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Debnath S, Giri S, Mani G. Selective synthesis of the missing tiara-like Ni 10, Ni 5 and Ni 6 thiolates by the C-S bond cleavage of bis(thioether) molecules with a DFT study. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:14875-14886. [PMID: 39189101 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt02047b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
A series of new bis(phenylthioether) and bis(benzylthioether) compounds (L1-L5) having hexahydropyrimidine, imidazolidine and dihydroperimidine backbones were synthesized. Instead of giving NHC complexes, these compounds undergo facile C-S bond cleavages upon treatment with Ni(II) salts to selectively give new toroidal Ni(II) thiolates: [Ni10(SPh)20] (1) and [Ni5(SCH2Ph)10] (5), and the known [Ni6(SCH2Ph)12] (8), as confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. By-products such as RSSR (R = Ph and CH2Ph) and partially C-S bond cleaved starting compounds were isolated or detected as well from these reactions. The C-S bond cleavage does not take place with L5 having the dihydroperimidine backbone and a plausible mechanism is proposed based on by-products isolated or detected. DFT calculations give insights into the electronic structures of these ring systems and the nature of bonding with which a dichloromethane is present inside the cavity of 1. Experimentally observed absorption spectra of 1, 5 and 8 match with the calculated spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suparno Debnath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302 India.
| | - Sandip Giri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302 India.
| | - Ganesan Mani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302 India.
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Xiang H, Cheng R, Ruan C, Meng C, Gan Y, Cheng W, Zhao Y, Xu CQ, Li J, Yao C. A homologous series of macrocyclic Ni clusters: synthesis, structures, and catalytic properties. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:4563-4570. [PMID: 38305474 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06015b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Due to their intriguing ring structures and promising applications, nickel-thiolate clusters, such as [Nin(SR)2n] (n = 4-6), have attracted tremendous interest. However, investigation of the synthesis, structures, and properties of macrocyclic Nin clusters (n > 8) has been seriously impeded. In this work, a homologous series of macrocyclic nickel clusters, Nin(4MPT)2n (n = 9-12), was fabricated by using 4-methylphenthiophenol (4MPT) as the ligand. The structures and compositions of the clusters were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD) in combination with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Experimental results and theoretical calculations show that the electronic structures of the clusters do not change significantly with the increase of Ni atoms. The coordination interactions between Ni and S atoms in [NiS4] subunits are proved to play a crucial rule in the remarkable stability of Ni clusters. Finally, these clusters display excellent catalytic activity towards the reduction of p-nitrophenol, and a linear correlation between catalytic activity and ring size was revealed. The study provides a facile approach to macrocyclic homoleptic nickel clusters, and contributes to an in-depth understanding of the structure-property correlations of nickel clusters at the atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Xiang
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China.
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Ranran Cheng
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Chenhao Ruan
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China.
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Changqing Meng
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China.
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yuzheng Gan
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China.
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Wanyu Cheng
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China.
| | - Yue Zhao
- Coordination Chemistry Institute, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cong-Qiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- Department of Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare-Earth Materials of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Chuanhao Yao
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China.
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
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Das A, Ganguly T, Majumdar A. Thiolate Coordination vs C-S Bond Cleavage of Thiolates in Dinickel(II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:944-958. [PMID: 33405907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A detailed study for the synthesis of dinickel(II)-thiolate and dinickel(II)-hydrosulfide complexes and the complete characterization of the relevant intermediates involved in the C-S bond cleavage of thiolates are presented. Hydrated Ni(II) salts mediate the hydrolytic C-S bond cleavage of thiolates (NaSR/RSH; R = Me, Et, nBu, tBu), albeit inefficiently, to yield a mixture of a dinickel(II)-hydrosulfide complex, [Ni2(BPMP)(μ-SH)(DMF)2]2+ (1), and the corresponding dinickel(II)-thiolate complexes, such as [Ni2(BPMP)(μ-SEt)(ClO4)]1+ (2) (HBPMP is 2,6-bis[[bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amino]methyl]-4-methylphenol). A systematic study for the reactivity of thiolates with Ni(II) was therefore pursued which finally yielded 1 as a pure product which has been characterized in comparison with the dinickel(II)-dichloride complex, [Ni2(BPMP)(Cl)2(MeOH)2]1+ (3). While the reaction of thiolates with anhydrous Ni(OTf)2 in dry conditions could only yield [Ni2(BPMP)(OTf)2]1+ (5) instead of the expected dinickel(II)-thiolate compound, the C-S bond cleavage could be suppressed by the use of a chelating thiol, such as PhCOSH, to yield [Ni2(BPMP)(SCOPh)2]1+ (6). Finally, with the suitable choice of a monodentate thiol, a dinickel(II)-monothiolate complex, [Ni2(BPMP)(SPh)(DMF)(MeOH)(H2O)]2+ (7), was isolated as a pure product within 1 h of reaction, which after a longer time of reaction yielded 1 and PhOH. Complex 7 may thus be regarded as the intermediate that precedes the C-S bond cleavage and is generated by the reaction of a thiolate with an initially formed dinickel(II)-solvento complex, [Ni2(BPMP)(MeOH)2(H2O)2]3+(4). Selected dinickel(II) complexes were explored further for the scope of substitution reactions, and the results include the isolation of a dinickel(II)-bis(thiolate) complex, [Ni2(BPMP)(μ-SPh)2]1+ (8).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Das
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Tuhin Ganguly
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Amit Majumdar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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Zhu J, Yan S, Xiao H, Jiang J, Li X. Nickel(II) cluster-based mixed-cation coordination polymer synthesized from 2-mercaptobenzoic acid and its application. Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem 2019; 75:877-882. [PMID: 31271375 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229619007368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
High-nuclearity metal clusters have received considerable attention not only because of their diverse architectures and topologies, but also because of their potential applications as functional materials in many fields. To explore new types of clusters and their potential applications, a new nickel(II) cluster-based mixed-cation coordination polymer, namely poly[hexakis[μ4-(2-carboxylatophenyl)sulfanido]di-μ3-chlorido-tri-μ2-hydroxido-octanickel(II)sodium(I)], [Ni8NaCl2(OH)3(C7H4O2S)6]n, 1, was synthesized using nickel chloride hexahydrate and mercaptobenzoic acid (H2mba) as starting reactants under hydrothermal conditions. The material was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, powder X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. SCXRD shows that 1 consists of a hexanuclear nickel(II) [Ni6] cluster, dinuclear NiII nodes and a mononuclear NaI node, resulting in the formation of a complex covalent three-dimensional network. In addition, a tightly packed NiO/C&S nanocomposite is fabricated by sintering the coordination precursor at 400 °C. The uniform nanocomposite consists of NiO nanoparticles, incompletely carbonized carbon and incompletely vulcanized sulfur. When used as a supercapacitor electrode, the synthesized composite shows an extra-long cycling stability (>5000 cycles) during the charge/discharge process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Yan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongping Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China
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Cook AW, Hayton TW. Case Studies in Nanocluster Synthesis and Characterization: Challenges and Opportunities. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:2456-2464. [PMID: 30240192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Atomically precise nanoclusters (APNCs) are an emerging area of nanoscience. Their monodispersity and well-defined arrangement of capping ligands facilitates the interrogation of their fundamental physical properties, allowing for the development of structure-function relationships, as well as their optimization for a variety of applications, including quantum computing, solid-state memory, catalysis, sensing, and imaging. However, APNCs present several unique synthetic and characterization challenges. For example, nanocluster syntheses are infamously low yielding and often generate complicated mixtures. This combination of factors makes nanocluster purification and characterization more difficult than that of typical inorganic or organometallic complexes. Yet, while this fact is undoubtedly true, the past lessons learned from the characterization of inorganic complexes are still useful today. In this Account, we discuss six case studies taken from the recent literature in an attempt to identify common challenges and pitfalls encountered in APNC synthesis and characterization. For example, we show that several reducing agents employed in APNC synthesis, including the commonly used reagent NaBH4, do not always behave as anticipated. Indeed, we highlight one case where NaBH4 reduces the ligand and not the metal center, and other cases where NaBH4 acts as a Brønstead base instead of a reducing agent. In addition, we have identified several instances where the use of phase transfer agents, which were added to mediate APNC formation, played no role in the nanocluster synthesis, and likely made the isolation of pure material more difficult. We have also identified several cases of cluster misidentification driven by spurious or ambiguous characterization data, most commonly collected by mass spectrometry. To address these challenges, we propose that the nanocluster community adopt a standard protocol of characterization, similar to those used by the organometallic and coordination chemistry communities. This protocol requires that many complementary techniques be used in concert to confirm formulation, structure, and analytical purity of APNC samples. Two techniques that are underutilized in this regard are combustion analysis and NMR spectroscopy. NMR spectroscopy, in particular, can provide information on purity and formulation that are difficult to collect with any other technique. X-ray absorption spectroscopy is another powerful method of nanocluster characterization, especially in cases where single crystals for X-ray diffraction are not forthcoming. Chromatographic techniques can also be extremely valuable for assessing purity, but are rarely used during APNC characterization. Our goal with this Account is to begin a discussion with respect to the best protocols for nanocluster synthesis and characterization. We believe that embracing a standard characterization protocol would make APNC synthesis more reliable, thereby accelerating their integration into a variety of technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Trevor W. Hayton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Martin H, Pfeiffer CR, Stephen Davies E, Davis AL, Lewis W, Champness NR. Influence of Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions on Nuclearity and Structure of Palladium Tiara-like Complexes. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:8769-8776. [PMID: 31459009 PMCID: PMC6644359 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The role of intramolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions upon the nuclearity of palladium tiara-like complexes is reported herein. The synthesis of three palladium tiaras is described with three related thiolate ligands that vary in their hydrogen-bonding capability, amide vs ester for N-acetylcysteamine (tiara 1) vs 2-mercaptoethyl acetate (tiara 2) or ethyl thioglycolate (tiara 3), and in the relative position of the ester group, 2-mercaptoethyl acetate (2) or ethyl thioglycolate (3). Mass spectrometry indicates that, in the absence of protic solvents, N-acetylcysteamine reacts to form exclusively a six-membered tiara, [Pd(SCH2CH2NHCOCH3)2]6, 1, whereas the ester containing analogues form both six- and eight-membered tiaras. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies indicate the significance of intramolecular N-H···O hydrogen bonds in determining the nuclearity of the amide-containing tiara 1. NMR studies indicate that 1 is not in equilibrium with larger tiaras in solution, and that the smaller size of the aggregate inhibits the fluxional behavior of the pendant thiolate ligands, typically observed for larger tiaras. Electrochemical investigations of 1 reveal reductive processes that exhibit an increase in current upon addition of acid, along with the formation of palladium nanoparticles.
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Pan Y, Chen J, Gong S, Wang Z. Co-synthesis of atomically precise nickel nanoclusters and the pseudo-optical gap of Ni4(SR)8. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:11097-11103. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02059k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For Nin(SR)2n, electrochemical gaps reflect their HOMO–LUMO gaps more accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanze Pan
- Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Jishi Chen
- Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Shida Gong
- Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao
- China
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