Chiral probes for biosensing

Chiral inorganic nanomaterials have emerged as a highly promising area of research in nanoscience due to their exceptional light-matter interaction and vast potential applications in chiral sensing, asymmetric catalysis, enantiomer separation, and negative-index materials. We present an overview of the latest advances in chiral inorganic nanomaterials including chiral individual nanoparticles, chiral assemblies, and chiral film-based sensors over the past ten years. Additionally, we discuss the challenges and future perspectives for developing chiral nanomaterials in biosensing applications.

Nanophotonic Approaches for Chirality Sensing

Chiral nanophotonic materials are promising candidates for biosensing applications because they focus light into nanometer dimensions, increasing their sensitivity to the molecular signatures of their surroundings. Recent advances in nanomaterial-enhanced chirality sensing provide detection limits as low as attomolar concentrations (10^-18 M) for biomolecules and are relevant to the pharmaceutical industry, forensic drug testing, and medical applications that require high sensitivity. Here, we review the development of chiral nanomaterials and their application for detecting biomolecules, supramolecular structures, and other environmental stimuli. We discuss superchiral near-field generation in both dielectric and plasmonic metamaterials that are composed of chiral or achiral nanostructure arrays. These materials are also applicable for enhancing chiroptical signals from biomolecules. We review the plasmon-coupled circular dichroism mechanism observed for plasmonic nanoparticles and discuss how hotspot-enhanced plasmon-coupled circular dichroism applies to biosensing. We then review single-particle spectroscopic methods for achieving the ultimate goal of single-molecule chirality sensing. Finally, we discuss future outlooks of nanophotonic chiral systems.

Shining light on chiral inorganic nanomaterials for biological issues

The rapid development of chiral inorganic nanostructures has greatly expanded from intrinsically chiral nanoparticles to more sophisticated assemblies made by organics, metals, semiconductors, and their hybrids. Among them, lots of studies concerning on hybrid complex of chiral molecules with achiral nanoparticles (NPs) and superstructures with chiral configurations were accordingly conducted due to the great advances such as highly enhanced biocompatibility with low cytotoxicity and enhanced penetration and retention capability, programmable surface functionality with engineerable building blocks, and more importantly tunable chirality in a controlled manner, leading to revolutionary designs of new biomaterials for synergistic cancer therapy, control of enantiomeric enzymatic reactions, integration of metabolism and pathology via bio-to nano or structural chirality. Herein, in this review our objective is to emphasize current research state and clinical applications of chiral nanomaterials in biological systems with special attentions to chiral metal- or semiconductor-based nanostructures in terms of the basic synthesis, related circular dichroism effects at optical frequencies, mechanisms of induced optical chirality and their performances in biomedical applications such as phototherapy, bio-imaging, neurodegenerative diseases, gene editing, cellular activity and sensing of biomarkers so as to provide insights into this fascinating field for peer researchers.

Application of lateral flow and microfluidic bio-assay and biosensing towards identification of DNA-methylation and cancer detection: Recent progress and challenges in biomedicine

DNA methylation is an important epigenetic alteration that results from the covalent transfer of a methyl group to the fifth carbon of a cytosine residue in CpG dinucleotides by DNA methyltransferase. This modification mostly happens in the promoter region and the first exon of most genes and suppresses gene expression. Therefore, aberrant DNA methylation cause tumor progression, metastasis, and resistance to current anti-cancer therapies. So, the detection of DNA methylation is an important issue in diagnosis and therapy of most diseases. Conventional methods for the assay of DNA methylation and activity of DNA methyltransferases are time consuming. So, we need to multiplex operations and expensive instrumentation. To overcome the limitations of conventional methods, new methods such as microfluidic platforms and lateral flow tests have been developed to evaluate DNA methylation. The microfluidic tests are based on optical and electrical biosensing. These tests able us to can analyze DNA methylation with high efficiency and sensitivity without the need for expensive equipment and skilled people. Lateral flow strip tests are another type of rapid, simple, and sensitive test with advanced technology used to assess DNA methylation. Lateral flow strip tests are based on optical biosensors. This review attempts to evaluate new methods for assessing DNA extraction, DNA methylation and DNA methyltransferase activity as well as recent developments in microfluidic technology application for bisulfite treatment and restriction enzyme (bisulfite free), and lateral flow relying on their application in the field of recognition of DNA methylation in blood and body fluids. Also, the advantages and disadvantages of each test are reviewed. Finally, future prospects for the development of the microfluidics biodevices for the detection of DNA methylation is briefly discussed.

Artificial Chiral Probes and Bioapplications

The development of artificial chiral architectures, especially chiral inorganic nanostructures, has greatly promoted research into chirality in nanoscience. The nanoscale chirality of artificial chiral nanostructures offers many new application opportunities, including chiral catalysis, asymmetric synthesis, chiral biosensing, and others that may not be allowed by natural chiral molecules. Herein, the progress achieved during the past decade in chirality-associated biological applications (biosensing, biolabeling, and bioimaging) combined with individual chiral nanostructures (such as chiral semiconductor nanoparticles and chiral metal nanoparticles) or chiral assemblies is discussed.

Nanomaterial-based biosensors for DNA methyltransferase assay

We review the recent advances in the development of nanomaterial-based biosensors for DNA methyltransferase assay.

Multicomponent Plasmonic Nanoparticles: From Heterostructured Nanoparticles to Colloidal Composite Nanostructures

Plasmonic nanostructures possessing unique and versatile optoelectronic properties have been vastly investigated over the past decade. However, the full potential of plasmonic nanostructure has not yet been fully exploited, particularly with single-component homogeneous structures with monotonic properties, and the addition of new components for making multicomponent nanoparticles may lead to new-yet-unexpected or improved properties. Here we define the term "multi-component nanoparticles" as hybrid structures composed of two or more condensed nanoscale domains with distinctive material compositions, shapes, or sizes. We reviewed and discussed the designing principles and synthetic strategies to efficiently combine multiple components to form hybrid nanoparticles with a new or improved plasmonic functionality. In particular, it has been quite challenging to precisely synthesize widely diverse multicomponent plasmonic structures, limiting realization of the full potential of plasmonic heterostructures. To address this challenge, several synthetic approaches have been reported to form a variety of different multicomponent plasmonic nanoparticles, mainly based on heterogeneous nucleation, atomic replacements, adsorption on supports, and biomolecule-mediated assemblies. In addition, the unique and synergistic features of multicomponent plasmonic nanoparticles, such as combination of pristine material properties, finely tuned plasmon resonance and coupling, enhanced light-matter interactions, geometry-induced polarization, and plasmon-induced energy and charge transfer across the heterointerface, were reported. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the latest advances on state-of-art synthetic strategies, unique properties, and promising applications of multicomponent plasmonic nanoparticles. These plasmonic nanoparticles including heterostructured nanoparticles and composite nanostructures are prepared by direct synthesis and physical force- or biomolecule-mediated assembly, which hold tremendous potential for plasmon-mediated energy transfer, magnetic plasmonics, metamolecules, and nanobiotechnology.

Aptamer-based regulation of transcription circuits

We propose synthetic DNA/RNA transcription circuits based on specific aptamer recognition. By mimicking transcription factor regulation, combined with specific enzyme/DNA aptamer binding, multiple biomolecules including DNA, RNA, polymerase, restriction enzymes and methylase were used as regulators. In addition, multi-level cascading networks and methylation-switch circuits were also established. This regulation strategy has the potential to expand the toolkit of in vitro synthetic biology.

Gold nanospirals on colloidal gold nanoparticles

Synthesis of asymmetric nanostructures has always been a great challenge. In particular, there are only limited approaches for growing spiral nanowires in solution, and almost all of them require templates. Here, as a step in advancing the synthetic capability at the nanoscale, we report a wet chemistry template-free approach for growing hybrids spiral gold nanowires. The spiral gold nanowires were grown from the surface of colloidal gold nanoparticles, forming hybrid Au nanostructures. As an application of the active surface growth mechanism, the mechanistic understanding enables systematic adjustment of the nanowire morphology. The length and width of the spiral nanowires could be readily adjusted. Furthermore, the number of spiral nanowire on each Au nanoparticle, could be tuned by the pre-hydrolysis of the surface modification reagent. Such versatile system allows creation of complex nanostructures like the octopus-like and spider-like Au hybrids.

Chiral Plasmonic Biosensors

Biosensing requires fast, selective, and highly sensitive real-time detection of biomolecules using efficient simple-to-use techniques. Due to a unique capability to focus light at nanoscale, plasmonic nanostructures provide an excellent platform for label-free detection of molecular adsorption by sensing tiny changes in the local refractive index or by enhancing the light-induced processes in adjacent biomolecules. This review discusses the opportunities provided by surface plasmon resonance in probing the chirality of biomolecules as well as their conformations and orientations. Various types of chiral plasmonic nanostructures and the most recent developments in the field of chiral plasmonics related to biosensing are considered.

Oligonucleotide-modulated photocurrent enhancement of a tetracationic porphyrin for label-free homogeneous photoelectrochemical biosensing

This work reports the first demonstration of an oligonucleotide-modulated label-free homogeneous photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensing platform based on the adsorption of tetracationic porphyrin (denoted as TMPyP here) onto 1-naphthalenesulfonate anion (NS^-)-grafted indium tin oxide electrode (denoted as TMPyP-NS^--ITO), which generates a stable and rapid photocurrent response. We found that when NS^--ITO electrode was subjected to single-stranded oligonucleotide (ssON) before TMPyP adsorption, a remarkable enhancement of photocurrent intensity was observed from the resulted TMPyP-ssON-NS^--ITO electrode with high specificity towards oligonucleotide. A series of investigations were carried out to understand the mechanism of this oligonucleotide-modulated photocurrent enhancement phenomenon. Moreover, the studies of this robust photocurrent enhancement mechanism was successfully extended to develop a signal-on homogeneous PEC biosensing platform for, as a proof-of-concept, label-free M.SssI methyltransferase activity analysis through a judiciously and compatibly engineered signal transduction strategy consisted of hairpin-shaped oligonucleotide probe, restriction endonuclease HpaII, and Exonuclease I. The rationally designed homogeneous PEC biosensor exhibit sensitive PEC response toward M.SssI methyltransferase with a low detection limit of 3.5 mU/mL and a wide linear range from 0.01 to 120 U/mL. Additionally, we show that our homogeneous PEC biosensing platform can be also utilized to screen methyltransferase inhibitors. Therefore, this work will provide a distinctive paradigm for versatile homogeneous PEC biosensing platform that can be used as potential powerful tool toward innovative label-free bioanalytical purposes.

Controllable oligomerization: defying step-growth kinetics in the polymerization of gold nanoparticles

We report a new method for one-step dimerization of AuNP@PSPAA, which defies the step-growth kinetics and gives a record yield.

A label-free, versatile and low-background chemiluminescence aptasensing strategy based on gold nanocluster catalysis combined with the separation of magnetic beads

A label-free, versatile and low-background chemiluminescence sensing strategy based on gold nanocluster catalysis combined with magnetic separation was developed.

Dual-signal ratiometric electrochemiluminescence assay for detecting the activity of human methyltransferase

A ratiometric electrochemiluminescence assay using CdS:Eu NCs and luminol as signal emitters was fabricated for detecting the human methyltransferase activity.

In Situ Detection and Imaging of Telomerase Activity in Cancer Cell Lines via Disassembly of Plasmonic Core-Satellites Nanostructured Probe

The label-free localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) detection technique has been identified as a powerful means for in situ investigation of biological processes and localized chemical reactions at single particle level with high spatial and temporal resolution. Herein, a core-satellites assembled nanostructure of Au₅₀@Au₁₃ was designed for in situ detection and intracellular imaging of telomerase activity by combining plasmonic resonance Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy with dark-field microscope (DFM). The Au₅₀@Au₁₃ was fabricated by using 50 nm gold nanoparticles (Au₅₀) as core and 13 nm gold nanoparticles (Au₁₃) as satellites, both of them were functionalized with single chain DNA and gathered proximity through the highly specific DNA hybridization with a nicked hairpin DNA (O1) containing a telomerase substrate (TS) primer as linker. In the presence of telomerase, the telomeric repeated sequence of (TTAGGG)_n extended at the 3'-end of O1 would hybridized with its complementary sequences at 5'-ends. This led the telomerase extension product of O1 be folded to form a rigid hairpin structure. As a result, the Au₅₀@Au₁₃ was disassembled with the releasing of O1 and Au₁₃-S from Au₅₀-L, which dramatically decreased the plasmon coupling effect. The remarkable LSPR spectral shift was observed accompanied by a detectable color change from orange to green with the increase of telomerase activity at single particle level with a detection limit of 1.3 × 10^-13 IU. The ability of Au₅₀@Au₁₃ for in situ imaging intracellular telomerase activity, distinguishing cancer cells from normal cells, in situ monitoring the variation of cellular telomerase activity after treated with drugs were also demonstrated.

Nanoscale chirality in metal and semiconductor nanoparticles

The field of chirality has recently seen a rejuvenation due to the observation of chirality in inorganic nanomaterials. The advancements in understanding the origin of nanoscale chirality and the potential applications of chiroptical nanomaterials in the areas of optics, catalysis and biosensing, among others, have opened up new avenues toward new concepts and design of novel materials. In this article, we review the concept of nanoscale chirality in metal nanoclusters and semiconductor quantum dots, then focus on recent experimental and theoretical advances in chiral metal nanoparticles and plasmonic chirality. Selected examples of potential applications and an outlook on the research on chiral nanomaterials are additionally provided.

Microfluidic platforms for DNA methylation analysis

In the field of genetics, epigenetics is the study of changes in gene expression without any change in DNA sequences. Chemical base modification in DNA by DNA methyltransferase, and specifically methylation, has been well studied as the main mechanism of epigenetics. Therefore, the determination of DNA methylation of, for example, 5'-methylcytosine in the CpG sequence in mammals has attracted attention because it should prove valuable in a wide range of research fields including diagnosis, drug discovery, and therapy. Methylated DNA bases and DNA methyltransferase activity are analyzed using conventional methods; however, these methods are time-consuming and require complex multiple operations. Therefore, new methods and devices for DNA methylation analysis are now being actively developed. Furthermore, microfluidic technology has also been applied to DNA methylation analysis because the microfluidic platform offers the promising advantage of making it possible to perform thousands of DNA methylation reactions in small reaction volumes, resulting in a high-throughput analysis with high sensitivity. This review discusses epigenetics and the microfluidic platforms developed for DNA methylation analysis.

Chiroplasmonic Assemblies of Gold Nanoparticles for Ultrasensitive Detection of 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in Human Serum Sample

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been extensively explored to be used in analytical methods such as electrochemical, colorimetric methods, and so on. However, only a few methods have been reported by using chirality of AuNPs although their chiral assembly has been studied extensively and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is also a simple and sensitive analytical method. In this paper, sensitive CD spectroscopy method has been explored for detection of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a well-known biomarker for oxidative DNA damage, based on DNA-induced chiroplasmonic assemblies of AuNPs. First, 8-OHdG aptamer hybridized with its complementary sequence that modified with AuNPs based on precision matched bases. DNA-modified AuNPs were assembled into AuNPs dimers by 8-OHdG aptamer, which displayed strong chiroptical activity. Subsequently, in the presence of 8-OHdG, the high specific recognition and affinity constants of aptamer and 8-OHdG destroyed the hybrid of aptamer and its complementary sequence; as a result, AuNPs dimers were destroyed and showed low CD signal. The CD intensity was in log-linear correlation with the concentration of 8-OHdG ranging from 0.05 to 2 nM, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9951 and a detection limit of 33 pM (S/N = 3). The method has been successfully applied in a complex matrix such as human serum samples. The recoveries were from 92.5% to 107% and the relative standard derivations were in the range of 4.89% ∼ 7.27%, indicating that the method had good accuracy and high precision. Therefore, these results indicated that the proposed CD method was simple and reliable, which held great potential for clinical examinations.