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Wang J, Ye Q. Borirenes and Boriranes: Development and Perspectives. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303695. [PMID: 38085103 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023]
Abstract
Strained compounds constitute a highly topical area of research in chemistry. Borirene and borirane both feature a BC2 three-membered ring. They can be viewed as the structural analogues of cyclopropane and cyclopropene, where a CH2 unit of the carbonaceous counterparts is replaced with BH, respectively. Indeed, this structural variation introduces numerous intriguing aspects. For instance, borirane and borirene are both Lewis acidic due to the presence of a tricoordinate borane center. In addition, borirene is 2π aromatic according to Hückel's rule. In addition to their ability to form adducts with Lewis bases and the capacity of borirenes to act as ligands in coordination with metals, both borirenes and boriranes exhibit ring-opening reactivity due to the considerable ring strain. Under specific conditions, coordinated boriranes can even cleave two BC bonds to serve as formal borylene sources (although the reaction mechanisms are quite complex). On the other hand, recent successful syntheses of benzoborienes and their carborane-based three-dimensional analogues (also referred to as carborane-fused boriranes) have introduced novel perspectives to this field. For instance, they display excellent ring-expanding reactivity, possibly attributed to the boosted ring strain arising from the fusion of borirenes with benzene and boriranes with o-carborane. Importantly, their applications as valuable "BC2 " synthons have become increasingly evident along with the newly disclosed reactivity. Additionally, the boosted Lewis acidity of carborane-fused boriranes, thanks to the potent electron-withdrawing effect of o-carborane, combined with their readiness for ring enlargement, makes them promising candidates as electron-accepting building blocks in the construction of chemically responsive luminescent materials. This review provides a summary of the synthesis and reactivity of borirene and borirane derivatives, with the aim of encouraging the design of new borierene- and borirane-based molecules and inspiring further exploration of their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Wang
- Department of chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Qing Ye
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry& Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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2
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Zhu L, Kinjo R. Crystalline 2π Aromatic Azadiboriridinylium: A BN Analogue of Cyclopropenylium Cation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312949. [PMID: 37828652 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
N-Substitution of a thermally unstable diboratriazole 1 with a trimethylsilyl group affords a remarkably stable diboratriazole derivative 2. Ring contraction of 2 with an N-heterocyclic carbene accompanied by the release of N2 as well as 1,4-hydrogen shift affords a carbene-stabilized azadiboriridine 3. Abstraction of the H-B3mem hydride in 3 with methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate leads to the isolation of a hitherto unknown azadiboriridinylium 4, the first BN analogue of cyclopropenylium cation. X-ray diffraction analysis and computational studies confirmed the delocalization of π electrons over the B2 N three-membered ring, indicating the 2π aromatic feature. Compound 4 undergoes ring expansion reactions with azobenzene and pyridazine to furnish triazadiborolidinylium species 5 and 6, the latter of which possesses a cationic B2 N3 ring with a pronounced 6π aromatic property. Moreover, the reaction of 4 with a diazo compound produces a cationic B2 N3 C pentafulvene derivative 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhao Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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3
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Liu X, Heinz M, Wang J, Tan L, Holthausen MC, Ye Q. A Journey from Benzoborirene to Benzoborole-Supported 1,2-Diimine and Antiaromatic Borolediide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202312608. [PMID: 37758684 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of benzoborirene with one equivalent of isocyanides leads to benzene-fused boretes bearing one imine function, while the reaction with two equivalents of isocyanide affords 2,3-dihydro-2,3-diiminoboroles with perfect regioselectivity. The isocyanide double insertion products represent a novel type of 1,2-diimine with a benzoborole backbone. The reduction chemistry of the benzoborole-supported 1,2-diimine was investigated. Single- and two-electron reduction allow for the isolation and full characterization of a radical anion and a dianion, respectively. In stark contrast to the ordinary boroles, which should turn aromatic by accepting two electrons, the antiaromatic character of the benzoborole backbone is highlighted upon reduction, thus presenting a rare example of antiaromatic borole dianion. Detailed quantum chemical calculations provide a rationale for the observed regioselectivity and the electronic structure of the reduced borole diimine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndromes, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510000, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Myron Heinz
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe-Universität, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Junyi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Leibo Tan
- Institute für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Max C Holthausen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe-Universität, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Qing Ye
- Institute für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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4
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Dietz M, Arrowsmith M, Reichl S, Lugo‐Fuentes LI, Jiménez‐Halla JOC, Scheer M, Braunschweig H. Stable Two‐Legged Parent Piano‐Stool and Mixed Diborabenzene‐E
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(E=P, As) Sandwich Complexes of Group 8. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206840. [PMID: 35781917 PMCID: PMC9540419 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Dietz
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Merle Arrowsmith
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Stephan Reichl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Leonardo I. Lugo‐Fuentes
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas Unversidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N Col. Noria Alta Guanajuato, C.P. 36050, Gto. Mexico
| | - J. Oscar C. Jiménez‐Halla
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas Unversidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N Col. Noria Alta Guanajuato, C.P. 36050, Gto. Mexico
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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5
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Dietz M, Arrowsmith M, Reichl S, Lugo-Fuentes L, Jiménez-Halla JOC, Scheer M, Braunschweig H. Stable Two‐Legged Parent Piano‐Stool and Mixed Diborabenzene‐E<sub>4</sub> (E = P, As) Sandwich Complexes of Group 8. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Dietz
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg Inorganic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Merle Arrowsmith
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg Inorganic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Stephan Reichl
- Universität Regensburg: Universitat Regensburg Inorganic Chemistry GERMANY
| | | | | | - Manfred Scheer
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg Inorganic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg Department of Chemistry Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg GERMANY
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Dzhemilev UM, Khusainova LI, Ryazanov KS, Khafizova LO. Boron-containing small rings: synthesis, properties, and application prospects. Russ Chem Bull 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Goettel JT, Braunschweig H. Recent advances in boron-centered ligands and their transition metal complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Nesterov V, Reiter D, Bag P, Frisch P, Holzner R, Porzelt A, Inoue S. NHCs in Main Group Chemistry. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9678-9842. [PMID: 29969239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first stable N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) in the beginning of the 1990s, these divalent carbon species have become a common and available class of compounds, which have found numerous applications in academic and industrial research. Their important role as two-electron donor ligands, especially in transition metal chemistry and catalysis, is difficult to overestimate. In the past decade, there has been tremendous research attention given to the chemistry of low-coordinate main group element compounds. Significant progress has been achieved in stabilization and isolation of such species as Lewis acid/base adducts with highly tunable NHC ligands. This has allowed investigation of numerous novel types of compounds with unique electronic structures and opened new opportunities in the rational design of novel organic catalysts and materials. This Review gives a general overview of this research, basic synthetic approaches, key features of NHC-main group element adducts, and might be useful for the broad research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Nesterov
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Dominik Reiter
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Prasenjit Bag
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Philipp Frisch
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Richard Holzner
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Amelie Porzelt
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
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Abstract
The synthesis, stability and catalytic reactivity of borocations are described in the context of their reaction in frustrated Lewis pair-type processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C. M. Crudden
- Department of Chemistry
- Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)
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Braunschweig H, Celik MA, Dewhurst RD, Ferkinghoff K, Radacki K, Weißenberger F. Boron-Metallated Borirenes and Bis(Borirenes). Chemistry 2016; 22:8596-602. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holger Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Mehmet Ali Celik
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Rian D. Dewhurst
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Katharina Ferkinghoff
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Krzysztof Radacki
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Felix Weißenberger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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