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Witkiewicz Z, Jasek K, Grabka M. Semiconductor Gas Sensors for Detecting Chemical Warfare Agents and Their Simulants. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23063272. [PMID: 36991985 PMCID: PMC10058525 DOI: 10.3390/s23063272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
On-site detection of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) can be performed by various analytical techniques. Devices using well-established techniques such as ion mobility spectrometry, flame photometry, infrared and Raman spectroscopy or mass spectrometry (usually combined with gas chromatography) are quite complex and expensive to purchase and operate. For this reason, other solutions based on analytical techniques well suited to portable devices are still being sought. Analyzers based on simple semiconductor sensors may be a potential alternative to the currently used CWA field detectors. In sensors of this type, the conductivity of the semiconductor layer changes upon interaction with the analyte. Metal oxides (both in the form of polycrystalline powders and various nanostructures), organic semiconductors, carbon nanostructures, silicon and various composites that are a combination of these materials are used as a semiconductor material. The selectivity of a single oxide sensor can be adjusted to specific analytes within certain limits by using the appropriate semiconductor material and sensitizers. This review presents the current state of knowledge and achievements in the field of semiconductor sensors for CWA detection. The article describes the principles of operation of semiconductor sensors, discusses individual solutions used for CWA detection present in the scientific literature and makes a critical comparison of them. The prospects for the development and practical application of this analytical technique in CWA field analysis are also discussed.
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Yang Z, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Fei T, Liu S, Zhang T. The synergistic effects of oxygen vacancy engineering and surface gold decoration on commercial SnO 2 for ppb-level DMMP sensing. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 608:2703-2717. [PMID: 34774322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The metal oxides-based chemiresitive gas sensors have attracted enormous interest because of their exellent sensing perforamcnes, which have emerged as very promising candidates for gas monitoring. However, from the view of organophosphorus compounds detection, a unique combination of low detection limit and fast respons/recovery rate remainschallenging. Herein, the synersgitic effects of oxygen vacancy engineering and surface gold decoration enabling excellent sensing performances for detection of dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP, a typical organophosphorus) is reported. To demonstrate the proof of concept, Au nanoparticles (NPs) decorated oxygen vacancy-enriched SnO2 hybrids (designated as Au-O-SnO2) were designedas sensing materials, where the O-SnO2 samples were fabricated by introduction of oxygen vacancies onto commercial SnO2 through organometallic chemistry-assisted approach using (CH3)2SnCl2 as precursor, followed by deposition of Au NPs by an in-situ reduction routine. After optimizing Au NPs content in hybrids (1 wt%, 3 wt%, 5 wt% and 7 wt%), O-SnO2 decorated with 5 wt% Au NPs (designated as Au-O-SnO2-5) exhibits excellent DMMP sensing performances, such as, an enhanced recoverable response of 1.67 to 680 ppb DMMP, low detection limit of 4.8 ppb, shortresponse time of 26 s and recoverytime of 32 s, as well as good selectivity, which are much better than that of commercial SnO2 (C-SnO2) and O-SnO2, and Au NPs decorated C-SnO2. Based on the detailed investigation, the enhanced DMMP sensing performances of Au-O-SnO2 hybrids can be mainly ascribed to the synergistic effect of increasing surface active sites induced by oxygen vacancies, the chemical and electronic sensitization of Au NPs. As a result, Au-O-SnO2-5 hybrids display relatively low activation energy of 24.11 kJ/mol for DMMP oxidization, which is lower than that of O-SnO2 (35.54 kJ/mol). Our results provide a feasible method for boosting sensing performances for DMMP detection, paving new way for fabrication of metal oxides-based gas sensors for rapid detection of trace organic compounds with complexed structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Yang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Yaqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Teng Fei
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Sen Liu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
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Wu H, Yuan Y, Wu Q, Bu X, Hu L, Li X, Wang X, Liu W. A dimethyl methylphonate sensor based on HFIPPH modified SWCNTs. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:165505. [PMID: 35008068 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac49c0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In order to meet the requirements of ultra-fast real-time monitoring of sarin simulator with high sensitivity and selectivity, it is of great significance to develop high performance dimethyl methylphonate (DMMP) sensor. Herein, we proposed a DMMP sensor based on p-hexafluoroisopropanol phenyl (HFIPPH) modified self-assembled single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with field effect transistor (FET) structure. The self-assembly method provides a 4 nanometres thick and micron sized SWCNT channel, with high selectivity to DMMP. The proposed SWCNTs-HFIPPH based sensor exhibits remarkably higher response to DMMP than bare SWCNT based gas sensor within only few seconds. The gas sensing response of SWCNTs-HFIPPH based sensor for 1 ppm DMMP is 18.2%, and the response time is about 10 s. What's more, the gas sensor we proposed here shows excellent selectivity and reproducibility, and the limitation of detection is as low as ppb level. The proposed method lays the foundation for miniaturization and integration of DMMP sensors, expecting to develop detection system for practical sarin sensing application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Wu
- Department of Microelectronics, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubin Yuan
- Department of Microelectronics, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Microelectronics, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangrui Bu
- Department of Microelectronics, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Hu
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Microelectronics, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Microelectronics, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, People's Republic of China
- School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Liu
- Department of Microelectronics, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
- Research Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Zhejiang 311215, People's Republic of China
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Alali KT, Liu J, Chen R, Liu Q, Zhang H, Li J, Hou J, Li R, Wang J. HFIP-Functionalized Co 3 O 4 Micro-Nano-Octahedra/rGO as a Double-Layer Sensing Material for Chemical Warfare Agents. Chemistry 2019; 25:11892-11902. [PMID: 31309626 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor metal oxides (SMO)-based gas-sensing materials suffer from insufficient detection of a specific target gas. Reliable selectivity, high sensitivity, and rapid response-recovery times under various working conditions are the main requirements for optimal gas sensors. Chemical warfare agents (CWA) such as sarin are fatal inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase in the nerve system. So, sensing materials with high sensitivity and selectivity toward CWA are urgently needed. Herein, micro-nano octahedral Co3 O4 functionalized with hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) were deposited on a layer of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as a double-layer sensing materials. The Co3 O4 micro-nano octahedra were synthesized by direct growth from electrospun fiber templates calcined in ambient air. The double-layer rGO/Co3 O4 -HFIP sensing materials presented high selectivity toward DMMP (sarin agent simulant, dimethyl methyl phosphonate) versus rGO/Co3 O4 and Co3 O4 sensors after the exposure to various gases owing to hydrogen bonding between the DMMP molecules and Co3 O4 -HFIP. The rGO/Co3 O4 -HFIP sensors showed high stability with a response signal around 11.8 toward 0.5 ppm DMMP at 125 °C, and more than 75 % of the initial response was maintained under a saturated humid environment (85 % relative humidity). These results prove that these double-layer inorganic-organic composite sensing materials are excellent candidates to serve as optimal gas-sensing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Tawfik Alali
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aleppo, Aleppo City, Syria
| | - Jingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Rongrong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Qi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Hongsen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Jundong Li
- College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Jindi Hou
- College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Rumin Li
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- College of Science, Heihe University, Heihe, 164300, P. R. China
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Dai Z, Liang T, Lee JH. Gas sensors using ordered macroporous oxide nanostructures. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:1626-1639. [PMID: 36134246 PMCID: PMC9417045 DOI: 10.1039/c8na00303c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Detection and monitoring of harmful and toxic gases have gained increased interest in relation to worldwide environmental issues. Semiconducting metal oxide gas sensors have been considered promising for the facile remote detection of gases and vapors over the past decades. However, their sensing performance is still a challenge to meet the demands for practical applications where excellent sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and response/recovery rate are imperative. Therefore, sensing materials with novel architectures and fabrication processes have been pursued with a flurry of research activity. In particular, the preparation of ordered macroporous metal oxide nanostructures is regarded as an intriguing candidate wherein ordered aperture sizes in the range from 50 nm to 1.5 μm can increase the chemical diffusion rate and considerably strengthen the performance stability and repeatability. This review highlights the recent advances in the fabrication of ordered macroporous nanostructures with different dimensions and compositions, discusses the sensing behavior evolution governed by structural layouts, hierarchy, doping, and heterojunctions, as well as considering their general principles and future prospects. This would provide a clear scale for others to tune the sensing performance of porous materials in terms of specific components and structural designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfei Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 People's Republic of China
| | - Jong-Heun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
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Yin C, Gao L, Zhou F, Duan G. Facile Synthesis of Polyaniline Nanotubes Using Self-Assembly Method Based on the Hydrogen Bonding: Mechanism and Application in Gas Sensing. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E544. [PMID: 30965847 PMCID: PMC6418668 DOI: 10.3390/polym9100544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on hydrogen bonding, the highly uniform polyaniline (PANI) nanotubes were synthesized by self-assembly method using citric acid (CA) as the dopant and the structure-directing agent by optimizing the molar ratio of CA to aniline monomer (Ani). Synthesis conditions like reaction temperature and mechanical stirring were considered to explore the effects of hydrogen bonding on the morphologies. The effects of CA on the final morphology of the products were also investigated. The as-synthesized CA doped polyaniline (PANI) nanomaterials were further deposited on the plate electrodes for the test of gas sensing performance to ammonia (NH₃). The sensitivity to various concentrations of NH₃, the repeatability, and the stability of the sensors were also tested and analyzed. As a result, it was found that the PANI nanomaterial synthesized at the CA/Ani molar ratio of 0.5 has highly uniform tubular morphology and shows the best sensing performance to NH₃. It makes the PANI nanotubes a promising material for high performance gas sensing to NH₃.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Yin
- Key Lab of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Lab of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Lei Gao
- Key Lab of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Lab of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Fei Zhou
- Key Lab of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Lab of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Guotao Duan
- Key Lab of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Lab of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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