1
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Maikhuri VK, Maity J, Srivastava S, Prasad AK. Transition metal-catalyzed double C vinyl-H bond activation: synthesis of conjugated dienes. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:9522-9588. [PMID: 36412483 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01646j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated dienes have occupied a pivotal position in the field of synthetic organic chemistry and medicinal chemistry. They act as important synthons for the synthesis of various biologically important molecules and therefore, gain tremendous attention worldwide. A wide range of synthetic routes to access these versatile molecules have been developed in the past decades. Transition metal-catalyzed cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) has emerged as one of the utmost front-line research areas in current synthetic organic chemistry due to its high atom economy, efficiency, and viability. In this review, an up-to-date summary including scope, limitations, mechanistic studies, stereoselectivities, and synthetic applications of transition metal-catalyzed double Cvinyl-H bond activation for the synthesis of conjugated dienes has been reported since 2013. The literature reports mentioned in this review have been classified into three different categories, i.e. (a) Cvinyl-Cvinyl bond formation via oxidative homo-coupling of terminal alkenes; (b) Cvinyl-Cvinyl bond formation via non-directed oxidative cross-coupling of linear/cyclic alkenes and terminal/internal alkenes, and (c) Cvinyl-Cvinyl bond formation via oxidative cross-coupling of directing group bearing alkenes and terminal/internal alkenes. Overall, this review aims to provide a concise overview of the current status of the considerable development in this field and is expected to stimulate further innovation and research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin K Maikhuri
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India.
| | - Jyotirmoy Maity
- Department of Chemistry, St. Stephen's College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Smriti Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Ashok K Prasad
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India.
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2
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Dethe DH, Beeralingappa NC, Das S, Nirpal AK. Ruthenium-catalyzed formal sp 3 C-H activation of allylsilanes/esters with olefins: efficient access to functionalized 1,3-dienes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4367-4372. [PMID: 34163699 PMCID: PMC8179449 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06845d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ru-catalysed oxidative coupling of allylsilanes and allyl esters with activated olefins has been developed via isomerization followed by C(allyl)-H activation providing efficient access to stereodefined 1,3-dienes in excellent yields. Mild reaction conditions, less expensive catalysts, and excellent regio- and diastereoselectivity ensure universality of the reaction. In addition, the unique power of this reaction was illustrated by performing the Diels-Alder reaction, and enantioselective synthesis of highly functionalized cyclohexenone and piperidine and finally synthetic utility was further demonstrated by the efficient synthesis of norpyrenophorin, an antifungal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dattatraya H Dethe
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
| | | | - Saikat Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Appasaheb K Nirpal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
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3
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Gimferrer M, D'Alterio MC, Talarico G, Minami Y, Hiyama T, Poater A. Allyl Monitorization of the Regioselective Pd-Catalyzed Annulation of Alkylnyl Aryl Ethers Leading to Bismethylenechromanes. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12262-12269. [PMID: 32786640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism for the synthesis of 2,3-bismethylenechromanes obtained by the reaction between silylethynyloxyarenes and allylic pivalates and catalyzed by a palladium complex has been investigated using computational methods rooted in density functional theory. The reaction is promoted by a C-H bond activation and the consequent bond cleavage of both substrates, followed by a novel annulation. The whole mechanism of this reaction is described together with the drawbacks that could block it. The main role played by the allyl rotation, inducing selectivity, together with the lability of the phosphine ligand and base (Cs2CO3) effects are unraveled. Finally, the nature of the substrates was managed, confirming that ortho-allylated silylethynyloxybenzenes lead to the same type of annulated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Gimferrer
- Institut de Quı́mica Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Quı́mica, Universitat de Girona, c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Giovanni Talarico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Yasunori Minami
- Research and Development Initiative, Chuo University, 1-13-27, Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan.,Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Tamejiro Hiyama
- Research and Development Initiative, Chuo University, 1-13-27, Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut de Quı́mica Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Quı́mica, Universitat de Girona, c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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4
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Chen W, Song H, Li J, Cui C. Catalytic Selective Dihydrosilylation of Internal Alkynes Enabled by Rare‐Earth Ate Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:2365-2369. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wufeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Haibin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300072 China
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5
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Chen W, Song H, Li J, Cui C. Catalytic Selective Dihydrosilylation of Internal Alkynes Enabled by Rare‐Earth Ate Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wufeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Haibin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300072 China
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6
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Xu Q, Zheng B, Zhou X, Pan L, Liu Q, Li Y. Photoinduced C(sp 2)-H/C(sp 2)-H Cross-Coupling of Alkenes: Direct Synthesis of 1,3-Dienes. Org Lett 2020; 22:1692-1697. [PMID: 31944775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A highly concise route to substituted 1,3-dienes from vinylarenes and ketene dithioacetals under photoinduced cross-coupling reaction is described. The reaction proceeded in a highly regio- and stereoselective manner and showed broad functional group tolerance. More than 35 substituted 1,3-dienes were synthesized with good to excellent yields through the construction of the Csp2-Csp2 bond without using noble metal and external oxidants, and natural sunlight could also induce the reaction to afford gram-scale synthesis under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Baihui Zheng
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhou
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Ling Pan
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Qun Liu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yifei Li
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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7
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Mao CL, Zhao S, Zang ZL, Xiao L, Zhou CH, He Y, Cai GX. Pd-Catalyzed Remote Site-Selective and Stereoselective C(Alkenyl)–H Alkenylation of Unactivated Cycloalkenes. J Org Chem 2019; 85:774-787. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Li Mao
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Lin Zang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-He Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yun He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Gui-Xin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
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8
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Cheng Z, Xing S, Guo J, Cheng B, Hu L, Zhang X, Lu Z. Highly Regioselective Sequential 1,1‐Dihydrosilylation of Terminal Aliphatic Alkynes with Primary Silanes. CHINESE J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201900079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Cheng
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Shipei Xing
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Biao Cheng
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Lan‐Fang Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Xing‐Hong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Zhan Lu
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
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9
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Hu MY, Lian J, Sun W, Qiao TZ, Zhu SF. Iron-Catalyzed Dihydrosilylation of Alkynes: Efficient Access to Geminal Bis(silanes). J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:4579-4583. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of
Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jie Lian
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of
Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wei Sun
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of
Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tian-Zhang Qiao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of
Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shou-Fei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of
Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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10
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Lekkala R, Lekkala R, Moku B, Rakesh KP, Qin HL. Applications of sulfuryl fluoride (SO2F2) in chemical transformations. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00747d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A number of novel methodologies concerning the chemical, biological and medicinal applications of sulfuryl fluoride (SO2F2) gas have dramatically improved year by year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindar Lekkala
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures
- and School of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Life Science
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan
| | - Revathi Lekkala
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures
- and School of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Life Science
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan
| | - Balakrishna Moku
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures
- and School of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Life Science
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan
| | - K. P. Rakesh
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures
- and School of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Life Science
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan
| | - Hua-Li Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures
- and School of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Life Science
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan
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11
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Lekkala R, Lekkala R, Moku B, Qin HL. SO2F2 mediated dehydrative cross-coupling of alcohols with electron-deficient olefins in DMSO using a Pd-catalyst: one-pot transformation of alcohols into 1,3-dienes. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo01388h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A Pd-catalyzed, SO2F2 mediated dehydrative cross-coupling of alcohols with electron-deficient olefins for the construction of 1,3-dienes was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathi Lekkala
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures; and School of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Life Science
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| | - Ravindar Lekkala
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures; and School of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Life Science
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| | - Balakrishna Moku
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures; and School of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Life Science
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| | - Hua-Li Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures; and School of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Life Science
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
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12
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Liu M, Yang P, Karunananda MK, Wang Y, Liu P, Engle KM. C(alkenyl)-H Activation via Six-Membered Palladacycles: Catalytic 1,3-Diene Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5805-5813. [PMID: 29630359 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A catalytic method to prepare highly substituted 1,3-dienes from two different alkenes is described using a directed, palladium(II)-mediated C(alkenyl)-H activation strategy. The transformation exhibits broad scope across three synthetically useful substrate classes masked with suitable bidentate auxiliaries (4-pentenoic acids, allylic alcohols, and bishomoallylic amines) and tolerates internal nonconjugated alkenes, which have traditionally been a challenging class of substrates in this type of chemistry. Catalytic turnover is enabled by either MnO2 as the stoichiometric oxidant or co-catalytic Co(OAc)2 and O2 (1 atm). Experimental and computational studies were performed to elucidate the preference for C(alkenyl)-H activation over other potential pathways. As part of this effort, a structurally unique alkenylpalladium(II) dimer was isolated and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Pusu Yang
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Malkanthi K Karunananda
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pittsburgh , 219 Parkman Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pittsburgh , 219 Parkman Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
| | - Keary M Engle
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
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13
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Minami Y, Hiyama T. Collaborative Interaction of Carbon–Carbon Unsaturated Bond Groups with Transition-metal Catalysts for C–H Bond Functionalization. CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.170795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Minami
- Research and Development Initiative, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Tamejiro Hiyama
- Research and Development Initiative, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
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14
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Minami Y, Noguchi Y, Yamada K, Hiyama T. Intramolecular Hydroalkylation via Activation oftert-Butyl C–H Bond in Silylethynyl Aryl Ethers. CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.160618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Minami Y, Sakai M, Anami T, Hiyama T. Annulation of Alkynyl Aryl Ethers with Allyl Pivalates To Give 2,3‐Bismethylenechromanes through Double C−H Bond Cleavage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:8701-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Minami
- Research and Development Initiative Chuo University Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 112-8551 Japan
| | - Megumi Sakai
- Department of Applied Chemistry Chuo University Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 112-8551 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Anami
- Department of Applied Chemistry Chuo University Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 112-8551 Japan
| | - Tamejiro Hiyama
- Research and Development Initiative Chuo University Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 112-8551 Japan
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16
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Minami Y, Sakai M, Anami T, Hiyama T. Annulation of Alkynyl Aryl Ethers with Allyl Pivalates To Give 2,3‐Bismethylenechromanes through Double C−H Bond Cleavage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Minami
- Research and Development Initiative Chuo University Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 112-8551 Japan
| | - Megumi Sakai
- Department of Applied Chemistry Chuo University Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 112-8551 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Anami
- Department of Applied Chemistry Chuo University Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 112-8551 Japan
| | - Tamejiro Hiyama
- Research and Development Initiative Chuo University Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 112-8551 Japan
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