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Zhou M, Zhong L, Hu L, Zhou Y, Yang X. Synthesis of a reactive lignin-based flame retardant and its application in phenolic foam. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 45:2506-2518. [PMID: 36751900 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2176792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
To improve the flame retardancy of phenolic foam from the perspective of sustainable development, it is a feasible way to add bio-based flame retardants into phenolic foam. Lignin has a similar structure to phenol, which provides a possibility to replace part of phenol. In this paper, we prepared a kind of reactive bio-based flame retardant based on enzymatic hydrolyzed lignin, in which side chain was chemically grafted with phosphorus and nitrogen and benzene ring would participate in the phenolic condensation reaction. According to elemental analysis and ICP-OES data, the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in modified lignin (NP-L) increased to 2.95% and 3.55% respectively. Compared with original lignin, the carbon residue rate of NP-L increased from 3.25% to 12.13% because of the presence of flame retardant elements N and P. Then lignin-based flame retardant was used to replace phenol for modifying phenolic foams (NPLPFX). The limited oxygen index (LOI) and compressive strength of phenolic foam were improved effectively by adding modified lignin when the substitution rate was less than 25%. The LOI and compressive strength of the modified phenolic foam with 5% replacement amount (NPLPF5) are 55.6% and 0.24 MPa, which increased by 88% and 60% compared with pure phenolic foam. The cone calorimetric data also showed that NPLPF5 had good flame retardancy, and the peak heat release rate and total heat release were significantly lower than PF. This work suggests a novel green strategy for improving the flame retardancy performance of phenolic foam and promoting the utilization of lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Hu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province; National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass; Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province; National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass; Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province; National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass; Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Yang Y, Xu J, Kong Y, Zhou J, Wang X. Breakthrough of lignin valorization: A novel alcohol-dichoromethane binary mixture solvent for lignin dissolution with excellent properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 225:219-226. [PMID: 36343839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A novel binary solvent system consisting of alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, isopropanol) and dichloromethane was developed as an efficient dissolution system for dissolving various types of lignin. It was found that in this dissolution system, adjusting the volume ratio of alcohol and dichloromethane will significantly affect the solubility of lignin. At the same time, this study proposed that the reason why the solvent can dissolve lignin was the hydrophobic skeleton and hydrophilic groups can be solvated by dichloromethane and alcohols respectively, which significantly promoted the dissolution of lignin. Furthermore, the solvent did not significantly alter the structure of the lignin. The proposed novel solvent is simple, efficient, versatile and flexible, can adapt to the high diversity of lignin, and has broad application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Yang
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Jingyu Xu
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yue Kong
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Jinghui Zhou
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
| | - Xing Wang
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
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Polkovnichenko AV, Lupachev EV, Kvashnin SY, Kulov NN, Voshkin AA. Protic ionic liquid‐2,2,2‐trifluoroacetic acid‐methyl trifluoroacetate mixture distillation process. CAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Egor V. Lupachev
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS Moscow Russia
| | | | - Nikolai N. Kulov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS Moscow Russia
| | - Andrey A. Voshkin
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS Moscow Russia
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Qi F, Chaoqun Z, Weijun Y, Qingwen W, Rongxian O. Lignin-based polymers. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2020-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
On the basis of the world’s continuing consumption of raw materials, there was an urgent need to seek sustainable resources. Lignin, the second naturally abundant biomass, accounts for 15–35% of the cell walls of terrestrial plants and is considered waste for low-cost applications such as thermal and electricity generation. The impressive characteristics of lignin, such as its high abundance, low density, biodegradability, antioxidation, antibacterial capability, and its CO2 neutrality and enhancement, render it an ideal candidate for developing new polymer/composite materials. In past decades, considerable works have been conducted to effectively utilize waste lignin as a component in polymer matrices for the production of high-performance lignin-based polymers. This chapter is intended to provide an overview of the recent advances and challenges involving lignin-based polymers utilizing lignin macromonomer and its derived monolignols. These lignin-based polymers include phenol resins, polyurethane resins, polyester resins, epoxy resins, etc. The structural characteristics and functions of lignin-based polymers are discussed in each section. In addition, we also try to divide various lignin reinforced polymer composites into different polymer matrices, which can be separated into thermoplastics, rubber, and thermosets composites. This chapter is expected to increase the interest of researchers worldwide in lignin-based polymers and develop new ideas in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Qi
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology , Guangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Zhang Chaoqun
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology , Guangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Yang Weijun
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University , 214122 Wuxi , P. R. China
| | - Wang Qingwen
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology , Guangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Ou Rongxian
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology , Guangzhou , P. R. China
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Rashid T, Sher F, Rasheed T, Zafar F, Zhang S, Murugesan T. Evaluation of current and future solvents for selective lignin dissolution–A review. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Liu Q, Mou H, Chen W, Zhao X, Yu H, Xue Z, Mu T. Highly Efficient Dissolution of Lignin by Eutectic Molecular Liquids. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hongyu Mou
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Wenjun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Xinhui Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Haitao Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhimin Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tiancheng Mu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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Duereh A, Sato Y, Smith RL, Inomata H. Application of the Preferential Solvation Viscosity Model to Binary Liquid Mixtures: Aqueous, Nonaqueous, Ionic Liquid, and Deep Eutectic Solvent Systems. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alif Duereh
- Graduate School of Engineering, Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aza Aoba 6-6-11, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sato
- Graduate School of Engineering, Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aza Aoba 6-6-11, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Richard Lee Smith
- Graduate School of Engineering, Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aza Aoba 6-6-11, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aza Aoba 6-6-11, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inomata
- Graduate School of Engineering, Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aza Aoba 6-6-11, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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Solubility of lignin and chitin in ionic liquids and their biomedical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 132:265-277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Mu L, Wu J, Matsakas L, Chen M, Vahidi A, Grahn M, Rova U, Christakopoulos P, Zhu J, Shi Y. Lignin from Hardwood and Softwood Biomass as a Lubricating Additive to Ethylene Glycol. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030537. [PMID: 29495559 PMCID: PMC6017903 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylene glycol (EG)-based lubricant was prepared with dissolved organosolv lignin from birch wood (BL) and softwood (SL) biomass. The effects of different lignin types on the rheological, thermal, and tribological properties of the lignin/EG lubricants were comprehensively investigated by various characterization techniques. Dissolving organosolv lignin in EG results in outstanding lubricating properties. Specifically, the wear volume of the disc by EG-44BL is only 8.9% of that lubricated by pure EG. The enhanced anti-wear property of the EG/lignin system could be attributed to the formation of a robust lubrication film and the strong adhesion of the lubricant on the contacting metal surface due to the presence of a dense hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) network. The lubricating performance of EG-BL outperforms EG-SL, which could be attributed to the denser H-bonding sites in BL and its broader molecular weight distribution. The disc wear loss of EG-44BL is only 45.7% of that lubricated by EG-44SL. Overall, H-bonding is the major contributor to the different tribological properties of BL and SL in EG-based lubricants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Mu
- Division of Machine Elements, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden.
- Intelligent Composites Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
| | - Jian Wu
- Division of Machine Elements, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Leonidas Matsakas
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Minjiao Chen
- Division of Machine Elements, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Alireza Vahidi
- Division of Machine Elements, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Mattias Grahn
- Chemical Technology, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Jiahua Zhu
- Intelligent Composites Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
| | - Yijun Shi
- Division of Machine Elements, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden.
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10
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Reductive amination of levulinic acid to different pyrrolidones on Ir/SiO 2 -SO 3 H: Elucidation of reaction mechanism. Catal Today 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Mu L, Shi Y, Hua J, Zhuang W, Zhu J. Engineering Hydrogen Bonding Interaction and Charge Separation in Bio-Polymers for Green Lubrication. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:5669-5678. [PMID: 28525712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b03194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic additives are widely used in lubricants nowadays to upgrade lubrication properties. The potential of integrating sustainable components in modern lubricants has rarely been studied yet. In this work, two sustainable resources lignin and gelatin have been synergistically incorporated into ethylene glycol (EG), and their tribological properties were systematically investigated. The abundant hydrogen bonding sites in lignin and gelatin as well as their interchain interaction via hydrogen bonding play the dominating roles in tuning the physicochemical properties of the mixture and improving lubricating properties. Moreover, the synergistic combination of lignin and gelatin induces charge separation of gelatin that enables its preferable adsorption on the friction surface through electrostatic force and forms a robust lubrication layer. This layer will be strengthened by lignin through the interpolymer chain hydrogen bonding. At an optimized lignin:gelatin mass ratio of 1:1 and 19 wt % loading of each in EG, the friction coefficient can be greatly stabilized and the wear loss was reduced by 89% compared to pure EG. This work presents a unique synergistic phenomenon between gelatin and lignin, where hydrogen bonding and change separation are revealed as the key factor that bridges the individual components and improves overall lubricating properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Mu
- Intelligent Composites Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States.,Division of Machine Elements, Luleå University of Technology , Luleå 97187, Sweden
| | - Yijun Shi
- Division of Machine Elements, Luleå University of Technology , Luleå 97187, Sweden
| | - Jing Hua
- Division of Machine Elements, Luleå University of Technology , Luleå 97187, Sweden
| | - Wei Zhuang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, Nanjing Tech University , No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jiahua Zhu
- Intelligent Composites Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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Hou Q, Ju M, Li W, Liu L, Chen Y, Yang Q. Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Ionic Liquids and Ionic Liquid-Based Solvent Systems. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030490. [PMID: 28335528 PMCID: PMC6155251 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pretreatment is very important for the efficient production of value-added products from lignocellulosic biomass. However, traditional pretreatment methods have several disadvantages, including low efficiency and high pollution. This article gives an overview on the applications of ionic liquids (ILs) and IL-based solvent systems in the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. It is divided into three parts: the first deals with the dissolution of biomass in ILs and IL-based solvent systems; the second focuses on the fractionation of biomass using ILs and IL-based solvent systems as solvents; the third emphasizes the enzymatic saccharification of biomass after pretreatment with ILs and IL-based solvent systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qidong Hou
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Meiting Ju
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Weizun Li
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Le Liu
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Qian Yang
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Duereh A, Sato Y, Smith RL, Inomata H. Methodology for Replacing Dipolar Aprotic Solvents Used in API Processing with Safe Hydrogen-Bond Donor and Acceptor Solvent-Pair Mixtures. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alif Duereh
- Graduate
School of Engineering, ‡Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Tohoku University, Aramaki
Aza Aoba 6-6-11, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sato
- Graduate
School of Engineering, ‡Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Tohoku University, Aramaki
Aza Aoba 6-6-11, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Richard Lee Smith
- Graduate
School of Engineering, ‡Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Tohoku University, Aramaki
Aza Aoba 6-6-11, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inomata
- Graduate
School of Engineering, ‡Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Tohoku University, Aramaki
Aza Aoba 6-6-11, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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