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Šťastná K, Musdal Y, Ismail A, Ebihara K, Niwa R, Mannervik B. Supreme glutathione-dependent ketosteroid isomerase in the yellow-fever transmitting mosquito Aedes aegypti. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 711:149914. [PMID: 38608434 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The steroid hormone ecdysone is essential for the reproduction and survival of insects. The hormone is synthesized from dietary sterols such as cholesterol, yielding ecdysone in a series of consecutive enzymatic reactions. In the insect orders Lepidoptera and Diptera a glutathione transferase called Noppera-bo (Nobo) plays an essential, but biochemically uncharacterized, role in ecdysteroid biosynthesis. The Nobo enzyme is consequently a possible target in harmful dipterans, such as disease-carrying mosquitoes. Flavonoid compounds inhibit Nobo and have larvicidal effects in the yellow-fever transmitting mosquito Aedes aegypti, but the enzyme is functionally incompletely characterized. We here report that within a set of glutathione transferase substrates the double-bond isomerase activity with 5-androsten-3,17-dione stands out with an extraordinary specific activity of 4000 μmol min-1 mg-1. We suggest that the authentic function of Nobo is catalysis of a chemically analogous ketosteroid isomerization in ecdysone biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Šťastná
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
| | - Yaman Musdal
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden; Department of Pediatric Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06230, Turkey
| | - Aram Ismail
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
| | - Kana Ebihara
- Degree Programs in Life and Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Niwa
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Bengt Mannervik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden; Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Wang L, Liu J, Chen F, Li G, Wang J, Chan DSH, Wong CY, Wang W, Leung CH. A Switch-On Affinity-Based Iridium(III) Conjugate Probe for Imaging Mitochondrial Glutathione S-Transferase in Breast Cancer Cells. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1727-1737. [PMID: 37750807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase is heterogeneously expressed in breast cancer cells and is therefore emerging as a potential diagnostic biomarker for studying the heterogeneity of breast cancers. However, available fluorescent probes for GSTs depend heavily on GSTs-catalyzed glutathione (GSH) nucleophilic substitution reactions, making them susceptible to interference by the high concentration of nucleophilic species in the cellular environment. Moreover, the functions of subcellular GSTs are generally overlooked due to the lack of suitable luminescence probes. Herein, we report a highly selective affinity-based luminescence probe 1 for GST in breast cancer cells through tethering a GST inhibitor, ethacrynic acid, to an iridium(III) complex. Compared to activity-based probes which require the use of GSH, this probe could image GST-pi in the mitochondria by directly adducting to GST-pi (or potentially GST-pi/GS) in living cells. Probe 1 possesses desirable photophysical properties including a lifetime of 911 ns, a Stokes shift of 343 nm, and high photostability. The "turn on" luminescence mode of the probe enables highly selective detection of the GST with a limit of detection of 1.01 μM, while its long emission lifetime allows sensitive detection in organic dye-spiked autofluorescence samples by a time-resolved mode. The probe was further applied to specifically and quantitatively visualize MDA-MB-231 cells via specific binding to mitochondrial GST, and could differentiate breast cell lines based on their expression levels of GST. To the best of our knowledge, this probe is the first affinity-based iridium(III) imaging probe for the subcellular GST. Our work provides a valuable tool for unmasking the diverse roles of a subcellular GST in living systems, as well as for studying the heterogeneity of breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China
| | - Jingqi Liu
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
- Northwestern Polytechnical University Chongqing Technology Innovation Center, Chongqing 400000, China
| | - Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China
| | - Guodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
- Northwestern Polytechnical University Chongqing Technology Innovation Center, Chongqing 400000, China
| | | | - Chun-Yuen Wong
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Wanhe Wang
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
- Northwestern Polytechnical University Chongqing Technology Innovation Center, Chongqing 400000, China
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China
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Kato N, Ebihara K, Nogawa T, Futamura Y, Inaba K, Okano A, Aono H, Fujikawa Y, Inoue H, Matsuda K, Osada H, Niwa R, Takahashi S. cis-Decalin-containing tetramic acids as inhibitors of insect steroidogenic glutathione S-transferase Noppera-bo. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290851. [PMID: 37651399 PMCID: PMC10470909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Decalin-containing tetramic acid is a bioactive scaffold primarily produced by filamentous fungi. The structural diversity of this group of compounds is generated by characteristic enzymes of fungal biosynthetic pathways, including polyketide synthase/nonribosomal peptide synthetase hybrid enzymes and decalin synthase, which are responsible for the construction of a linear polyenoyl tetramic acid structure and stereoselective decalin formation via the intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction, respectively. Compounds that differed only in the decalin configuration were collected from genetically engineered mutants derived from decalin-containing tetramic acid-producing fungi and used for a structure-activity relationship study. Our evaluation of biological activities, such as cytotoxicity against several cancer cell lines and antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, and mitochondrial inhibitory activities, demonstrated that the activity for each assay varies depending on the decalin configurations. In addition to these known biological activities, we revealed that the compounds showed inhibitory activity against the insect steroidogenic glutathione S-transferase Noppera-bo. Engineering the decalin configurations would be useful not only to find derivatives with better biological activities but also to discover overlooked biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kato
- Natural Product Biosynthesis Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Research Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kana Ebihara
- Degree Programs in Life and Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Nogawa
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Research Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Molecular Structure Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Research Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yushi Futamura
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Research Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Chemical Resource Development Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Research Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazue Inaba
- Degree Programs in Life and Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akiko Okano
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Research Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Chemical Resource Development Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Research Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Harumi Aono
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Research Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Chemical Resource Development Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Research Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuuta Fujikawa
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideshi Inoue
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Matsuda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Nara, Japan
- Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Kindai University, Nara, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Research Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Chemical Resource Development Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Research Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Niwa
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shunji Takahashi
- Natural Product Biosynthesis Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Research Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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Ebihara K, Niwa R. Compounds Inhibiting Noppera-bo, a Glutathione S-transferase Involved in Insect Ecdysteroid Biosynthesis: Novel Insect Growth Regulators. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030461. [PMID: 36979396 PMCID: PMC10046418 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are conserved in a wide range of organisms, including insects. In 2014, an epsilon GST, known as Noppera-bo (Nobo), was shown to regulate the biosynthesis of ecdysteroid, the principal steroid hormone in insects. Studies on fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, and silkworms, Bombyx mori, demonstrated that loss-of-function mutants of nobo fail to synthesize ecdysteroid and die during development, consistent with the essential function of ecdysteroids in insect molting and metamorphosis. This genetic evidence suggests that chemical compounds that inhibit activity of Nobo could be insect growth regulators (IGRs) that kill insects by disrupting their molting and metamorphosis. In addition, because nobo is conserved only in Diptera and Lepidoptera, a Nobo inhibitor could be used to target IGRs in a narrow spectrum of insect taxa. Dipterans include mosquitoes, some of which are vectors of diseases such as malaria and dengue fever. Given that mosquito control is essential to reduce mosquito-borne diseases, new IGRs that specifically kill mosquito vectors are always in demand. We have addressed this issue by identifying and characterizing several chemical compounds that inhibit Nobo protein in both D. melanogaster and the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. In this review, we summarize our findings from the search for Nobo inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Ebihara
- Degree Programs in Life and Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Niwa
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Optical substrates for drug-metabolizing enzymes: Recent advances and future perspectives. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1068-1099. [PMID: 35530147 PMCID: PMC9069481 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), a diverse group of enzymes responsible for the metabolic elimination of drugs and other xenobiotics, have been recognized as the critical determinants to drug safety and efficacy. Deciphering and understanding the key roles of individual DMEs in drug metabolism and toxicity, as well as characterizing the interactions of central DMEs with xenobiotics require reliable, practical and highly specific tools for sensing the activities of these enzymes in biological systems. In the last few decades, the scientists have developed a variety of optical substrates for sensing human DMEs, parts of them have been successfully used for studying target enzyme(s) in tissue preparations and living systems. Herein, molecular design principals and recent advances in the development and applications of optical substrates for human DMEs have been reviewed systematically. Furthermore, the challenges and future perspectives in this field are also highlighted. The presented information offers a group of practical approaches and imaging tools for sensing DMEs activities in complex biological systems, which strongly facilitates high-throughput screening the modulators of target DMEs and studies on drug/herb‒drug interactions, as well as promotes the fundamental researches for exploring the relevance of DMEs to human diseases and drug treatment outcomes.
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Kamiyama T, Niwa R. Transcriptional Regulators of Ecdysteroid Biosynthetic Enzymes and Their Roles in Insect Development. Front Physiol 2022; 13:823418. [PMID: 35211033 PMCID: PMC8863297 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.823418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones are responsible for coordinating many aspects of biological processes in most multicellular organisms, including insects. Ecdysteroid, the principal insect steroid hormone, is biosynthesized from dietary cholesterol or plant sterols. In the last 20 years, a number of ecdysteroidogenic enzymes, including Noppera-bo, Neverland, Shroud, Spook/Spookier, Cyp6t3, Phantom, Disembodied, Shadow, and Shade, have been identified and characterized in molecular genetic studies using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. These enzymes are encoded by genes collectively called the Halloween genes. The transcriptional regulatory network, governed by multiple regulators of transcription, chromatin remodeling, and endoreplication, has been shown to be essential for the spatiotemporal expression control of Halloween genes in D. melanogaster. In this review, we summarize the latest information on transcriptional regulators that are crucial for controlling the expression of ecdysteroid biosynthetic enzymes and their roles in insect development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kamiyama
- College of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Niwa
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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7
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Molecular action of larvicidal flavonoids on ecdysteroidogenic glutathione S-transferase Noppera-bo in Aedes aegypti. BMC Biol 2022; 20:43. [PMID: 35172816 PMCID: PMC8851771 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mosquito control is a crucial global issue for protecting the human community from mosquito-borne diseases. There is an urgent need for the development of selective and safe reagents for mosquito control. Flavonoids, a group of chemical substances with variable phenolic structures, such as daidzein, have been suggested as potential mosquito larvicides with less risk to the environment. However, the mode of mosquito larvicidal action of flavonoids has not been elucidated. Results Here, we report that several flavonoids, including daidzein, inhibit the activity of glutathione S-transferase Noppera-bo (Nobo), an enzyme used for the biosynthesis of the insect steroid hormone ecdysone, in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti. The crystal structure of the Nobo protein of Ae. aegypti (AeNobo) complexed with the flavonoids and its molecular dynamics simulation revealed that Glu113 forms a hydrogen bond with the flavonoid inhibitors. Consistent with this observation, substitution of Glu113 with Ala drastically reduced the inhibitory activity of the flavonoids against AeNobo. Among the identified flavonoid-type inhibitors, desmethylglycitein (4′,6,7-trihydroxyisoflavone) exhibited the highest inhibitory activity in vitro. Moreover, the inhibitory activities of the flavonoids correlated with the larvicidal activity, as desmethylglycitein suppressed Ae. aegypti larval development more efficiently than daidzein. Conclusion Our study demonstrates the mode of action of flavonoids on the Ae. aegypti Nobo protein at the atomic, enzymatic, and organismal levels. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01233-2.
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Toyofuku M, Fujinaga D, Inaba K, Funahashi T, Fujikawa Y, Inoue H, Kataoka H, Niwa R, Ono H. The plant-derived triterpenoid, cucurbitacin B, but not cucurbitacin E, inhibits the developmental transition associated with ecdysone biosynthesis in Drosophila melanogaster. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 134:104294. [PMID: 34389412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In insects, some sterols are essential not only for cell membrane homeostasis, but for biosynthesis of the steroid hormone ecdysone. Dietary sterols are required for insect development because insects cannot synthesize sterols de novo. Therefore, sterol-like compounds that can compete with essential sterols are good candidates for insect growth regulators. In this study, we investigated the effects of the plant-derived triterpenoids, cucurbitacin B and E (CucB and CucE) on the development of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. To reduce the effects of supply with an excess of sterols contained in food, we reared D. melanogaster larvae on low sterol food (LSF) with or without cucurbitacins. Most larvae raised on LSF without supplementation or with CucE died at the second or third larval instar (L2 or L3) stages, whereas CucB-administered larvae mostly died without molting. The developmental arrest caused by CucB was partially rescued by ecdysone supplementation. Furthermore, we examined the effects of CucB on larval-prepupal transition by transferring larvae from LSF supplemented with cholesterol to that with CucB just after the L2/L3 molt. L3 larvae raised on LSF with CucB failed to pupariate, with a remarkable developmental delay. Ecdysone supplementation rescued the developmental delay but did not rescue the pupariation defect. Furthermore, we cultured the steroidogenic organ, the prothoracic gland (PG) of the silkworm Bombyx mori, with or without cucurbitacin. Ecdysone production in the PG was reduced by incubation with CucB, but not with CucE. These results suggest that CucB acts not only as an antagonist of the ecdysone receptor as previously reported, but also acts as an inhibitor of ecdysone biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwako Toyofuku
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Daiki Fujinaga
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Kazue Inaba
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Tomoki Funahashi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yuuta Fujikawa
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Hideshi Inoue
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kataoka
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Niwa
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Hajime Ono
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan.
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Koiwai K, Morohashi K, Inaba K, Ebihara K, Kojima H, Okabe T, Yoshino R, Hirokawa T, Nampo T, Fujikawa Y, Inoue H, Yumoto F, Senda T, Niwa R. Non-steroidal inhibitors of Drosophila melanogaster steroidogenic glutathione S-transferase Noppera-bo. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2021; 46:75-87. [PMID: 33746549 PMCID: PMC7953034 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d20-072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Insect growth regulators (IGRs) can be developed by elucidating the molecular mechanisms of insect-specific biological events. Because insect molting, and metamorphosis are controlled by ecdysteroids, their biosynthetic pathways can serve as targets for IGR development. The glutathione S-transferase Noppera-bo (Nobo), which is conserved in dipteran and lepidopteran species, plays an essential role in ecdysteroid biosynthesis. Our previous study using 17β-estradiol as a molecular probe revealed that Asp113 of Drosophila melanogaster Nobo (DmNobo) is essential for its biological function. However, to develop IGRs with a greater Nobo inhibitory activity than 17β-estradiol, further structural information is warranted. Here, we report five novel non-steroidal DmNobo inhibitors. Analysis of crystal structures of complexes revealed that DmNobo binds these inhibitors in an Asp113-independent manner. Among amino acid residues at the substrate-recognition site, conformation of conserved Phe39 was dynamically altered upon inhibitor binding. Therefore, these inhibitors can serve as seed compounds for IGR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Koiwai
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1–1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–0801, Japan
| | - Kana Morohashi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1–1–1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8572, Japan
| | - Kazue Inaba
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1–1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–0801, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1–1–1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8572, Japan
| | - Kana Ebihara
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1–1–1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8572, Japan
| | - Hirotatsu Kojima
- Drug Discovery Initiative, The University of Tokyo, 7–3–1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Okabe
- Drug Discovery Initiative, The University of Tokyo, 7–3–1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Yoshino
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences Majors of Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1–1–1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8575, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Hirokawa
- Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1–1–1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8575, Japan
- Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1–1–1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8575, Japan
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2–4–7 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135–0064, Japan
| | - Taiki Nampo
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432–1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192–0392, Japan
| | - Yuuta Fujikawa
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432–1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192–0392, Japan
| | - Hideshi Inoue
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432–1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192–0392, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Yumoto
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1–1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–0801, Japan
| | - Toshiya Senda
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1–1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–0801, Japan
- School of High Energy Accelerator Science, SOKENDAI University, 1–1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–0801, Japan
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1–1–1 Tennodai, Ibaraki 305–8571, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Niwa
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1–1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–0801, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1–1–1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8572, Japan
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1–1–1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8577, Japan
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Zhang XX, Qi H, Liu YL, Yang SQ, Li P, Qiao Y, Zhang PY, Wen SH, Piao HL, Han KL. A fluorophore's electron-deficiency does matter in designing high-performance near-infrared fluorescent probes. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11205-11213. [PMID: 34094361 PMCID: PMC8162715 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04411c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The applications of most fluorescent probes available for Glutathione S-Transferases (GSTs), including NI3 which we developed recently based on 1,8-naphthalimide (NI), are limited by their short emission wavelengths due to insufficient penetration. To realize imaging at a deeper depth, near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes are required. Here we report for the first time the designing of NIR fluorescent probes for GSTs by employing the NIR fluorophore HCy which possesses a higher brightness, hydrophilicity and electron-deficiency relative to NI. Intriguingly, with the same receptor unit, the HCy-based probe is always more reactive towards glutathione than the NI-based one, regardless of the specific chemical structure of the receptor unit. This was proved to result from the higher electron-deficiency of HCy instead of its higher hydrophilicity based on a comprehensive analysis. Further, with caging of the autofluorescence being crucial and more difficult to achieve via photoinduced electron transfer (PET) for a NIR probe, the quenching mechanism of HCy-based probes was proved to be PET for the first time with femtosecond transient absorption and theoretical calculations. Thus, HCy2 and HCy9, which employ receptor units less reactive than the one adopted in NI3, turned out to be the most appropriate NIR probes with high-sensitivity and little nonenzymatic background noise. They were then successfully applied to detecting GST in cells, tissues and tumor xenografts in vivo. Additionally, unlike HCy2 with a broad isoenzyme selectivity, HCy9 is specific for GSTA1-1, which is attributed to its lower reactivity and the higher effectiveness of GSTA1-1 in stabilizing the active intermediate via H-bonds based on docking simulations. An abnormal and intriguing phenomenon that the fluorophore's electron-deficiency could affect a probe's performance is now revealed for the first time.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Huan Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Ya-Lan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Song-Qiu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University Qingdao 266237 P. R. China
| | - Yan Qiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Pei-Yu Zhang
- Shenzhen Jingtai Technology Co., Ltd Floor 4, No. 9, Hualian Industrial Zone, Dalang Street, Longhua District Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Shu-Hao Wen
- Shenzhen Jingtai Technology Co., Ltd Floor 4, No. 9, Hualian Industrial Zone, Dalang Street, Longhua District Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Hai-Long Piao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Ke-Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China .,Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University Qingdao 266237 P. R. China
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11
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Koiwai K, Inaba K, Morohashi K, Enya S, Arai R, Kojima H, Okabe T, Fujikawa Y, Inoue H, Yoshino R, Hirokawa T, Kato K, Fukuzawa K, Shimada-Niwa Y, Nakamura A, Yumoto F, Senda T, Niwa R. An integrated approach to unravel a crucial structural property required for the function of the insect steroidogenic Halloween protein Noppera-bo. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:7154-7167. [PMID: 32241910 PMCID: PMC7242711 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecdysteroids are the principal steroid hormones essential for insect development and physiology. In the last 18 years, several enzymes responsible for ecdysteroid biosynthesis encoded by Halloween genes were identified and genetically and biochemically characterized. However, the tertiary structures of these proteins have not yet been characterized. Here, we report the results of an integrated series of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo analyses of the Halloween GST protein Noppera-bo (Nobo). We determined crystal structures of Drosophila melanogaster Nobo (DmNobo) complexed with GSH and 17β-estradiol, a DmNobo inhibitor. 17β-Estradiol almost fully occupied the putative ligand-binding pocket and a prominent hydrogen bond formed between 17β-estradiol and Asp-113 of DmNobo. We found that Asp-113 is essential for 17β-estradiol–mediated inhibition of DmNobo enzymatic activity, as 17β-estradiol did not inhibit and physically interacted less with the D113A DmNobo variant. Asp-113 is highly conserved among Nobo proteins, but not among other GSTs, implying that this residue is important for endogenous Nobo function. Indeed, a homozygous nobo allele with the D113A substitution exhibited embryonic lethality and an undifferentiated cuticle structure, a phenocopy of complete loss-of-function nobo homozygotes. These results suggest that the nobo family of GST proteins has acquired a unique amino acid residue that appears to be essential for binding an endogenous sterol substrate to regulate ecdysteroid biosynthesis. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first study describing the structural characteristics of insect steroidogenic Halloween proteins. Our findings provide insights relevant for applied entomology to develop insecticides that specifically inhibit ecdysteroid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Koiwai
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Kazue Inaba
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kana Morohashi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Sora Enya
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Reina Arai
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hirotatsu Kojima
- Drug Discovery Initiative, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Okabe
- Drug Discovery Initiative, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuuta Fujikawa
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Hideshi Inoue
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Yoshino
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences Majors of Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Hirokawa
- Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kato
- Mizuho Information & Research Institute, Inc., 2-3 Kanda Nishiki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8443, Japan
| | - Kaori Fukuzawa
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Yuko Shimada-Niwa
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Akira Nakamura
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Yumoto
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Toshiya Senda
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan.,School of High Energy Accelerator Science, Sokendai University, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan.,Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Niwa
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan .,Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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12
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Zhang XX, Qi H, Lu MH, Yang SQ, Li P, Piao HL, Han KL. Semi-Quantitatively Designing Two-Photon High-Performance Fluorescent Probes for Glutathione S-Transferases. RESEARCH 2020; 2020:7043124. [PMID: 32377639 PMCID: PMC7114728 DOI: 10.34133/2020/7043124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), detoxification enzymes that catalyze the addition of glutathione (GSH) to diverse electrophilic molecules, are often overexpressed in various tumor cells. While fluorescent probes for GSTs have often adopted the 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyl (DNs) group as the receptor unit, they usually suffer from considerable background reaction noise with GSH due to excessive electron deficiency. However, weakening this reactivity is generally accompanied by loss of sensitivity for GSTs, and therefore, finely turning down the reactivity while maintaining certain sensitivity is critical for developing a practical probe. Here, we report a rational semiquantitative strategy for designing such a practical two-photon probe by introducing a parameter adopted from the conceptual density functional theory (CDFT), the local electrophilicity ω k , to characterize this reactivity. As expected, kinetic studies established ω k as efficient to predict the reactivity with GSH, and probe NI3 showing the best performance was successfully applied to detecting GST activities in live cells and tissue sections with high sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio. Photoinduced electron transfer of naphthalimide-based probes, captured by femtosecond transient absorption for the first time and unraveled by theoretical calculations, also contributes to the negligible background noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Huan Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Mei-Heng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Song-Qiu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Peng Li
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Hai-Long Piao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ke-Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.,Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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13
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Abstract
The mercapturic acid pathway is a major route for the biotransformation of xenobiotic and endobiotic electrophilic compounds and their metabolites. Mercapturic acids (N-acetyl-l-cysteine S-conjugates) are formed by the sequential action of the glutathione transferases, γ-glutamyltransferases, dipeptidases, and cysteine S-conjugate N-acetyltransferase to yield glutathione S-conjugates, l-cysteinylglycine S-conjugates, l-cysteine S-conjugates, and mercapturic acids; these metabolites constitute a "mercapturomic" profile. Aminoacylases catalyze the hydrolysis of mercapturic acids to form cysteine S-conjugates. Several renal transport systems facilitate the urinary elimination of mercapturic acids; urinary mercapturic acids may serve as biomarkers for exposure to chemicals. Although mercapturic acid formation and elimination is a detoxication reaction, l-cysteine S-conjugates may undergo bioactivation by cysteine S-conjugate β-lyase. Moreover, some l-cysteine S-conjugates, particularly l-cysteinyl-leukotrienes, exert significant pathophysiological effects. Finally, some enzymes of the mercapturic acid pathway are described as the so-called "moonlighting proteins," catalytic proteins that exert multiple biochemical or biophysical functions apart from catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Hanna
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - M W Anders
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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14
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Feng L, Ning J, Tian X, Wang C, Zhang L, Ma X, James TD. Fluorescent probes for bioactive detection and imaging of phase II metabolic enzymes. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Mori M, Fujikawa Y, Kikkawa M, Shino M, Sawane M, Sato S, Inoue H. A highly selective fluorogenic substrate for imaging glutathione S-transferase P1: development and cellular applicability in epigenetic studies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:8122-8125. [PMID: 31237279 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03064f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pi-class glutathione S-transferase (GSTP1) is a molecular marker enzyme whose expression level is altered in various malignant tumour tissues. Herein, we report the first highly selective fluorogenic GSTP1 substrate, Ps-TG, and its membrane-permeable derivative Ps-TAc, for specific visualization of intracellular GSTP1 activity in cancer cells or epigenetically regulated GSTP1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Mori
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan.
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16
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Fujikawa Y, Terakado K, Nampo T, Mori M, Inoue H. 4-Bromo-1,8-naphthalimide derivatives as fluorogenic substrates for live cell imaging of glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity. Talanta 2019; 204:633-640. [PMID: 31357346 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fluorogenic substrates are used to visualize the activity of cancer-associated enzymes and to interpret biological events. Certain types of glutathione S-transferase (GST), such as Pi class GST (referred to as GSTP1), are more highly expressed in a wide variety of human cancer tissues compared to their corresponding normal tissues. Pi class GST is thus a cancer cell molecular marker and potential target for overcoming resistance to chemotherapy. Here, we report that 4-bromo-1,8-naphthalimide (BrNaph) is a practical fluorogenic GST substrate. We have found that HE-BrNaph, an N-hydroxyethyl derivative, shows remarkable fluorescence enhancement upon GST-catalyzed SNAr replacement of the bromo group with a glutathionyl group. This substitution was highly selective and occurred only in the presence of GSH/GSTs; no non-enzymatic reaction was observed. We demonstrated that HE-BrNaph allows visualization of GST activity in living cells and enables to distinguish cancer cells from normal cells. Further, various N-substitutions in BrNaph retain susceptibility to enzymatic activity and isozyme selectivity, suggesting the applicability of BrNaph derivatives. Thus, BrNaph and its derivatives are GST substrates useful for fluorescence imaging and the intracellular detection of GSTP1 activity in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuta Fujikawa
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan.
| | - Kenta Terakado
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Taiki Nampo
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Masaya Mori
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Hideshi Inoue
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
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17
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Zheng Y, Luo Y, Feng K, Zhang W, Chen G. High Throughput Screening of Glycopolymers: Balance between Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Property. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:326-330. [PMID: 35650837 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To search for synthetic agents with low cytotoxicity and good antibacterial activity is essential for antimicrobial applications. Here we report a high throughput technique that carried out in multiwell plates via recyclable-catalyst-aided, opened-to-air, and sunlight-photolyzed RAFT (ROS-RAFT) polymerization. By using this method, three key monomers (MAG the sugar unit, DMAPMA the positively charged monomer, and DEMAA the hydrophobic monomer) can be polymerized in a controlled manner to afford glycopolymers. This simple high throughput technology is used to synthesize glycopolymers with variable compositions. The bacterial adhesion/killing ability and cytotoxicity of synthesized polymers have been evaluated, and glycopolymers with certain composition can achieve a balance of low cytotoxic and good antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zheng
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research and School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Luo
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Feng
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research and School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research and School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gaojian Chen
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research and School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People’s Republic of China
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Tian Z, Tian X, Feng L, Tian Y, Huo X, Zhang B, Deng S, Ma X, Cui J. A highly sensitive and selective two-photon fluorescent probe for glutathione S-transferase detection and imaging in living cells and tissues. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:4983-4989. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00834a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Design and development of a two-photon fluorescent probe for GST detection and imaging in living cells and deep tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Ganjingzi District
- Dalian 116024
- China
| | - Xiangge Tian
- College of Pharmacy
- Academy of Integrative Medicine
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian 116044
- China
| | - Lei Feng
- College of Pharmacy
- Academy of Integrative Medicine
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian 116044
- China
| | - Yan Tian
- College of Pharmacy
- Academy of Integrative Medicine
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian 116044
- China
| | - Xiaokui Huo
- College of Pharmacy
- Academy of Integrative Medicine
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian 116044
- China
| | - Baojing Zhang
- College of Pharmacy
- Academy of Integrative Medicine
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian 116044
- China
| | - Sa Deng
- College of Pharmacy
- Academy of Integrative Medicine
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian 116044
- China
| | - Xiaochi Ma
- College of Pharmacy
- Academy of Integrative Medicine
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian 116044
- China
| | - Jingnan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Ganjingzi District
- Dalian 116024
- China
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19
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Fujikawa Y, Inoue H. Exploration of Insect Growth Regulators Targeting Noppera-bo, an Enzyme Involved in Ecdysteroid Biosynthesis. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2018; 138:1043-1048. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.17-00211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuuta Fujikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Hideshi Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
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20
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Dual Roles of Glutathione in Ecdysone Biosynthesis and Antioxidant Function During Larval Development in Drosophila. Genetics 2017; 207:1519-1532. [PMID: 29021278 PMCID: PMC5714463 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecdysteroids, including the biologically active hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), play essential roles in controlling many developmental and physiological events in insects. Ecdysteroid biosynthesis is achieved by a series of specialized enzymes encoded by the Halloween genes. Recently, a new class of Halloween gene, noppera-bo (nobo), encoding a glutathione S-transferase (GST) in dipteran and lepidopteran species, has been identified and characterized. GSTs are well known to conjugate substrates with the reduced form of glutathione (GSH), a bioactive tripeptide composed of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine. We hypothesized that GSH itself is required for ecdysteroid biosynthesis. However, the role of GSH in steroid hormone biosynthesis has not been examined in any organisms. Here, we report phenotypic analysis of a complete loss-of-function mutant in the γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase catalytic subunit (Gclc) gene in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Gclc encodes the evolutionarily conserved catalytic component of the enzyme that conjugates glutamate and cysteine in the GSH biosynthesis pathway. Complete Gclc loss-of-function leads to drastic GSH deficiency in the larval body fluid. Gclc mutant animals show a larval-arrest phenotype. Ecdysteroid titer in Gclc mutant larvae decreases, and the larval-arrest phenotype is rescued by oral administration of 20E or cholesterol. Moreover, Gclc mutant animals exhibit abnormal lipid deposition in the prothoracic gland, a steroidogenic organ during larval development. All of these phenotypes are reminiscent to nobo loss-of-function animals. On the other hand, Gclc mutant larvae also exhibit a significant reduction in antioxidant capacity. Consistent with this phenotype, Gclc mutant larvae are more sensitive to oxidative stress response as compared to wild-type. Nevertheless, the ecdysteroid biosynthesis defect in Gclc mutant animals is not associated with loss of antioxidant function. Our data raise the unexpected hypothesis that a primary role of GSH in early D. melanogaster larval development is ecdysteroid biosynthesis, independent from the antioxidant role of GSH.
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21
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Perperopoulou F, Pouliou F, Labrou NE. Recent advances in protein engineering and biotechnological applications of glutathione transferases. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 38:511-528. [PMID: 28936894 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1375890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs, EC 2.5.1.18) are a widespread family of enzymes that play a central role in the detoxification, metabolism, and transport or sequestration of endogenous or xenobiotic compounds. During the last two decades, delineation of the important structural and catalytic features of GSTs has laid the groundwork for engineering GSTs, involving both rational and random approaches, aiming to create new variants with new or altered properties. These approaches have expanded the usefulness of native GSTs, not only for understanding the fundamentals of molecular detoxification mechanisms, but also for the development medical, analytical, environmental, and agricultural applications. This review article attempts to summarize successful examples and current developments on GST engineering, highlighting in parallel the recent knowledge gained on their phylogenetic relationships, structural/catalytic features, and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereniki Perperopoulou
- a Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Enzyme Technology , School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Fotini Pouliou
- a Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Enzyme Technology , School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Nikolaos E Labrou
- a Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Enzyme Technology , School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens , Athens , Greece
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