1
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Formen JSSK, Lynch CC, Nelson E, Yuan A, Steber SE, Wolf C. Regioconvergent Nucleophilic Substitutions with Morita-Baylis-Hillman Fluorides. J Org Chem 2024; 89:10998-11002. [PMID: 39014960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Lithium iodide enables regioconvergent C-F bond functionalization of isomeric Morita-Baylis-Hillman fluorides with carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen nucleophiles. The defluorinative carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond formations give multifunctional compounds in excellent yields and with good to high diastereoselectivities at room temperature. The possibility of catalytic enantioselective allylation is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S S K Formen
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
| | - Ciarán C Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
| | - Eryn Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
| | - Andi Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
| | - Sarah E Steber
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
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2
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Balaraman K, Kyriazakos S, Palmer R, Thanzeel FY, Wolf C. Selective Csp 3-F Bond Functionalization with Lithium Iodide. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022; 54:4320-4328. [PMID: 36330045 PMCID: PMC9624501 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1738383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient method for C-F bond functionalization of a broad variety of activated and unactivated aliphatic substrates with inexpensive lithium iodide is presented. Primary, secondary, tertiary, benzylic, propargylic and α-functionalized alkyl fluorides react in chlorinated or aromatic solvents at room temperature or upon heating to the corresponding iodides which are isolated in 91-99% yield. The reaction is selective for aliphatic monofluorides and can be coupled with in situ nucleophilic iodide replacements to install carbon-carbon, carbon-nitrogen and carbon-sulfur bonds with high yields. Alkyl difluorides, trifluorides, even in activated benzylic positions, are inert under the same conditions and aryl fluoride bonds are also tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaluvu Balaraman
- Georgetown University, Chemistry Department, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | | | - Rachel Palmer
- Georgetown University, Chemistry Department, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - F Yushra Thanzeel
- Georgetown University, Chemistry Department, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Christian Wolf
- Georgetown University, Chemistry Department, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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3
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Balaraman K, Wolf C. Chemodivergent Csp 3─F bond functionalization and cross-electrophile alkyl-alkyl coupling with alkyl fluorides. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn7819. [PMID: 35622926 PMCID: PMC9140971 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn7819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of fluorinated organic compounds in the health, agrochemical, and materials sciences is sustained by a steadily growing pool of commercially available fine chemicals. The synthetic utility of the increasingly ubiquitous Csp3─F bond, however, remains to be fully exploited, which is often a difficult task because of its paramount stability and chemical inertness. Here, we demonstrate chemodivergent activation of monofluoroalkyl compounds toward either nucleophilic or electrophilic intermediates. This is accomplished under conditions that are compatible with several reaction types and many functional groups, which drastically widens the current scope of organofluorine chemistry and sets the stage for carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond formations, stereoselective construction of bisoxindole alkaloid scaffolds via in situ Umpolung, and cross-electrophilic coupling methodology. The selective generation of either nucleophilic or electrophilic species and the possibility of doing so simultaneously or, alternatively, switching molecular polarity enable previously unidentified synthetic opportunities that recognize alkyl fluorides as chemodivergent building blocks.
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4
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Zhang J, Zhao X, Yang JD, Cheng JP. Diazaphospholene-Catalyzed Hydrodefluorination of Polyfluoroarenes with Phenylsilane via Concerted Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution. J Org Chem 2021; 87:294-300. [PMID: 34933552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The metal-free catalytic C-F bond activation of polyfluoroarenes was achieved with diazaphospholene as the catalyst and phenylsilane as the terminal reductant. Density functional theory calculations suggested a concerted nucleophilic aromatic substitution mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin-Dong Yang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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5
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Balaraman K, Wolf C. Palladium and Nickel Catalyzed Suzuki Cross-Coupling with Alkyl Fluorides. Org Lett 2021; 23:8994-8999. [PMID: 34723542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Suzuki cross-coupling of benzylic and unactivated aliphatic fluorides with aryl- and alkenylboronic acids has been achieved via mechanistically distinct Pd and Ni catalyzed pathways that outperform competing protodeboronation, β-hydride elimination, and homocoupling processes. The utility is demonstrated with more than 20 examples including heterocyclic structures, 1,1-disubstituted and trans-1,2-disubstituted alkenes, and by the incorporation of acetonitrile into functionalized (hetero)arenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaluvu Balaraman
- Georgetown University, Chemistry Department, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
| | - Christian Wolf
- Georgetown University, Chemistry Department, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
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6
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7
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Yokawa A, Hatanaka M, Mikami K. Facile C−F Bond Activation Approach to FAMT‐Based Difluoromethyl‐BNCT Drug Candidates. Helv Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akitaka Yokawa
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2–12-1 Ookayama, Meguro Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Miho Hatanaka
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology Institute for Research Initiatives Division for Research Strategy Graduate School of Science and Technology, Data Science Center, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Koichi Mikami
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2–12-1 Ookayama, Meguro Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
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8
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Nielsen MM, Qiao Y, Wang Y, Pedersen CM. Vessel Effect in C-F Bond Activation Prompts Revised Mechanism and Reveals an Autocatalytic Glycosylation. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Yan Qiao
- Institute of Coal Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 27 South Taiyuan Road 030001 Taiyuan People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxiong Wang
- Institute of Coal Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 27 South Taiyuan Road 030001 Taiyuan People's Republic of China
| | - Christian M. Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
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9
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Mallov I, Ruddy AJ, Zhu H, Grimme S, Stephan DW. C−F Bond Activation by Silylium Cation/Phosphine Frustrated Lewis Pairs: Mono-Hydrodefluorination of PhCF3
, PhCF2
H and Ph2
CF2. Chemistry 2017; 23:17692-17696. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Mallov
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George St Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Adam J. Ruddy
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George St Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Hui Zhu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry; Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Universität Bonn; Beringstr. 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry; Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Universität Bonn; Beringstr. 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Douglas W. Stephan
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George St Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
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10
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Vorberg R, Carreira EM, Müller K. Aqueous Instability of δ-Fluorobutylpiperidines. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:431-437. [PMID: 28139081 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In a series of partially fluorinated N-propyl- and N-butylpiperidine derivatives, three compounds were found to exhibit unexpected instability under mild biophysical assay conditions. These compounds carry a single terminal fluorine in the δ-position of an N-butyl group as a common structural feature. An adjacent fluorine substituent at the γ-position significantly slows down the reactivity. All other compounds, having either no or more than one fluorine substituent at the δ-position are chemically inert under all assay conditions. The reactivity of the labile compounds is traced to an intramolecular ring-closing fluorine substitution reaction by the moderately basic piperidine unit, leading to a spiro-pyrrolidinium salt. The chemical lability of δ-monofluorinated or γ,δ-difluorinated N-butylpiperidine derivatives even under very mild biophysical assay conditions constitutes a caveat to the molecular design of partially fluorinated alkylamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffael Vorberg
- ETH Zürich, Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Erick M Carreira
- ETH Zürich, Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Müller
- ETH Zürich, Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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11
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Ito S, Kato N, Mikami K. Stable (sila)difluoromethylboranes via C–F activation of fluoroform derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:5546-5548. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02327h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lithium 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,3,2-diazaborol-2-uide activates the C–F linkage of CF3R (R = H, SiMe3) to provide difluoromethyl-substituted boranes as air-stable compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Ito
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Meguro
- Japan
| | - Naoto Kato
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Meguro
- Japan
| | - Koichi Mikami
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Meguro
- Japan
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12
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Balaraman K, Wolf C. Katalytische enantioselektive und diastereoselektive allylische Alkylierung mit Fluorenolaten: Synthese von C3‐fluorierten und quartären Oxindolen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201608752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaluvu Balaraman
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University 37th and O Streets Washington DC 20057 USA
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University 37th and O Streets Washington DC 20057 USA
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13
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Balaraman K, Wolf C. Catalytic Enantioselective and Diastereoselective Allylic Alkylation with Fluoroenolates: Efficient Access to C3-Fluorinated and All-Carbon Quaternary Oxindoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:1390-1395. [PMID: 28026079 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201608752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Synthetically versatile 3,3-disubstituted fluorooxindoles exhibiting vicinal chirality centers were obtained in high yields and with excellent enantio-, diastereo-, and regioselectivity through catalytic asymmetric fluoroenolate alkylation with allylic acetates. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions and can be scaled up without compromising the asymmetric induction. The unique synthetic usefulness of the products is highlighted by the incorporation of additional functionalities and the formation of 3-fluorinated oxindoles exhibiting an array of four adjacent centers of chirality. A new C-F bond functionalization path that provides unprecedented possibilities for the stereoselective generation of a chiral quaternary carbon center in the alkaloid scaffold is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaluvu Balaraman
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
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14
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Janjetovic M, Ekebergh A, Träff AM, Hilmersson G. Catalytic Iodination of the Aliphatic C–F Bond by YbI3(THF)3: Mechanistic Insight and Synthetic Utility. Org Lett 2016; 18:2804-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Janjetovic
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Ekebergh
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Annika M. Träff
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Hilmersson
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Zhu J, Pérez M, Caputo CB, Stephan DW. Use of Trifluoromethyl Groups for Catalytic Benzylation and Alkylation with Subsequent Hydrodefluorination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:1417-21. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Zhu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Manuel Pérez
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Christopher B. Caputo
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Douglas W. Stephan
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
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16
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Zhu J, Pérez M, Caputo CB, Stephan DW. Use of Trifluoromethyl Groups for Catalytic Benzylation and Alkylation with Subsequent Hydrodefluorination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Zhu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Manuel Pérez
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Christopher B. Caputo
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Douglas W. Stephan
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
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