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Tranquilli MM, Wu Q, Rowan SJ. Effect of metallosupramolecular polymer concentration on the synthesis of poly[ n]catenanes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8722-8730. [PMID: 34257871 PMCID: PMC8246094 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02450g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly[n]catenanes are a class of polymers that are composed entirely of interlocked rings. One synthetic route to these polymers involves the formation of a metallosupramolecular polymer (MSP) that consists of alternating units of macrocyclic and linear thread components. Ring closure of the thread components has been shown to yield a mixture of cyclic, linear, and branched poly[n]catenanes. Reported herein are investigations into this synthetic methodology, with a focus on a more detailed understanding of the crude product distribution and how the concentration of the MSP during the ring closing reaction impacts the resulting poly[n]catenanes. In addition to a better understanding of the molecular products obtained in these reactions, the results show that the concentration of the reaction can be used to tune the size and type of poly[n]catenanes accessed. At low concentrations the interlocked product distribution is limited to primarily oligomeric and small cyclic catenanes . However, the same reaction at increased concentration can yield branched poly[n]catenanes with an ca. 21 kg mol-1, with evidence of structures containing as many as 640 interlocked rings (1000 kg mol-1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiong Wu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago Chicago IL USA
| | - Stuart J Rowan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago Chicago IL USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago Chicago IL USA
- Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory Lemont IL USA
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2
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Li K, Wang Y, Guo F, He L, Zhang L. Sliding dynamics of multi-rings on a semiflexible polymer in poly[ n]catenanes. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:2557-2567. [PMID: 33514985 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02084b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The sliding dynamics of one- or multi-ring structures along a semiflexible cyclic polymer in radial poly[n]catenanes is investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. The fixed and fluctuating (non-fixed) semiflexible central cyclic polymers are considered, respectively. With increasing bending energy of the central cyclic polymer, for the fixed case, the diffusion coefficient increases monotonically due to the reduction of the tortuous sliding path, while for the fluctuating case, the diffusion coefficient decreases. This indicates that the contribution of the polymer fluctuation is suppressed by a further increase in the stiffness of the central cyclic chain. Compared with the one ring case, the mean-square displacement of the multiple rings exhibits a unique sub-diffusive behavior at intermediate time scales due to the repulsion between two neighboring rings. In addition, for the multi-ring system, the whole set of rings exhibit relatively slower diffusion, but faster local dynamics of threading rings and rotational diffusion of the central cyclic polymer arise. These results may help us to understand the diffusion motion of rings in radial poly[n]catenanes from a fundamental point of view and control the sliding dynamics in molecular designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310027, China.
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310027, China.
| | - Fuchen Guo
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310027, China.
| | - Linli He
- Department of Physics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Linxi Zhang
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310027, China.
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3
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Sharma AK, Malineni J, Box S, Ghiassinejad S, van Ruymbeke E, Fustin CA. Synthetic platform for mono-functionalised tridentate macrocycles as key precursors of mechanically-linked macromolecular systems. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00245g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Macrocycles bearing a variety of functional groups give access to a wide range of synthetic methods for further derivatisation or preparation of more complex structures such as mechanically interlocked molecules or polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Kumar Sharma
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN)
- Bio- and Soft Matter Division (BSMA)
- Université catholique de Louvain
- Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Jagadeesh Malineni
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN)
- Bio- and Soft Matter Division (BSMA)
- Université catholique de Louvain
- Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Simon Box
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN)
- Bio- and Soft Matter Division (BSMA)
- Université catholique de Louvain
- Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Sina Ghiassinejad
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN)
- Bio- and Soft Matter Division (BSMA)
- Université catholique de Louvain
- Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Evelyne van Ruymbeke
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN)
- Bio- and Soft Matter Division (BSMA)
- Université catholique de Louvain
- Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Charles-André Fustin
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN)
- Bio- and Soft Matter Division (BSMA)
- Université catholique de Louvain
- Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
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Zubenko AD, Fedorova OA. Aromatic and heteroaromatic azacrown compounds: advantages and disadvantages of rigid macrocyclic ligands. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Current approaches to the synthesis of aromatic and heteroaromatic azamacrocycles and their derivatives are summarized and systematized. The relationship between the structure of azacrown compounds and their complexation behaviour towards metal cations is analyzed. The diversity of practical applications of azamacrocyclic derivatives in medicine, biology and analytical and organic chemistry, as well as for the design of molecular devices is demonstrated.
The bibliography includes 307 references.
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5
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Gao WX, Feng HJ, Guo BB, Lu Y, Jin GX. Coordination-Directed Construction of Molecular Links. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6288-6325. [PMID: 32558562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the emergence of the concept of chemical topology, interlocked molecular assemblies have graduated from academic curiosities and poorly defined species to become synthetic realities. Coordination-directed synthesis provides powerful, diverse, and increasingly sophisticated protocols for accessing interlocked molecules. Originally, metal ions were employed solely as templates to gather and position building blocks in entwined or threaded arrangements. Recently, metal centers have increasingly featured within the backbones of the integral structural elements, which in turn use noncovalent interactions to self-assemble into intricate topologies. By outlining ingenious recent examples as well as seminal classic cases, this Review focuses on the role of metal-ligand paradigms in assembling molecular links. In addition, the ever-evolving approaches to efficient assembly, the structural features of the resulting architectures, and their prospects for the future are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xi Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Jun Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Bei-Bei Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Ye Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Xin Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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Ahmadian Dehaghani Z, Chubak I, Likos CN, Ejtehadi MR. Effects of topological constraints on linked ring polymers in solvents of varying quality. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:3029-3038. [PMID: 32129365 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02374g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the effects of topological constraints in catenanes composed of interlinked ring polymers on their size in a good solvent as well as on the location of their θ-point when the solvent quality is worsened. We mainly focus on poly[n]catenanes consisting of n ring polymers each of length m interlocked in a linear fashion. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we study the scaling of the poly[n]catenane's radius of gyration in a good solvent, assuming in general that Rg∼mμnν and we find that μ = 0.65 ± 0.02 and ν = 0.60 ± 0.01 for the range of n and m considered. These findings are further rationalized with the help of a mean-field Flory-like theory yielding the values of μ = 16/25 and ν = 3/5, consistent with the numerical results. We show that individual rings within catenanes feature a surplus swelling due to the presence of NL topological links. Furthermore, we consider poly[n]catenanes in solvents of varying quality and we demonstrate that the presence of topological links leads to an increase of its θ-temperature in comparison to isolated linear and ring chains with the following ordering: T > T > T. Finally, we show that the presence of links similarly raises the θ-temperature of a single linked ring in comparison to an unlinked one, bringing its θ-temperature close to the one of a poly[n]catenane.
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Takata T. Switchable Polymer Materials Controlled by Rotaxane Macromolecular Switches. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:129-143. [PMID: 32123731 PMCID: PMC7047276 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and dynamic nature of macromolecular systems controlled by rotaxane macromolecular switches are introduced to discuss the significance of rotaxane linking of polymer chains and its topological switching. Macromolecular switches have been synthesized from macromolecular [2]rotaxanes (M2Rs) using sec-ammonium salt/crown ether couples. The successful synthesis of M2Rs possessing a single polymer axle and one crown ether wheel, constituting a key component of the macromolecular switch, has allowed us to develop various unique applications such as the development of topology-transformable polymers. Polymer topological transformations (e.g., linear-star and linear-cyclic) are achieved using rotaxane-linked polymers and rotaxane macromolecular switches. The pronounced dynamic nature of these polymer systems is sufficiently interesting to design sophisticated stimuli-responsive molecules, polymers, and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshikazu Takata
- School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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8
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Takata T. Stimuli-Responsive Molecular and Macromolecular Systems Controlled by Rotaxane Molecular Switches. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20180330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshikazu Takata
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering and Research Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (RIPST), Tokyo Institute of Technology, and JST-CREST, Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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9
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2016. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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10
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Topology-transformable polymers: linear–branched polymer structural transformation via the mechanical linking of polymer chains. Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2017.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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Mechanically linked supramolecular polymer architectures derived from macromolecular [2]rotaxanes: Synthesis and topology transformation. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Ahamed BN, Van Velthem P, Robeyns K, Fustin CA. Influence of a Single Catenane on the Solid-State Properties of Mechanically Linked Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:468-472. [PMID: 35610870 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report on mechanically linked polymers containing a single catenane in the middle of the chain. These polymers were synthesized by a simple procedure consisting in "clicking" polymer chains onto a functionalized palladium-templated [2]catenane, allowing the preparation of a variety of mechanically linked polymers. The flexibility of the catenane junction was modulated by removing the Pd ion from the catenane to unlock the macrocycles and increase their mobility. We show that this mobility change has a strong impact on the solid-state properties of the polymers. This is illustrated by studying the glass transition temperature of polystyrene-based polymers and the crystallization behavior of poly(ethylene oxide)-based polymers. Our study proves that a change of flexibility of a single catenane inserted into a polymer chain drastically influences the polymer behavior in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Nisar Ahamed
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Bio- and Soft
Matter Division (BSMA), and ‡Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN),
Molecules Structure and Reactivity Division (MOST), Université catholique de Louvain, Place Pasteur
1, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Pascal Van Velthem
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Bio- and Soft
Matter Division (BSMA), and ‡Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN),
Molecules Structure and Reactivity Division (MOST), Université catholique de Louvain, Place Pasteur
1, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Koen Robeyns
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Bio- and Soft
Matter Division (BSMA), and ‡Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN),
Molecules Structure and Reactivity Division (MOST), Université catholique de Louvain, Place Pasteur
1, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Charles-André Fustin
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Bio- and Soft
Matter Division (BSMA), and ‡Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN),
Molecules Structure and Reactivity Division (MOST), Université catholique de Louvain, Place Pasteur
1, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Lewis JEM, Winn J, Cera L, Goldup SM. Iterative Synthesis of Oligo[n]rotaxanes in Excellent Yield. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:16329-16336. [PMID: 27700073 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We present an operationally simple iterative coupling strategy for the synthesis of oligomeric homo- and hetero[n]rotaxanes with precise control over the position of each macrocycle. The exceptional yield of the AT-CuAAC reaction, combined with optimized conditions that allow the rapid synthesis of the target oligomers, opens the door to the study of precision-engineered oligomeric interlocked molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E M Lewis
- Chemistry, University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Joby Winn
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary University of London , London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Luca Cera
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary University of London , London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Stephen M Goldup
- Chemistry, University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
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