1
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Holz J, Pfeffer C, Zuo H, Beierlein D, Richter G, Klemm E, Peters R. In Situ Generated Gold Nanoparticles on Active Carbon as Reusable Highly Efficient Catalysts for a C sp 3 -C sp 3 Stille Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10330-10334. [PMID: 31013549 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticle catalysts are important in many industrial production processes. Nevertheless, for traditional C sp 2 -C sp 2 cross-coupling reactions they have been rarely used and Pd catalysts usually give a superior performance. Herein we report that in situ formed gold metal nanoparticles are highly active catalysts for the cross coupling of allylstannanes and activated alkylbromides to form C sp 3 -C sp 3 bonds. Turnover numbers up to 29 000 could be achieved in the presence of active carbon as solid support, which allowed for convenient catalyst recovery and reuse. The present study is a rare case where a gold metal catalyst is superior to Pd catalysts in a cross-coupling reaction of an organic halide and an organometallic reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Holz
- Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Camilla Pfeffer
- Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hualiang Zuo
- Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Technische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dennis Beierlein
- Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Technische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gunther Richter
- MPI IS Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Elias Klemm
- Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Technische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - René Peters
- Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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2
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Holz J, Pfeffer C, Zuo H, Beierlein D, Richter G, Klemm E, Peters R. In situ erzeugte Goldnanopartikel auf Aktivkohle als wiederverwendbare hocheffiziente Katalysatoren für eine C‐C‐Stille‐Kupplung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Holz
- Universität StuttgartInstitut für Organische Chemie Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Deutschland
| | - Camilla Pfeffer
- Universität StuttgartInstitut für Organische Chemie Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Deutschland
| | - Hualiang Zuo
- Universität StuttgartInstitut für Technische Chemie Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Deutschland
| | - Dennis Beierlein
- Universität StuttgartInstitut für Technische Chemie Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Deutschland
| | - Gunther Richter
- MPI IS Stuttgart Heisenbergstraße 3 70569 Stuttgart Deutschland
| | - Elias Klemm
- Universität StuttgartInstitut für Technische Chemie Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Deutschland
| | - René Peters
- Universität StuttgartInstitut für Organische Chemie Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Deutschland
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3
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Gasperini D, Greenhalgh MD, Imad R, Siddiqui S, Malik A, Arshad F, Choudhary MI, Al-Majid AM, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Nolan SP, Smith AD. Chiral Au I - and Au III -Isothiourea Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization and Application. Chemistry 2019; 25:1064-1075. [PMID: 30357947 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
During an investigation into the potential union of Lewis basic isothiourea organocatalysis and gold catalysis, the formation of gold-isothiourea complexes was observed. These novel gold complexes were formed in high yield and were found to be air- and moisture stable. A series of neutral and cationic chiral gold(I) and gold(III) complexes bearing enantiopure isothiourea ligands was therefore synthesized and fully characterized. The steric and electronic properties of the isothiourea ligands was assessed through calculation of their percent buried volume and the synthesis and analysis of novel iridium(I)-isothiourea carbonyl complexes. The novel gold(I)- and gold(III)-isothiourea complexes have been applied in preliminary catalytic and biological studies, and display promising preliminary levels of catalytic activity and potency towards cancerous cell lines and clinically relevant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila Gasperini
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Mark D Greenhalgh
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Rehan Imad
- H.E.J Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Shezaib Siddiqui
- H.E.J Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Anum Malik
- H.E.J Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Fizza Arshad
- H.E.J Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary
- H.E.J Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21412, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Al-Majid
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - David B Cordes
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Chemistry Department, College of Science, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrew D Smith
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
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4
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Brodbeck D, Álvarez-Barcia S, Meisner J, Broghammer F, Klepp J, Garnier D, Frey W, Kästner J, Peters R. Asymmetric Carboxycyanation of Aldehydes by Cooperative AlF/Onium Salt Catalysts: from Cyanoformate to KCN as Cyanide Source. Chemistry 2019; 25:1515-1524. [PMID: 30359465 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric 1,2-additions of cyanide yield enantioenriched cyanohydrins as versatile chiral building blocks. Next to HCN, volatile organic cyanide sources are usually used. Among them, cyanoformates are more attractive on technical scale than TMSCN for cost reasons, but catalytic productivity is usually lower. Here, the development of a new strategy for cyanations is described, in which this activity disadvantage is overcome. A Lewis acidic Al center cooperates with an aprotic onium moiety within a remarkably robust bifunctional Al-F-salen complex. This allowed for unprecedented turnover numbers of up to 104 . DFT studies suggest an unexpected unique trimolecular pathway in which the ammonium bound cyanide attacks the aldehyde, which itself is activated by the carbonyl group of the cyanoformate binding to the Al center. In addition, a novel practical carboxycyanation method was developed that makes use of KCN as the sole cyanide source. The use of a pyrocarbonate as carboxylating reagent provided the best results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brodbeck
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sonia Álvarez-Barcia
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jan Meisner
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Florian Broghammer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julian Klepp
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Delphine Garnier
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johannes Kästner
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - René Peters
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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5
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de Lima Batista AP, S. de Oliveira-Filho AG, Braga AAC. Unveiling the potential of scandium complexes for methane C–H bond activation: a computational study. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02760b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sc(i) complexes activate methane C–H bonds under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ataualpa A. C. Braga
- Departamento de Química Fundamental
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Paulo-SP
- Brazil
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6
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Holz J, Ayerbe García M, Frey W, Krupp F, Peters R. Diastereoselective synthesis, structure and reactivity studies of ferrocenyloxazoline gold(i) and gold(ii) complexes. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:3880-3905. [PMID: 29451574 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00109j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, gold complexes have demonstrated huge potential for soft Lewis acid catalysis. Despite the intensive research on Au complexes and planar chiral metallacycles, enantiopure ferrocenylgold complexes have - surprisingly - not been reported until the studies presented in this article. Herein, we report the asymmetric synthesis of planar chiral ferrocenyl Au(i) complexes. These dinuclear species form helically chiral ten-membered (NCCCAu)2 rings stabilized by aurophilic interactions. In supramolecular solid state structures, linear, zigzag or helical Au(i) wires with regular AuAu separations were observed. The dissolved dinuclear entities could be oxidized by Au(i) to unique ferrocenyl Au(ii) complexes featuring short Au(ii)-Au(ii) bonds, while the ferrocene core remained intact. However, our initial studies revealed the issue of configurational lability of the ferrocenyl Au(ii) complexes in terms of the element of planar chirality in the presence of the gold source, (Me2S)AuCl. This was successfully addressed by a systematic study implementing permanent σ-donor ortho-protecting groups such as methyl and trimethylsilyl, which impede an epimerization event. Oxidation of the dinuclear Au(i) complexes was also accomplished by oxidative addition reactions with halogenated solvents, preferably CHCl3. Additional reactivity studies revealed that dinuclear Au(ii) dihalide complexes are also formed with reactive alkylhalides such as iodomethane, benzylbromide and benzyliodide. Interestingly, the whole spectral range of colors (violet, blue, green, yellow, and red) is covered by the title complexes depending on the Au oxidation state and the anionic ligands in the Au(ii) complexes. This appears to be quite unusual for ferrocenes, which typically adopt orange to red colors in a non-oxidized state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Holz
- Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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7
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Musgrave RA, Hailes RLN, Schäfer A, Russell AD, Gates PJ, Manners I. New reactivity at the silicon bridge in sila[1]ferrocenophanes. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:2759-2768. [PMID: 29417116 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt04593j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe two new types of reactivity involving silicon-bridged [1]ferrocenophanes. In an attempt to form a [1]ferrocenophane with a bridging silyl cation, the reaction of sila[1]ferrocenophane [Fe(η-C5H4)2Si(H)TMP] (12) (TMP = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl) towards the hydride-abstraction reagent trityl tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate ([CPh3][B(C6F5)4]) was explored. This yielded the unusual dinuclear species [Fe(η-C5H4)2Si(TMP·H)(η-C5H3)Fe(η-C5H4)Si(H)TMP][B(C6F5)4] [13][B(C6F5)4] in low yield. The formation of [13]+ is proposed to involve abstraction of hydride from the silicon bridge in 12 with subsequent C-H bond cleavage of a cyclopentadienyl group by the resulting electrophilic transient silyl cation intermediate. We also explored the reaction of dimethylsila[1]ferrocenophane [Fe(η-C5H4)2SiMe2] (1) with the Au(i) species AuCl(PMe3). This was found to result in addition of the Au-Cl bond across the Cpipso-Si bond to yield the ring-opened species [1'-(chlorodimethylsilyl)-ferrocenyl](trimethylphosphine)gold(i), [Fe(C5H4SiMe2Cl){C5H4Au(PMe3)}] (14). This represents the first example of ring-opening addition of a metallocenophane with a reagent possessing a transition metal-halogen bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Musgrave
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
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8
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Ringenberg MR, Holz J, Peters R. Intervalence of two planar chiral 2-methylferrocenyl groups over a diaurum bridge. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:12873-12878. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02640h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structure of recently reported diaurum (AuI⋯AuI and XAuII–AuIIX) complexes, containing two methylferrocenyloxazoline ligands are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Ringenberg
- Universität Stuttgart Insitut für Anorganische Chemie
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Julia Holz
- Universität Stuttgart
- Insitut für Organische Chemie
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - René Peters
- Universität Stuttgart
- Insitut für Organische Chemie
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
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9
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Schmid J, Frey W, Peters R. Polynuclear Enantiopure Salen–Mesoionic Carbene Hybrid Complexes. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Schmid
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - René Peters
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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10
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Brodbeck D, Broghammer F, Meisner J, Klepp J, Garnier D, Frey W, Kästner J, Peters R. An Aluminum Fluoride Complex with an Appended Ammonium Salt as an Exceptionally Active Cooperative Catalyst for the Asymmetric Carboxycyanation of Aldehydes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:4056-4060. [PMID: 28247498 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Al-F bonds are among the most stable σ bonds known, exhibiting an even higher bond energy than Si-F bonds. Despite a stability advantage and a potentially high Lewis acidity of Al-F complexes, they have not been described as structurally defined catalysts for enantioselective reactions. We show that Al-F salen complexes with appended ammonium moieties give exceptional catalytic activity in asymmetric carboxycyanations. In addition to aromatic aldehydes, enal and aliphatic substrates are well accepted. Turnover numbers up to around 104 were achieved, whereas with previous catalysts 101 -102 turnovers were typically attained. In contrast to Al-Me and Al-Cl salen complexes, the analogous Al-F species are remarkably stable towards air, water, and heat, and can be recovered unchanged after catalysis. They possess a considerably increased Lewis acidity as shown by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brodbeck
- Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Florian Broghammer
- Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jan Meisner
- Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Theoretische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julian Klepp
- Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Delphine Garnier
- Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johannes Kästner
- Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Theoretische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - René Peters
- Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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11
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Brodbeck D, Broghammer F, Meisner J, Klepp J, Garnier D, Frey W, Kästner J, Peters R. Ein Aluminium-Fluorid-Komplex mit gekoppelter Ammonium-Einheit als außergewöhnlich aktiver kooperativer Katalysator in der asymmetrischen Carboxycyanierung von Aldehyden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brodbeck
- Universität Stuttgart; Institut für Organische Chemie; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Deutschland
| | - Florian Broghammer
- Universität Stuttgart; Institut für Organische Chemie; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Deutschland
| | - Jan Meisner
- Universität Stuttgart; Institut für Theoretische Chemie; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Deutschland
| | - Julian Klepp
- Universität Stuttgart; Institut für Organische Chemie; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Deutschland
| | - Delphine Garnier
- Universität Stuttgart; Institut für Organische Chemie; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Deutschland
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Universität Stuttgart; Institut für Organische Chemie; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Deutschland
| | - Johannes Kästner
- Universität Stuttgart; Institut für Theoretische Chemie; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Deutschland
| | - René Peters
- Universität Stuttgart; Institut für Organische Chemie; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Deutschland
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12
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Bauer JM, Frey W, Peters R. Dual Palladium(II)/Tertiary Amine Catalysis for Asymmetric Regioselective Rearrangements of Allylic Carbamates. Chemistry 2016; 22:5767-77. [PMID: 26990446 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The streamlined catalytic access to enantiopure allylic amines as valuable precursors towards chiral β- and γ-aminoalcohols as well as α- and β-aminoacids is desirable for industrial purposes. In this article an enantioselective method is described that transforms achiral allylic alcohols and N-tosylisocyanate in a single step into highly enantioenriched N-tosyl protected allylic amines via an allylic carbamate intermediate. The latter is likely to undergo a cyclisation-induced [3,3]-rearrangement catalysed by a planar chiral pentaphenylferrocene palladacycle in cooperation with a tertiary amine base. The otherwise often indispensable activation of palladacycle catalysts by a silver salt is not required in the present case and there is also no need for an inert gas atmosphere. To further improve the synthetic value, the rearrangement was used to form dimethylaminosulfonyl-protected allylic amines, which can be deprotected under non-reductive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Moritz Bauer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - René Peters
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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13
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Ito S, Nanko M, Shinozaki T, Kojima M, Aikawa K, Mikami K. Dynamic Chirality Control oftroposDPCB-digold Skeleton by Chiral Binaphthyldicarboxylate. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:823-7. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201501326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Ito
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1 Ookayama Meguro Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Masaki Nanko
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1 Ookayama Meguro Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Tomokazu Shinozaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1 Ookayama Meguro Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Masafumi Kojima
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1 Ookayama Meguro Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Kohsuke Aikawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1 Ookayama Meguro Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Koichi Mikami
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1 Ookayama Meguro Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
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