1
|
Wang Z, Zhang H, Zhang P, Di K, Zhao J, Wang B, Qu J, Ye S, Yang D. Stepwise Reduction of Redox Noninnocent Nitrosobenzene to Aniline via a Rare Phenylhydroxylamino Intermediate on a Thiolate-Bridged Dicobalt Scaffold. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19737-19747. [PMID: 39008833 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Nitrosobenzene (PhNO) and phenylhydroxylamine (PhNHOH) are of paramount importance because of their involvement as crucial intermediates in the biological metabolism and catalytic transformation of nitrobenzene (PhNO2) to aniline (PhNH2). However, a complete reductive transformation cycle of PhNO to PhNH2 via the PhNHOH intermediate has not been reported yet. In this context, we design and construct a new thiolate-bridged dicobalt scaffold that can accomplish coordination activation and reductive transformation of PhNO. Notably, an unprecedented reversible ligand-based redox sequence PhNO0 ↔ PhNO•- ↔ PhNO2- can be achieved on this well-defined {CoIII(μ-SPh)2CoIII} functional platform. Further detailed reactivity investigations demonstrate that the PhNO0 and PhNO•- complexes cannot react with the usual hydrogen and hydride donors to afford the corresponding phenylhydroxylamino (PhNHO-) species. However, the double reduced PhNO2- complex can readily undergo N-protonation with an uncommon weak proton donor PhSH to selectively yield a stable dicobalt PhNHO- bridged complex with a high pKa value of 13-16. Cyclic voltammetry shows that there are two successive reduction events at E1/2 = -0.075 V and Ep = -1.08 V for the PhNO0 complex, which allows us to determine both bond dissociation energy (BDEN-H) of 59-63 kcal·mol-1 and thermodynamic hydricity (ΔGH-) of 71-75 kcal·mol-1 of the PhNHO- complex. Both values indicate that the PhNO•- complex is not a potent hydrogen abstractor and the PhNO0 complex is not an efficient hydride acceptor. In the presence of BH3 as a combination of protons and electrons, facile N-O bond cleavage of the coordinated PhNHO- group can be realized to generate PhNH2 and a dicobalt hydroxide-bridged complex. Overall, we present the first stepwise reductive sequence, PhNO0 ↔ PhNO•- ↔ PhNO2- ↔ PhNHO- → PhNH2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Haoyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Kai Di
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Baomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jingping Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Shengfa Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Dawei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Khan FF, Bera SK, Dey S, Lahiri GK. Redox activity as a tool for bond activations and functionalizations. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY IN INDIA 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
|
3
|
Xu S, Yang D, Wang B, Chen Y, Ye S, Qu J. Generation of a Sulfinamide Species from Facile N-O Bond Cleavage of Nitrosobenzene by a Thiolate-Bridged Diiron Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17374-17387. [PMID: 34617736 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The activation of nitrosobenzene promoted by transition-metal complexes has gained considerable interest due to its significance for understanding biological processes and catalytic C-N bond formation processes. Despite intensive studies in the past decades, there are only limited cases where electron-rich metal centers were commonly employed to achieve the N-O or C-N bond cleavage of the coordinated nitrosobenzene. In this regard, it is significant and challenging to construct a suitable functional system for examining its unique reactivity toward reductive activation of nitrosoarene. Herein, we present a {Fe2S2} functional platform that can activate nitrosobenzene via an unprecedented iron-directed thiolate insertion into the N-O bond to selectively generate a well-defined diiron benzenesulfinamide complex. Furthermore, computational studies support a proposal that in this concerted four-electron reduction process of nitrosobenzene the iron center serves as an important electron shuttle. Notably, compared to the intact bridging nitrosoarene ligand, the benzenesulfinamide moiety has priority to convert into aniline in the presence of separate or combined protons and reductants, which may imply the formation of the sulfinamide species accelerates reduction process of nitrosoarene. The reaction pattern presented here represents a novel activation mode of nitrosobenzene realized by a thiolate-bridged diiron complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunlin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Dawei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Baomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Yifeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Shengfa Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Jingping Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Singh H, MacKay A, Sheibany N, Chen F, Mosser M, Rouet PÉ, Rousseau F, Askari MS, Ottenwaelder X. Intramolecular H-bond stabilization of a primary hydroxylamine in salen-type metal complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10403-10406. [PMID: 34545379 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03077a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Primary hydroxylamines, RNHOH, decompose readily in the presence of transition metal ions. We show that this reactivity can be arrested by ligand design via an intramolecular hydrogen bond. Six metal complexes with an intact NHOH group were synthesized and crystallographically characterized. The Cu-hydroxylamine complexes can catalyze the aerobic oxidation of benzylic alcohols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Alyson MacKay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Nooshin Sheibany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Maëlle Mosser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Pierre-Étienne Rouet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Frédéric Rousseau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Mohammad S Askari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Xavier Ottenwaelder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Korb M, Hosseini Ghazvini SMB, Moggach SA, Meunier JF, Bousseksou A, Low PJ. Rip It off: Nitro to Nitroso Reduction by Iron Half-Sandwich Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:4986-4995. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Korb
- The University of Western Australia, School of Molecular Sciences, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | | | - Stephen A. Moggach
- The University of Western Australia, School of Molecular Sciences, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Jean-François Meunier
- CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Azzedine Bousseksou
- CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Paul J. Low
- The University of Western Australia, School of Molecular Sciences, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zsombor-Pindera J, Effaty F, Escomel L, Patrick B, Kennepohl P, Ottenwaelder X. Five Nitrogen Oxidation States from Nitro to Amine: Stabilization and Reactivity of a Metastable Arylhydroxylamine Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19023-19028. [PMID: 33124796 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Redox noninnocent ligands enhance the reactivity of the metal they complex, a strategy used by metalloenzymes and in catalysis. Herein, we report a series of copper complexes with the same ligand framework, but with a pendant nitrogen group that spans five different redox states between nitro and amine. Of particular interest is the synthesis of a unprecedented copper(I)-arylhydroxylamine complex. While hydroxylamines typically disproportionate or decompose in the presence of transition metal ions, the reactivity of this metastable species is arrested by the presence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond. Two-electron oxidation yields a copper(II)-(arylnitrosyl radical) complex that can dissociate to a copper(I) species with uncoordinated arylnitroso. This combination of ligand redox noninnocence and hemilability provides opportunities in catalysis for two-electron chemistry via a one-electron copper(I/II) shuttle, as exemplified with an aerobic alcohol oxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Zsombor-Pindera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Farshid Effaty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Léon Escomel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Brian Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Pierre Kennepohl
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Xavier Ottenwaelder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Meshcheryakova IN, Arsenyeva KV, Fukin GK, Cherkasov VK, Piskunov AV. Stable N-heterocyclic carbene derivatives of copper(i) and silver(i) containing radical anion redox active ligands. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
8
|
Askari MS, Effaty F, Gennarini F, Orio M, Le Poul N, Ottenwaelder X. Tuning Inner-Sphere Electron Transfer in a Series of Copper/Nitrosoarene Adducts. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:8678-8689. [PMID: 32073833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A series of copper/nitrosoarene complexes was created that mimics several steps in biomimetic O2 activation by copper(I). The reaction of the copper(I) complex of N,N,N',N'-tetramethypropylenediamine with a series of para-substituted nitrosobenzene derivatives leads to adducts in which the nitrosoarene (ArNO) is reduced by zero, one, or two electrons, akin to the isovalent species dioxygen, superoxide, and peroxide, respectively. The geometric and electronic structures of these adducts were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, vibrational analysis, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, NMR, electrochemistry, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The bonding mode of the NO moiety depends on the oxidation state of the ArNO moiety: κN for ArNO, mononuclear η2-NO and dinuclear μ-η2:η1 for ArNO•-, and dinuclear μ-η2:η2 for ArNO2-. 15N isotopic labeling confirms the reduction state by measuring the NO stretching frequency (1392 cm-1 for κN-ArNO, 1226 cm-1 for η2-ArNO•-, 1133 cm-1 for dinuclear μ-η2:η1-ArNO•-, and 875 cm-1 for dinuclear μ-η2:η2 for ArNO2-). The 15N NMR signal disappears for the ArNO•- species, establishing a unique diagnostic for the radical state. Electrochemical studies indicate reduction waves that are consistent with one-electron reduction of the adducts and are compared with studies performed on Cu-O2 analogues. DFT calculations were undertaken to confirm our experimental findings, notably to establish the nature of the charge-transfer transitions responsible for the intense green color of the complexes. In fine, this family of complexes is unique in that it walks through three redox states of the ArNO moiety while keeping the metal and its supporting ligand the same. This work provides snapshots of the reactivity of the toxic nitrosoarene molecules with the biologically relevant Cu(I) ion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S Askari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Farshid Effaty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Federica Gennarini
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada.,Laboratoire de Chimie, Électrochimie Moléculaires et Chimie Analytique, UMR, CNRS 6521, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest 29238, France
| | - Maylis Orio
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille 13007, France
| | - Nicolas Le Poul
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Électrochimie Moléculaires et Chimie Analytique, UMR, CNRS 6521, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest 29238, France
| | - Xavier Ottenwaelder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Emhoff KA, Balaraman L, Salem AM, Mudarmah KI, Boyd WC. Coordination chemistry of organic nitric oxide derivatives. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
11
|
Trammell R, Rajabimoghadam K, Garcia-Bosch I. Copper-Promoted Functionalization of Organic Molecules: from Biologically Relevant Cu/O 2 Model Systems to Organometallic Transformations. Chem Rev 2019; 119:2954-3031. [PMID: 30698952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Copper is one of the most abundant and less toxic transition metals. Nature takes advantage of the bioavailability and rich redox chemistry of Cu to carry out oxygenase and oxidase organic transformations using O2 (or H2O2) as oxidant. Inspired by the reactivity of these Cu-dependent metalloenzymes, chemists have developed synthetic protocols to functionalize organic molecules under enviormentally benign conditions. Copper also promotes other transformations usually catalyzed by 4d and 5d transition metals (Pd, Pt, Rh, etc.) such as nitrene insertions or C-C and C-heteroatom coupling reactions. In this review, we summarized the most relevant research in which copper promotes or catalyzes the functionalization of organic molecules, including biological catalysis, bioinspired model systems, and organometallic reactivity. The reaction mechanisms by which these processes take place are discussed in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Trammell
- Department of Chemistry , Southern Methodist University , Dallas , Texas 75275 , United States
| | | | - Isaac Garcia-Bosch
- Department of Chemistry , Southern Methodist University , Dallas , Texas 75275 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dey S, Panda S, Ghosh P, Lahiri GK. Electronically Triggered Switchable Binding Modes of the C-Organonitroso (ArNO) Moiety on the {Ru(acac)2} Platform. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:1627-1637. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanchaita Dey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sanjib Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Prabir Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Goutam Kumar Lahiri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Effaty F, Zsombor-Pindera J, Kazakova A, Girard B, Askari MS, Ottenwaelder X. Ligand and electronic effects on copper–arylnitroso self-assembly. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj00894a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The topology and degree of electron transfer in self-assembled redox reactions between copper(i) species and nitrosoarenes are controlled by ligand properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F. Effaty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Concordia University
- Montreal
- Canada
| | - J. Zsombor-Pindera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Concordia University
- Montreal
- Canada
| | - A. Kazakova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Concordia University
- Montreal
- Canada
| | - B. Girard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Concordia University
- Montreal
- Canada
| | - M. S. Askari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Concordia University
- Montreal
- Canada
| | - X. Ottenwaelder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Concordia University
- Montreal
- Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kundu S, Stieber SCE, Ferrier MG, Kozimor SA, Bertke JA, Warren TH. Redox Non‐Innocence of Nitrosobenzene at Nickel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Kundu
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University Box 571227 Washington DC 20057-1227 USA
| | - S. Chantal E. Stieber
- Inorganic, Isotope and Actinide Chemistry, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California State Polytechnic University Pomona CA 91768 USA
| | - Maryline G. Ferrier
- Inorganic, Isotope and Actinide Chemistry, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Stosh A. Kozimor
- Inorganic, Isotope and Actinide Chemistry, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Jeffery A. Bertke
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University Box 571227 Washington DC 20057-1227 USA
| | - Timothy H. Warren
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University Box 571227 Washington DC 20057-1227 USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kundu S, Stieber SCE, Ferrier MG, Kozimor SA, Bertke JA, Warren TH. Redox Non‐Innocence of Nitrosobenzene at Nickel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:10321-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Kundu
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University Box 571227 Washington DC 20057-1227 USA
| | - S. Chantal E. Stieber
- Inorganic, Isotope and Actinide Chemistry, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California State Polytechnic University Pomona CA 91768 USA
| | - Maryline G. Ferrier
- Inorganic, Isotope and Actinide Chemistry, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Stosh A. Kozimor
- Inorganic, Isotope and Actinide Chemistry, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Jeffery A. Bertke
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University Box 571227 Washington DC 20057-1227 USA
| | - Timothy H. Warren
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University Box 571227 Washington DC 20057-1227 USA
| |
Collapse
|