHC adduct TbbSnH(iPrNHC) (15) was synthesized at rt and the germanium hydrides exhibit hydrogen transfer at higher temperatures to give Ar*GeH(MeNHC) (16) and TbbGeH(MeNHC) (17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Auer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Fatima Diab
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Klaus Eichele
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Schubert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Lars Wesemann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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7
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Keil PM, Hadlington TJ. Geometrically Constrained Cationic Low-Coordinate Tetrylenes: Highly Lewis Acidic σ-Donor Ligands in Catalytic Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202114143. [PMID: 34818461 PMCID: PMC9302135 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A novel non-innocent ligand class, namely cationic single-centre ambiphiles, is reported in the phosphine-functionalised cationic tetrylene Ni0 complexes, [PhR DippENi(PPh3 )3 ]+ (4 a/b (Ge) and 5 (Sn); PhR Dipp={[Ph2 PCH2 SiR2 ](Dipp)N}- ; R=Ph, i Pr; Dipp=2,6-i Pr2 C6 H3 ). The inherent electronic nature of low-coordinate tetryliumylidenes, combined with the geometrically constrained [N-E-Ni] bending angle enforced by the chelating phosphine arm in these complexes, leads to strongly electrophilic EII centres which readily bind nucleophiles, reversibly in the case of NH3 . Further, the GeII centre in 4 a/b readily abstracts the fluoride ion from [SbF6 ]- to form the fluoro-germylene complex PhR DippGe(F)Ni(PPh3 )3 9, despite this GeII centre simultaneously being a σ-donating ligand towards Ni0 . Alongside the observed catalytic ability of 4 and 5 in the hydrosilylation of alkynes and alkenes, this forms an exciting introduction to a multi-talented ligand class in cationic single-centre ambiphiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Keil
- Fakultät für ChemieTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Terrance J. Hadlington
- Fakultät für ChemieTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485747GarchingGermany
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8
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Keil PM, Hadlington TJ. Geometrically Constrained Cationic Low‐Coordinate Tetrylenes: Highly Lewis Acidic σ‐Donor Ligands in Catalytic Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Keil
- Fakultät für Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Terrance J. Hadlington
- Fakultät für Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Germany
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9
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Roy MMD, Omaña AA, Wilson ASS, Hill MS, Aldridge S, Rivard E. Molecular Main Group Metal Hydrides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12784-12965. [PMID: 34450005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review serves to document advances in the synthesis, versatile bonding, and reactivity of molecular main group metal hydrides within Groups 1, 2, and 12-16. Particular attention will be given to the emerging use of said hydrides in the rapidly expanding field of Main Group element-mediated catalysis. While this review is comprehensive in nature, focus will be given to research appearing in the open literature since 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Andrew S S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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10
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Tremmel J, Tydlitát J, Dostál L, Růžička A, Deraet X, Turek J, Jambor R. Organogermanium(II) Hydrides as a Source of Highly Soluble LiH. Chemistry 2020; 26:6070-6075. [PMID: 32092197 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of monomeric C,N-chelated organogermanium(II) hydride L(H)Ge⋅BH3 with organolithium salts RLi yielded lithium hydrogermanatoborates (Li(THF)2 {BH3 [L(H)GeR]})2 . Compound (Li(THF)2 {BH3 [L(H)GePh]})2 was used as a source of LiH for the reduction of organic C=O or C=N bonds in nonpolar solvents accompanied by the elimination of a neutral complex L(Ph)Ge⋅BH3 . The interaction of (Li(THF)2 {BH3 [L(H)GePh]})2 with the polar C=O bond was further investigated by computational studies revealing a plausible geometry of a pre-reactive intermediate. The experimental and theoretical studies suggest that, although the Li atom of (Li(THF)2 {BH3 [L(H)GePh]})2 coordinates the C=O bond, the GeH fragment is the active species in the reduction reaction. Finally, benzaldehyde was reduced by a mixture of L(H)Ge⋅BH3 with PhLi in nonpolar solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Tremmel
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Tydlitát
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, University of Pardubice, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Dostál
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Xavier Deraet
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Turek
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic
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11
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Dasgupta R, Khan S. N-heterocyclic germylenes and stannylenes: Synthesis, reactivity and catalytic application in a nutshell. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Maudrich JJ, Diab F, Weiß S, Widemann M, Dema T, Schubert H, Krebs KM, Eichele K, Wesemann L. Deprotonation of Organogermanium and Organotin Trihydrides. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:15758-15768. [PMID: 31368306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Terphenyltin and terphenylgermanium trihydrides were deprotonated in reaction with strong bases, such as LiMe, LDA, or KBn. In the solid state, the Li salts of the germate anion 4 and 4a exhibit a Li-Ge contact. In the Li salt of the dihydridostannate anion 6a, the Li cation is not coordinated at the tin atom instead an interaction of the Li cation with the hydride substituents was found. Evidenced by 1H-7Li-HOESY NMR spectroscopy the Li-salt of the deprotonated tin hydride 6a exhibits in toluene solution a contact between Li cation and hydride substituents, whereas in the 1H-7Li-HOESY NMR spectrum of the homologous germate salt 4a, no crosspeak between hydride and Li signals was found. The organodihydridogermate and -stannate react as nucleophiles with low-valent Group 14 electrophiles. Thus, three compounds were synthesized: Ar-Ë'-EH2-Ar (E', E = Sn, Ge; Pb, Ge; Pb, Sn; Ar = Ar', Ar*). Following an alternative synthesis Ar'SnH2PbAr* was synthesized in reaction between [(Ar*PbH)2] and [(Ar'SnH)4] generated in situ. In reaction between low-valent organotin hydride [(Ar*SnH)2] and organdihydridostannate [Ar*SnH2]- formation of distannate [Ar*2Sn2H3]- was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob-Jonathan Maudrich
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 18 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Fatima Diab
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 18 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Sebastian Weiß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 18 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Max Widemann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 18 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Taulant Dema
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 18 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Hartmut Schubert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 18 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Kilian M Krebs
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 18 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Klaus Eichele
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 18 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Lars Wesemann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 18 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
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13
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Weiß S, Schubert H, Wesemann L. Low valent lead hydride chemistry: hydroplumbylation of phenylacetylene and 1,1-dimethylallene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:10238-10240. [PMID: 31393472 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05431f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydroplumbylation reactions with a low valent organolead hydride are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Weiß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
| | - Hartmut Schubert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
| | - Lars Wesemann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
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14
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Kelly JA, Juckel M, Hadlington TJ, Fernández I, Frenking G, Jones C. Synthesis and Reactivity Studies of Amido-Substituted Germanium(I)/Tin(I) Dimers and Clusters. Chemistry 2018; 25:2773-2785. [PMID: 30370947 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Three amide ligands of varying steric bulk and electronic properties were utilized to prepare a series of amido-germanium(II)/tin(II) halide compounds, (LEX)n , (L= -N{B(DipNCH)2 }(SiMe3 ), TBo L; -N{B(DipNCH)2 }(SiPh3 ), PhBo L; -N(Dip)(tBu), DBu L; Dip=C6 H3 iPr2 -2,6; E=Ge or Sn; X=Cl or Br; n=1 or 2). Reductions of these with a magnesium(I) dimer, {(Mes Nacnac)Mg}2 (Mes Nacnac=[(MesNCMe)2 CH]- , Mes=mesityl), afforded singly bonded amido-digermynes (TBo LGe-GeTBo L and PhBo LGe-GePhBo L), and an amido-distannyne (PhBo LSn-SnPhBo L), in addition to several low-valent, amido stabilized tetrel-tetrel bonded cluster compounds, (DBu LGe)4 , (DBu LSn)6 and Sn5 (TBo L)4 . The nature of the products resulting from these reactions was largely dependent on the steric bulk of the amide ligand employed. Cluster (DBu LGe)4 possessed an unusual folded butterfly structure, the bonding and electronic of which were examined using DFT calculations. Reactions of the amido-germanium(I) compounds with H2 were explored, and gave rise to the amido-digermene, TBo L(H)Ge=Ge(H)TBo L and the cyclotetragermane, {DBu L(H)Ge}4 . Reactions of (DBu LGe)4 with a series of unsaturated small molecule substrates yielded DBu LGeOGeDBu L, DBu LGe(μ-C2 H4 )2 GeDBu L and DBu LGe(μ-1,4-C6 H8 )(μ-1,2-C6 H8 )GeDBu L. The latter results imply that (DBu LGe)4 can act as a masked source of the digermyne DBu LGeGeDBu L in these reactions. All further reactivity studies indicated that the germanium(I) compounds exhibit a "transition-metal-like" behavior, which is closely related to that previously described for bulky digermynes and related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Kelly
- Monash Centre for Catalysis, School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Martin Juckel
- Monash Centre for Catalysis, School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Terrance J Hadlington
- Monash Centre for Catalysis, School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en, Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany.,Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P.K. 1072, 20080, Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Cameron Jones
- Monash Centre for Catalysis, School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
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15
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[4‐(Ph
3
B)‐2,6‐Mes
2
Py]
−
: A Sterically Demanding Anionic Pyridine. Chemistry 2018; 24:16851-16856. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Hadlington TJ, Driess M, Jones C. Low-valent group 14 element hydride chemistry: towards catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4176-4197. [PMID: 29666847 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00649g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of group 14 element(ii) hydride complexes has rapidly expanded since the first stable example of such a compound was reported in 2000. Since that time it has become apparent that these systems display remarkable reactivity patterns, in some cases mimicking those of late transition-metal (TM) hydride compounds. This is especially so for the hydroelementation of unsaturated organic substrates. Recently, this aspect of their reactivity has been extended to the use of group 14 element(ii) hydrides as efficient, "TM-like" catalysts in organic synthesis. This review will detail how the chemistry of these hydride compounds has advanced since their early development. Throughout, there is a focus on the importance of ligand effects in these systems, and how ligand design can greatly modify a coordinated complex's electronic structure, reactivity, and catalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrance J Hadlington
- Department of Chemistry, Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Techniche Universitat Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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17
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Hinz A, Goicoechea JM. Limitations of Steric Bulk: Towards Phospha-germynes and Phospha-stannynes. Chemistry 2018; 24:7358-7363. [PMID: 29573494 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The use of bulky aryl(silyl)amides (R) as substituents for the stabilisation of phospha-germynes and phospha-stannynes (R-Ge≡P and R-Sn≡P, respectively) is described. Such species can be transiently generated by photolysis of the phosphaketene precursors (RE(PCO); E=Ge, Sn). Utilisation of bulky amides R1 and R2 (R1 =Ar**NSi(OtBu)3 , where Ar**=2,6-bis[bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)methyl]-4-methylphenyl; R2 =Ar***NSi(iPr)3 , where Ar***=2,6-bis[bis(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)methyl]-4-methylphenyl) facilitates the formation of diphosphene-type dimers, [(RGe)P]2 and [(RSn)P]2 . In an effort to circumvent dimerisation, the bulkier R3 substituent (R3 =Ar***NSi(4-tert-butylphenyl)3 ) was employed in an analogous series of experiments. This affords cyclic germylenes and stannylenes due to insertion of the terminal phosphide into Si-C bonds of the R3 substituent, which in case of the stannylene could act as a trap for another R3 -Sn≡P moiety. All attempts to isolate terminal phosphide species were unsuccessful due to the reactivity of such compounds towards the organic periphery of the bulky amides, highlighting the limitations of highly sterically demanding functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hinz
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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18
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de Bruin-Dickason CN, Boutland AJ, Dange D, Deacon GB, Jones C. Redox transmetallation approaches to the synthesis of extremely bulky amido-lanthanoid(ii) and -calcium(ii) complexes. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:9512-9520. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02138d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Redox transmetallation protolysis and direct redox transmetallation reactions have been employed to access a variety of extremely bulky amido-lanthanoid(ii), and related calcium(ii) complexes which cannot be prepared using classical salt metathesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Deepak Dange
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | | | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Melbourne
- Australia
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19
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Jambor R, Lyčka A. Organosilicon and ‐germanium Hydrides in Catalyst‐Free Hydrometallation Reactions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice Studentská 95 53210 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Lyčka
- Faculty of Chemical Technology Centre of Organic Chemistry Rybitví 296 53354 Rybitví Czech Republic
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20
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Wu D, Wang R, Li Y, Ganguly R, Hirao H, Kinjo R. Electrostatic Catalyst Generated from Diazadiborinine for Carbonyl Reduction. Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Benedek Z, Szilvási T. Theoretical Assessment of Low-Valent Germanium Compounds as Transition Metal Ligands: Can They Be Better than Phosphines or NHCs? Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Benedek
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Szilvási
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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22
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Hadlington TJ, Kefalidis CE, Maron L, Jones C. Efficient Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol Equivalents Catalyzed by Two-Coordinate Amido–Germanium(II) and −Tin(II) Hydride Complexes. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Terrance J. Hadlington
- Monash
Centre for Catalysis, School of Chemistry, Monash University, P.O. Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Christos E. Kefalidis
- Université de Toulouse et CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215,
LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Maron
- Université de Toulouse et CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215,
LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Cameron Jones
- Monash
Centre for Catalysis, School of Chemistry, Monash University, P.O. Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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23
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Biswas AK, Ganguly B. Revealing Germylene Compounds to Attain Superbasicity with Sigma Donor Substituents: A Density Functional Theory Study. Chemistry 2017; 23:2700-2705. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abul Kalam Biswas
- Analytical Discipline and Centralized Instrument Facility; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute; Bhavnagar- 364002 India
| | - Bishwajit Ganguly
- Analytical Discipline and Centralized Instrument Facility; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute; Bhavnagar- 364002 India
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24
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Dannenberg F, Thiele G, Dornsiepen E, Dehnen S, Mehring M. Synthesis, structure and thermolysis of oxazagermines and oxazasilines. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00894e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nine new oxazasilines and oxazagermines were characterized and two of them were proven to be suitable precursors for porous Ge@C.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Dannenberg
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften
- Institut für Chemie
- Professur Koordinationschemie
- 09107 Chemnitz
| | - G. Thiele
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35043 Marburg
- Germany
| | - E. Dornsiepen
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35043 Marburg
- Germany
| | - S. Dehnen
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35043 Marburg
- Germany
| | - M. Mehring
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften
- Institut für Chemie
- Professur Koordinationschemie
- 09107 Chemnitz
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25
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Zhao L, Hermann M, Jones C, Frenking G. Reaction Mechanism of the Hydrogermylation/Hydrostannylation of Unactivated Alkenes with Two-Coordinate E(II) Hydrides (E=Ge, Sn): A Theoretical Study. Chemistry 2016; 22:11728-35. [PMID: 27403941 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations using density functional theory with the TPSS+D3(BJ) and M06-2X+D3(ABC) functionals have been carried out to understand the mechanisms of catalyst-free hydrogermylation/hydrostannylation reactions between the two-coordinate hydrido-tetrylenes :E(H)(L(+) ) (E=Ge or Sn, L(+) =N(Ar(+) )(SiiPr3 ); Ar(+) =C6 H2 {C(H)Ph2 }2 iPr-2,6,4) and a range of unactivated terminal (C2 H3 R, R=H, Ph, or tBu) and cyclic [(CH)2 (CH2 )2 (CH2 )n , n=1, 2, or 4] alkenes. The calculations suggest that the addition reactions of the germylenes and stannylenes to the cyclic and acyclic alkenes occur as one-step processes through formal [2+2] addition of the E-H fragment across the C-C π bond. The reactions have moderate barriers and are weakly exergonic. The steric bulk of the tetrylene amido groups has little influence on the activation barriers and on the reaction energies of the anti-Markovnikov pathway, but the Markovnikov addition is clearly disfavored by the size of the substituents. The addition of the tetrylenes to the cyclic alkenes is less exergonic than the addition to the terminal alkenes, which agrees with the experimentally observed reversibility of the former reactions. The hydrogermylation reactions have lower activation energies and are more exergonic than the stannylene addition. An energy decomposition analysis of the transition state for the hydrogermylation of cyclohexene shows that the reaction takes place with simultaneous formation of the Ge-C and (Ge)H-C' bonds. The dominant orbitals of the germylene are the σ-type lone pair MO of Ge, which serves as a donor orbital, and the vacant p(π) MO of Ge, which acts as acceptor orbital for the π* and π MOs of the olefin. Inspection of the transition states of some selected reactions suggests that the differences between the activation energies come from a delicate balance between the deformation energies of the interacting species and their interaction energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhao
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Markus Hermann
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, P.O. Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032, Marburg, Germany. .,Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P.K. 1072, 20080, Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.
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26
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Usher M, Protchenko AV, Rit A, Campos J, Kolychev EL, Tirfoin R, Aldridge S. A Systematic Study of Structure and E-H Bond Activation Chemistry by Sterically Encumbered Germylene Complexes. Chemistry 2016; 22:11685-98. [PMID: 27381647 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A series of new germylene compounds has been synthesized offering systematic variation in the σ- and π-capabilities of the α-substituent and differing levels of reactivity towards E-H bond activation (E=H, B, C, N, Si, Ge). Chloride metathesis utilizing [(terphenyl)GeCl] proves to be an effective synthetic route to complexes of the type [(terphenyl)Ge(ERn )] (1-6: ERn =NHDipp, CH(SiMe3 )2 , P(SiMe3 )2 , Si(SiMe3 )3 or B(NDippCH)2 ; terphenyl=C6 H3 Mes2 -2,6=Ar(Mes) or C6 H3 Dipp2 -2,6=Ar(Dipp) ; Dipp=C6 H3 iPr2 -2,6, Mes=C6 H2 Me3 -2,4,6), while the related complex [{(Me3 Si)2 N}Ge{B(NDippCH)2 }] (8) can be accessed by an amide/boryl exchange route. Metrical parameters have been probed by X-ray crystallography, and are consistent with widening angles at the metal centre as more bulky and/or more electropositive substituents are employed. Thus, the widest germylene units (θ>110°) are found to be associated with strongly σ-donating boryl or silyl ancillary donors. HOMO-LUMO gaps for the new germylene complexes have been appraised by DFT calculations. The aryl(boryl)-germylene system [Ar(Mes) Ge{B(NDippCH)2 }] (6-Mes), which features a wide C-Ge-B angle (110.4(1)°) and (albeit relatively weak) ancillary π-acceptor capabilities, has the smallest HOMO-LUMO gap (119 kJ mol(-1) ). These features result in 6-Mes being remarkably reactive, undergoing facile intramolecular C-H activation involving one of the mesityl ortho-methyl groups. The related aryl(silyl)-germylene system, [Ar(Mes) Ge{Si(SiMe3 )3 }] (5-Mes) has a marginally wider HOMO-LUMO gap (134 kJ mol(-1) ), rendering it less labile towards decomposition, yet reactive enough to oxidatively cleave H2 and NH3 to give the corresponding dihydride and (amido)hydride. Mixed aryl/alkyl, aryl/amido and aryl/phosphido complexes are unreactive, but amido/boryl complex 8 is competent for the activation of E-H bonds (E=H, B, Si) to give hydrido, boryl and silyl products. The results of these reactivity studies imply that the use of the very strongly σ-donating boryl or silyl substituents is an effective strategy for rendering metallylene complexes competent for E-H bond activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Usher
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Andrey V Protchenko
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Arnab Rit
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jesús Campos
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Eugene L Kolychev
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Rémi Tirfoin
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
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27
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Boutland AJ, Dange D, Stasch A, Maron L, Jones C. Two‐Coordinate Magnesium(I) Dimers Stabilized by Super Bulky Amido Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9239-43. [PMID: 27303934 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Boutland
- School of Chemistry Monash University P.O. Box 23 Melbourne VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Deepak Dange
- School of Chemistry Monash University P.O. Box 23 Melbourne VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Andreas Stasch
- School of Chemistry Monash University P.O. Box 23 Melbourne VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Laurent Maron
- Université de Toulouse et CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry Monash University P.O. Box 23 Melbourne VIC 3800 Australia
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28
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Boutland AJ, Dange D, Stasch A, Maron L, Jones C. Two‐Coordinate Magnesium(I) Dimers Stabilized by Super Bulky Amido Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Boutland
- School of Chemistry Monash University P.O. Box 23 Melbourne VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Deepak Dange
- School of Chemistry Monash University P.O. Box 23 Melbourne VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Andreas Stasch
- School of Chemistry Monash University P.O. Box 23 Melbourne VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Laurent Maron
- Université de Toulouse et CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry Monash University P.O. Box 23 Melbourne VIC 3800 Australia
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29
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Abstract
The development of extremely sterically demanding, monodentate amide ligands facilitates the isolation of main group species with new and highly reactive coordination modes. An outstanding feature of these ligands is the ability to tune their steric demands. Reactivity investigations highlight the potential for small molecule activation chemistry and catalysis for these compounds.
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30
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Dawkins MJC, Middleton E, Kefalidis CE, Dange D, Juckel MM, Maron L, Jones C. Two-coordinate terminal zinc hydride complexes: synthesis, structure and preliminary reactivity studies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:10490-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc05445e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The first examples of essentially two-coordinate, monomeric zinc hydride complexes have been stabilised by incorporation of “super bulky” amide ligands. Crystallographic studies show them to possess near linear N–Zn–H fragments (see picture).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewart Middleton
- Monash Centre for Catalysis
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Australia
| | | | - Deepak Dange
- Monash Centre for Catalysis
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Australia
| | - Martin M. Juckel
- Monash Centre for Catalysis
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Australia
| | | | - Cameron Jones
- Monash Centre for Catalysis
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Australia
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31
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Abstract
This Review article deals with the synthesis and properties of inorganic hydrocarbon analogues: binary chemical species that contain heavier Group 14 elements (Si, Ge, Sn or Pb) and hydrogen as components. Rapid advances in our general knowledge of these species have enabled the development of industrially relevant processes such as the hydrosilylation of unsaturated substrates and the chemical vapor deposition of semi-conducting films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
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32
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Hadlington TJ, Hermann M, Frenking G, Jones C. Two-coordinate group 14 element(ii) hydrides as reagents for the facile, and sometimes reversible, hydrogermylation/hydrostannylation of unactivated alkenes and alkynes. Chem Sci 2015; 6:7249-7257. [PMID: 29861960 PMCID: PMC5950753 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03376d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactions of the solution stable, two-coordinate hydrido-tetrylenes, :E(H)(L†) (E = Ge or Sn; L† = -N(Ar†)(SiPri 3); Ar† = C6H2{C(H)Ph2}2Pri-2,6,4), with a variety of unactivated cyclic and acyclic alkenes, and one internal alkyne, lead to the rapid and regiospecific hydrometallation of the unsaturated substrate at ambient temperature. The products of the reactions, [L†E(C2H4R)] (E = Ge or Sn, R = H, Ph or Bu t ), [L†E{CH(CH2)3(CH2) n }] (E = Ge, n = 1, 2 or 3; E = Sn, n = 1) and [L†E{C(Ph)[double bond, length as m-dash]C(H)(Me)}], include the first structurally characterised examples of two-coordinate amido/alkyl germylenes and stannylenes. The cycloalkene hydrometallation reactions are cleanly reversible under ambient conditions, a process which computational and experimental van't Hoff analyses suggest proceeds via β-hydride elimination from the metal coordinated cycloalkyl ligand. Similarly, the reactions of :Ge(H)(L†) with 1,5-cyclooctadiene and 2-methyl-2-butene, both likely proceed via β-hydride elimination processes, leading to the clean isomerisation of the alkene involved, and its subsequent hydrogermylation, to give [L†Ge(2-cyclooctenyl)] and [L†Ge{C2H4C(H)Me2}], respectively. Reactions of [L†GeEt] and [L†Ge(C5H9)] with the protic reagents, HCl, NH3 and EtOH, lead to oxidative addition to the germanium(ii) centre, and formation of the stable chiral germanium(iv) complexes, [L†Ge(C5H9)(H)Cl] and [L†Ge(Et)(H)R] (R = NH2 or OEt). In contrast, related reactions between [L†SnEt] and Bu t OH or TEMPOH (TEMP = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl) proceed via ethane elimination, affording the tin(ii) products, [L†SnR] (R = OBu t or OTEMP). In addition, the oxidation of [L†Ge(C6H11)] and [L†Sn(C2H4Bu t )] with O2 yields the oxo-bridged metal(iv) dimers, [{L†(C6H11)Ge(μ-O)}2] and [{L†(Bu t C2H4)Sn(μ-O)}2], respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrance J Hadlington
- School of Chemistry , Monash University , PO Box 23 , VIC 3800 , Australia . ; http://www.monash.edu/science/research-groups/chemistry/jonesgroup
| | - Markus Hermann
- Fachbereich Chemie , Philipps-Universität Marburg , 35032 , Marburg , Germany .
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie , Philipps-Universität Marburg , 35032 , Marburg , Germany .
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry , Monash University , PO Box 23 , VIC 3800 , Australia . ; http://www.monash.edu/science/research-groups/chemistry/jonesgroup
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33
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Karwasara S, Siwatch RK, Jha CK, Nagendran S. Aminotroponiminatosilathio- and Siloxygermylenes: Reactivity Comparison. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Surendar Karwasara
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110
016, India
| | - Rahul Kumar Siwatch
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110
016, India
| | - Chandan Kumar Jha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110
016, India
| | - Selvarajan Nagendran
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110
016, India
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