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Rahman R, Malik F, Min Hein Z, Huang J, You H, Zhu Y. Continuous Flow Synthesis and Applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks: Advances and Innovations. Chempluschem 2024:e202400634. [PMID: 39714979 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2024] [Revised: 12/09/2024] [Accepted: 12/16/2024] [Indexed: 12/25/2024]
Abstract
Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are an emerging class of solid-state materials comprising inorganic elements and organic molecules. These hybrid materials are widely recognized for their diverse properties, rendering them indispensable in the field of organic synthesis, material science and the pharmaceutical industry. Although the traditional batch methods for MOFs synthesis are well-developed, they often struggle with reproducibility, scalability and environmental issues. However, the development of continuous flow techniques has emerged as a promising alternative, offering more efficient mass and heat transfer, precise reaction control, greater potential for automation, improved safety, and reduced environmental impact. This review primarily focuses on advanced continuous flow synthesis of MOFs incorporating techniques such as air flow, spray drying, microwave, micro-droplets, supercritical carbon dioxide, and ultrasound. Additionally, the recent advancements in applying MOFs as heterogeneous catalysts for various organic transformations under continuous flow conditions are discussed, categorized by the type of bond formation, including C-H bond formation (hydrogen reduction), C-C bond formation, and C-O bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashed Rahman
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Green Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Centre, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Fazal Malik
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Green Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Centre, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zaw Min Hein
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Green Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Centre, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Junrong Huang
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Green Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Centre, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hengzhi You
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Green Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Centre, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuxiang Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
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2
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Senthil Raja D, Tsai DH. Recent advances in continuous flow synthesis of metal-organic frameworks and their composites. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:8497-8515. [PMID: 38962908 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02088j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their composites have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their exceptional properties and diverse applications across various fields. The conventional batch synthesis methods for MOFs and their composites often suffer from challenges such as long reaction times, poor reproducibility, and limited scalability. Continuous flow synthesis has emerged as a promising alternative for overcoming these limitations. In this short review, we discuss the recent advancements, challenges, and future perspectives of continuous flow synthesis in the context of MOFs and their composites. The review delves into a brief overview of the fundamental principles of flow synthesis, highlighting its advantages over batch methods. Key benefits, including precise control over reaction parameters, improved scalability and efficiency, rapid optimization capabilities, enhanced reaction kinetics and mass transfer, and increased safety and environmental sustainability, are addressed. Additionally, the versatility and flexibility of flow synthesis techniques are discussed. The article then explores various flow synthesis methods applicable to MOF and MOF composite production. The techniques covered include continuous flow solvothermal synthesis, mechanochemical synthesis, microwave and ultrasound-assisted flow synthesis, microfluidic droplet synthesis, and aerosol synthesis. Notably, the combination of flow chemistry and aerosol synthesis with real-time characterization is also addressed. Furthermore, the impact of flow synthesis on the properties and performance of MOFs is explored. Finally, the review discusses current challenges and future perspectives in the field of continuous flow MOF synthesis, paving the way for further development and broader application of this promising technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Senthil Raja
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., 300044 Hsinchu City, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - De-Hao Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., 300044 Hsinchu City, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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3
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Jiang Y, Chen TY, Chen JL, Liu Y, Yuan X, Yan J, Sun Q, Xu Z, Zhang D, Wang X, Meng C, Guo X, Ren L, Liu L, Lin RYY. Heterostructured Bimetallic MOF-on-MOF Architectures for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306910. [PMID: 37884276 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Electron modulation presents a captivating approach to fabricate efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), yet it remains a challenging undertaking. In this study, an effective strategy is proposed to regulate the electronic structure of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) by the construction of MOF-on-MOF heterogeneous architectures. As a representative heterogeneous architectures, MOF-74 on MOF-274 hybrids are in situ prepared on 3D metal substrates (NiFe alloy foam (NFF)) via a two-step self-assembly method, resulting in MOF-(74 + 274)@NFF. Through a combination of spectroscopic and theory calculation, the successful modulation of the electronic property of MOF-(74 + 274)@NFF is unveiled. This modulation arises from the phase conjugation of the two MOFs and the synergistic effect of the multimetallic centers (Ni and Fe). Consequently, MOF-(74 + 274)@NFF exhibits excellent OER activity, displaying ultralow overpotentials of 198 and 223 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 in the 1.0 and 0.1 M KOH solutions, respectively. This work paves the way for manipulating the electronic structure of electrocatalysts to enhance their catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Tsung-Yi Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 300092, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Lung Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 300092, Taiwan
| | - Ying Liu
- Multi-Scale Porous Materials Center, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Xiaolu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jicong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zichen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Daliang Zhang
- Multi-Scale Porous Materials Center, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Changgong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian, 116622, China
| | - Xinwen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Limin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Lingmei Liu
- Multi-Scale Porous Materials Center, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Ryan Yeh-Yung Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
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4
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Halder A, Bain DC, Pitt TA, Shi Z, Oktawiec J, Lee JH, Tsangari S, Ng M, Fuentes-Rivera JJ, Forse AC, Runčevski T, Muller DA, Musser AJ, Milner PJ. Kinetic Trapping of Photoluminescent Frameworks During High-Concentration Synthesis of Non-Emissive Metal-Organic Frameworks. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:10086-10098. [PMID: 38225948 PMCID: PMC10788154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous, crystalline materials constructed from organic linkers and inorganic nodes with potential utility in gas separations, drug delivery, sensing, and catalysis. Small variations in MOF synthesis conditions can lead to a range of accessible frameworks with divergent chemical or photophysical properties. New methods to controllably access phases with tailored properties would broaden the scope of MOFs that can be reliably prepared for specific applications. Herein, we demonstrate that simply increasing the reaction concentration during the solvothermal synthesis of M2(dobdc) (M = Mg, Mn, Ni; dobdc4- = 2,5-dioxido-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate) MOFs unexpectedly leads to trapping of a new framework termed CORN-MOF-1 (CORN = Cornell University) instead. In-depth spectroscopic, crystallographic, and computational studies support that CORN-MOF-1 has a similar structure to M2(dobdc) but with partially protonated linkers and charge-balancing or coordinated formate groups in the pores. The resultant variation in linker spacings causes CORN-MOF-1 (Mg) to be strongly photoluminescent in the solid state, whereas H4dobdc and Mg2(dobdc) are weakly emissive due to excimer formation. In-depth photophysical studies suggest that CORN-MOF-1 (Mg) is the first MOF based on the H2dobdc2- linker that likely does not emit via an excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) pathway. In addition, CORN-MOF-1 variants can be converted into high-quality samples of the thermodynamic M2(dobdc) phases by heating in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). Overall, our findings support that high-concentration synthesis provides a straightforward method to identify new MOFs with properties distinct from known materials and to produce highly porous samples of MOFs, paving the way for the discovery and gram-scale synthesis of framework materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Halder
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, United States
| | - David C. Bain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, United States
| | - Tristan A. Pitt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, United States
| | - Zixiao Shi
- Department of Applied Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, United States
| | - Julia Oktawiec
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, United States
| | - Jung-Hoon Lee
- Computational Science Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Stavrini Tsangari
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, United States
| | - Marcus Ng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, United States
| | - José J. Fuentes-Rivera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, United States
| | - Alexander C. Forse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Tomče Runčevski
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, 75275, United States
| | - David A. Muller
- Department of Applied Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, United States
| | - Andrew J. Musser
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, United States
| | - Phillip J. Milner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, United States
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Moharramnejad M, Ehsani A, Shahi M, Gharanli S, Saremi H, Malekshah RE, Basmenj ZS, Salmani S, Mohammadi M. MOF as nanoscale drug delivery devices: Synthesis and recent progress in biomedical applications. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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6
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Phan PT, Hong J, Tran N, Le TH. The Properties of Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Metal-Organic Frameworks and Their Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:352. [PMID: 36678105 PMCID: PMC9864337 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOF) are a class of porous materials with various functions based on their host-guest chemistry. Their selectivity, diffusion kinetics, and catalytic activity are influenced by their design and synthetic procedure. The synthesis of different MOFs has been of considerable interest during the past decade thanks to their various applications in the arena of sensors, catalysts, adsorption, and electronic devices. Among the different techniques for the synthesis of MOFs, such as the solvothermal, sonochemical, ionothermal, and mechanochemical processes, microwave-assisted synthesis has clinched a significant place in MOF synthesis. The main assets of microwave-assisted synthesis are the short reaction time, the fast rate of nucleation, and the modified properties of MOFs. The review encompasses the development of the microwave-assisted synthesis of MOFs, their properties, and their applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Thi Phan
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Lac Hong University, Bien Hoa 810000, Vietnam
| | - Jeongsoo Hong
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngo Tran
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Hoa Le
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
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7
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Tran TV, Jalil AA, Nguyen DTC, Alhassan M, Nabgan W, Cao ANT, Nguyen TM, Vo DVN. A critical review on the synthesis of NH 2-MIL-53(Al) based materials for detection and removal of hazardous pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114422. [PMID: 36162476 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, emerging hazardous pollutants have caused many harmful effects on the environment and human health, calling for the state of the art methods for detection, qualification, and treatment. Metal-organic frameworks are porous, flexible, and versatile materials with unique structural properties, which can solve such problems. In this work, we reviewed the synthesis, activation, and characterization, and potential applications of NH2-MIL-53(Al). This material exhibited intriguing breathing effects, and obtained very high surface areas (182.3-1934 m2/g) with diverse morphologies. More importantly, NH2-MIL-53(Al) based materials could be used for the detection and removal of various toxic pollutants such as organic dyes, pharmaceuticals, herbicides, insecticides, phenols, heavy metals, and fluorides. We shed light on plausible adsorption mechanisms such as hydrogen bonds, π-π stacking interactions, and electrostatic interactions onto NH2-MIL-53(Al) adsorbents. Interestingly, NH2-MIL-53(Al) based adsorbents could be recycled for many cycles with high stability. This review also recommended that NH2-MIL-53(Al) based materials can be a good platform for the environmental remediation fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuan Van Tran
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Institute of Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam
| | - A A Jalil
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Duyen Thi Cam Nguyen
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Institute of Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam
| | - Mansur Alhassan
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Department of Chemistry, Sokoto State University, PMB, 2134, Airport Road, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Walid Nabgan
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Anh Ngoc T Cao
- Institute of Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam
| | - Tung M Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam
| | - Dai-Viet N Vo
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
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Besenhard MO, Pal S, Gkogkos G, Gavriilidis A. Non-fouling flow reactors for nanomaterial synthesis. REACT CHEM ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00412g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a holistic description of flow reactor fouling for wet-chemical nanomaterial syntheses. Fouling origins and consequences are discussed together with the variety of flow reactors for its prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sayan Pal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Georgios Gkogkos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Asterios Gavriilidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
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Shi WD, Wang C, Yan WC. Model-based design and operation of coaxial probe-type microwave reactor toward large-scale production of nanoparticles. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.118162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Li Y, Wen G, Li J, Li Q, Zhang H, Tao B, Zhang J. Synthesis and shaping of metal-organic frameworks: a review. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:11488-11506. [PMID: 36165339 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04190a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) possess excellent advantages, such as high porosity, large specific surface area, and an adjustable structure, showing good potential for applications in gas adsorption and separation, catalysis, conductivity, sensing, magnetism, etc. However, they still suffer from significant limitations in terms of the scale-up synthesis and shaping, hindering the realization of large-scale commercial applications. Despite some attempts having been devoted to addressing this, challenges remain. In this paper, we outline the advantages and drawbacks of existing synthetic routes such as electrochemistry, microwave, ultrasonic radiation, green solvent reflux, room temperature stirring, steam-assisted transformation, mechanochemistry, and fluid chemistry in terms of scale-up production. Then, the shaping methods of MOFs such as extrusion, mechanical compaction, rolling granulation, spray drying, gel technology, embedded granulation, phase inversion, 3D printing and other shaping methods for the preparation of membranes, coatings and nanoparticles are discussed. Finally, perspectives on the large-scale synthesis and shaping of MOFs are also proposed. This work helps provide in-depth insight into the scale-up production and shaping process of MOFs and boost commercial applications of MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Guilin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Jianzhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Qingrun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Hongxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Bin Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China.
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11
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Xu S, Dong P, Liu H, Li H, Chen C, Feng S, Fan J. Lotus-like Ni@NiO nanoparticles embedded porous carbon derived from MOF-74/cellulose nanocrystal hybrids as solid phase microextraction coating for ultrasensitive determination of chlorobenzenes from water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 429:128384. [PMID: 35236041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lotus-like Ni@NiO embedded porous carbons (Ni@NiO/PCs) were fabricated by pyrolysis of MOF-74/cellulose nanocrystal hybrids, and used as a solid phase microextraction (SPME) coating for ultrasensitive determination of chlorobenzenes (CBs) from water combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Owing to its abundant chemical groups, high porosity, and excellent thermal stability, the as-prepared Ni@NiO/PCs presented superior extraction performance compared to commercial SPME coatings. Notably, Ni@NiO/PCs derived from MOF-74/CNC hybrids presented higher extraction efficiencies towards CBs than that derived from pristine CNC and MOF-74 due to the formation of micro/mesopores and more abundant oxygen-containing groups. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the proposed analytical method presented wide linearity range (0.5-1500 ng L-1), ultra-low detection of limit (0.005-0.049 ng L-1), and excellent precision with relative standard deviations of 4.7-9.2% for a single fiber and 8.8-10.9% for 5 fibers, and long lifetime (≥160 times). The proposed analytical method was finally applied for determination of CBs from real water samples, and the recoveries were in the range of 93.2-116.8% towards eight CBs. This study delivered a novel and efficient sorbent as SPME coating to extraction and determination of CBs from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengrui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China; Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution and Control, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China.
| | - Panlong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Hailin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Huimin Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Changpo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Suling Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China.
| | - Jing Fan
- Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution and Control, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
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12
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Xu Z, Yeh CL, Jiang Y, Yun X, Li CT, Ho KC, Lin JT, Lin RYY. Orientation-Adjustable Metal-Organic Framework Nanorods for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:28242-28251. [PMID: 34110779 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A series of orientation-adjustable metal-organic framework (MOF) nanorods, CoFe(dobpdc)-I to CoFe(dobpdc)-III (dobpdc = 4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl-3,3'-dicarboxylate), is developed on a 3D nickel foam (NF) template. By modulating the solvent composition for synthesis, the feature of MOF nanorods on the template can be varied from disorganized to a unidirectional orientation perpendicular to the NF. Well-aligned, vertically oriented CoFe(dobpdc)-III nanorods are hydrophilic and have more exposed active sites and interfacial charge transfer ability. Consequently, they exhibit a superior activity for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with ultralow overpotentials of 176 and 240 mV at 10 and 300 mA cm-2 in 1.0 M KOH (aq), respectively. CoFe(dobpdc)-III also shows a record low overpotential of 204 mV at J10 mA cm-2 among the electrocatalysts based on CoFe MOF and an excellent overpotential at a high current density (100 mA cm-2) of 312 mV in 0.1 M KOH (aq). This is the first report of a convenient method to straighten up MOF nanorods on a template for highly efficient OER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, P. R. China
| | - Chia-Lin Yeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yuanjuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, P. R. China
| | - Xinru Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chuan Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jiann T Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ryan Yeh-Yung Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, P. R. China
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13
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Tanaka Y, Yamada S, Tanaka D. Continuous Fluidic Techniques for the Precise Synthesis of Metal-Organic Frameworks. Chempluschem 2021; 86:650-661. [PMID: 33864353 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The continuous fluidics-based synthesis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has attracted considerable attention, resulting in advancements in the reaction efficiency, a continuous production of complex structures, and access to products that are difficult or impossible to attain by bulk synthetic routes. This Minireview discusses the continuous fluidics-based synthesis of MOFs in terms of reaction process control, and is divided into three chapters dealing with the efficient synthesis of high-quality MOFs, the confined-space synthesis of MOF composites with diverse morphologies, and the selective synthesis of metastable products. The products of continuous fluidic synthetic process are introduced (e. g., uniform products, composites, fibers, membranes, and metastable products with advantageous properties that cannot be obtained by bulk synthesis), and their usefulness is demonstrated by referencing representative examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1, Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Saki Yamada
- Department of Chemistry School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1, Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1, Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
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14
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Ploetz E, Zimpel A, Cauda V, Bauer D, Lamb DC, Haisch C, Zahler S, Vollmar AM, Wuttke S, Engelke H. Metal-Organic Framework Nanoparticles Induce Pyroptosis in Cells Controlled by the Extracellular pH. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907267. [PMID: 32182391 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201909062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ion homeostasis is essential for cellular survival, and elevated concentrations of specific ions are used to start distinct forms of programmed cell death. However, investigating the influence of certain ions on cells in a controlled way has been hampered due to the tight regulation of ion import by cells. Here, it is shown that lipid-coated iron-based metal-organic framework nanoparticles are able to deliver and release high amounts of iron ions into cells. While high concentrations of iron often trigger ferroptosis, here, the released iron induces pyroptosis, a form of cell death involving the immune system. The iron release occurs only in slightly acidic extracellular environments restricting cell death to cells in acidic microenvironments and allowing for external control. The release mechanism is based on endocytosis facilitated by the lipid-coating followed by degradation of the nanoparticle in the lysosome via cysteine-mediated reduction, which is enhanced in slightly acidic extracellular environment. Thus, a new functionality of hybrid nanoparticles is demonstrated, which uses their nanoarchitecture to facilitate controlled ion delivery into cells. Based on the selectivity for acidic microenvironments, the described nanoparticles may also be used for immunotherapy: the nanoparticles may directly affect the primary tumor and the induced pyroptosis activates the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Ploetz
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CiPSM), LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Andreas Zimpel
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Valentina Cauda
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, 10129, Italy
| | - David Bauer
- Department of Chemistry, TU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Don C Lamb
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CiPSM), LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Zahler
- Department of Pharmacy, LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Wuttke
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, 48940, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
| | - Hanna Engelke
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
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15
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Chen L, Zhang X, Zhou J, Xie Z, Kuang Q, Zheng L. A nano-reactor based on PtNi@metal-organic framework composites loaded with polyoxometalates for hydrogenation-esterification tandem reactions. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:3292-3299. [PMID: 30720824 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr08734b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tandem catalysis (i.e., a process in which a desirable product is synthesized by a one-step process consisting of sequential reactions) has attracted intensive attention owing to its sustainable green and atom-economical characteristics. In this process, the utilization of a high-efficiency multifunctional catalyst is key. However, different functional sites integrated within the catalyst are required to be rationally designed and precisely engineered to guarantee the synergy between the catalytic reactions. Herein, a novel kind of hydrogenation-esterification tandem catalyst with metal/acid (alloy/polyoxometalates) active sites integrated within the metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) was prepared by a facile self-sacrificial template route. In this tandem catalyst, the MOF cavities served as tandem reactors, the PtNi alloy sites encapsulated within the MOF material acted as hydrogenation sites, and the solid phosphotungstic acid embedded in the MOF cavities provided esterification sites. This well-designed tandem catalyst showed outstanding activity and selectivity towards the one-step synthesis of amino-ester-type anesthetics (e.g., benzocaine) owing to the synergistic catalysis of the metal and acid sites. Clearly, this novel tandem catalyst simplifies the traditional industry process and provides a new method to rationally construct new tandem catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces & Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China.
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16
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Chen C, Feng X, Zhu Q, Dong R, Yang R, Cheng Y, He C. Microwave-Assisted Rapid Synthesis of Well-Shaped MOF-74 (Ni) for CO2 Efficient Capture. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:2717-2728. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Xiangbo Feng
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Controllable Neutron Source, Xijing University, Xi’an 710123, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Rui Dong
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Chi He
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, P.R. China
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17
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Tao X, Sun C, Han Y, Huang L, Xu D. The plasma assisted preparation of Fe-MOFs with high adsorption capacity. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce00015a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The plasma preparation of MOF-235
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Affiliation(s)
- Xumei Tao
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Chao Sun
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Yuanyuan Han
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Liang Huang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Dongyan Xu
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- China
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18
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Wang Q, Wei F, Manoj D, Zhang Z, Xiao J, Zhao X, Xiao F, Wang H, Wang S. In situ growth of Fe(ii)-MOF-74 nanoarrays on nickel foam as an efficient electrocatalytic electrode for water oxidation: a mechanistic study on valence engineering. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:11307-11310. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05087f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DFT results first demonstrate that varying the metal valence can tune the stable intrinsic electronic structure of MOF, different valence Fe(ii) and Fe(iii)-MOF-74 nanoarrrays on nickel foam are further synthesized as electrode for water oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science & Technology
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| | - Feifei Wei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Hubei University
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| | - Devaraj Manoj
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science & Technology
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| | - Zheye Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science & Technology
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| | - Junwu Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science & Technology
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| | - Xuezhu Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science & Technology
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| | - Fei Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science & Technology
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| | - Hairen Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Hubei University
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| | - Shuai Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science & Technology
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
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Burgaz E, Erciyes A, Andac M, Andac O. Synthesis and characterization of nano-sized metal organic framework-5 (MOF-5) by using consecutive combination of ultrasound and microwave irradiation methods. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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20
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Rubio-Martinez M, Avci-Camur C, Thornton AW, Imaz I, Maspoch D, Hill MR. New synthetic routes towards MOF production at scale. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:3453-3480. [PMID: 28530737 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00109f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The potential commercial applications for metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are tantalizing. To address the opportunity, many novel approaches for their synthesis have been developed recently. These strategies present a critical step towards harnessing the myriad of potential applications of MOFs by enabling larger scale production and hence real-world applications. This review provides an up-to-date survey ( references) of the most promising novel synthetic routes, i.e., electrochemical, microwave, mechanochemical, spray drying and flow chemistry synthesis. Additionally, the essential topic of downstream processes, especially for large scale synthesis, is critically reviewed. Lastly we present the current state of MOF commercialization with direct feedback from commercial players.
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21
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Van Vleet MJ, Weng T, Li X, Schmidt J. In Situ, Time-Resolved, and Mechanistic Studies of Metal–Organic Framework Nucleation and Growth. Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary J. Van Vleet
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tingting Weng
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Xinyi Li
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - J.R. Schmidt
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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22
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Review on the current practices and efforts towards pilot-scale production of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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24
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Zhang J, Gong C, Zeng X, Xie J. Continuous flow chemistry: New strategies for preparative inorganic chemistry. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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25
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Lamiel C, Nguyen VH, Roh C, Kang C, Shim JJ. Synthesis of mesoporous RGO@(Co,Mn)3O4 nanocomposite by microwave-assisted method for supercapacitor application. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.05.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Taddei M, Steitz DA, van Bokhoven JA, Ranocchiari M. Continuous-Flow Microwave Synthesis of Metal-Organic Frameworks: A Highly Efficient Method for Large-Scale Production. Chemistry 2016; 22:3245-3249. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201505139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Taddei
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry; Paul Scherrer Institut; 5232 Villigen-PSI Switzerland
| | - Daniel Antti Steitz
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; ETH Zürich; Vladimir Prelog Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Jeroen Anton van Bokhoven
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry; Paul Scherrer Institut; 5232 Villigen-PSI Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; ETH Zürich; Vladimir Prelog Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Marco Ranocchiari
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry; Paul Scherrer Institut; 5232 Villigen-PSI Switzerland
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