1
|
Du J, Wang B, Chen Y, Li X, Wang C. Theoretical investigation of potential energetic material CL-20/TNBP co-crystal explosive based on molecular dynamics method. J Mol Model 2024; 30:348. [PMID: 39316169 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-06154-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT The exploration of CL-20 eutectic has been a subject of fervent interest within the realm of high-energy material modification. Through the utilization of density functional and molecular dynamics methods, an investigation into the characteristics of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20)/4,4',5,5'-tetranitro-2H,2'H-3,3'-bipyrazole (TNBP)within the molar ratio range of 4:1-1:4 was conducted. This inquiry encompassed the scrutiny of molecular interaction pathways, attachment force, initiating molecular distance, unified energy concentration, and physical characteristics. Furthermore, the EXPLO-5 was harnessed to prognosticate the explosion features and byproducts of unadulterated CL-20, TNBP, and CL-20/TNBP frameworks. The findings delineate a substantial differentiation in the electrostatic charge distribution on the surface between CL-20 and TNBP particles, signifying the preeminence of intermolecular interactions between disparate entities over those within similar entities, thus intimating the plausibility of the eutectic constitution. Remarkably, the identification of maximal attachment force at a molar ratio of 1:1 suggests the heightened likelihood of eutectic formation, propelled primarily by electrostatic and van der Waals forces. The resultant eutectic explosive evinces intermediate reactivity and exemplary mechanical attributes. Moreover, the detonation achievement of the eutectic with a molar proportion of 1:1 straddles that of CL-20 and TNBP, representing a new type of insensitive high-energy material. METHODS The testing method employs the Materials Studio software and utilizes the molecular dynamics (MD) method to predict the properties of CL-20/TNBP cocrystals with different ratios and crystal faces. The MD simulation time step is set to 1 fs, and the total MD simulation time is 2 ns. An isothermal-isobaric (NPT) ensemble is used for the 2 ns MD simulation. The COMPASS force field is employed, with the temperature set to 295 K. The prediction of detonation characteristics and products is conducted using the EXPLO-5 software.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihang Du
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| | - Baoguo Wang
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China.
| | - Yafang Chen
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Du J, Wang B, Chen Y, Li X, Wang C. Theoretical study of potential energetic material CL-20/DNAN eutectic explosive based on molecular dynamics method. J Mol Model 2024; 30:311. [PMID: 39158795 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-06109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT The exploration of CL-20 eutectic has been a subject of fervent interest within the realm of high-energy material modification. Through the utilization of density functional and molecular dynamics methods, an investigation into the characteristics of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20)/2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) within the molar ratio range of 9:1-1:9 was conducted. This inquiry encompassed the scrutiny of molecular interaction pathway, attachment force, initiating molecular distance, unified energy concentration, and physical characteristics. Furthermore, EXPLO-5 was harnessed to prognosticate the explosion features and byproducts of unadulterated CL-20, DNAN, and CL-20/DNAN frameworks. The findings delineate a substantial differentiation in the electrostatic charge distribution on the surface between CL-20 and DNAN particles, signifying the preeminence of intermolecular interactions between disparate entities over those within similar entities, thus intimating the plausibility of eutectic constitution. Remarkably, the identification of maximal attachment force at a molar ratio of 4:6 suggests the heightened likelihood of eutectic formation, propelled primarily by electrostatic and van der Waals forces. The resultant eutectic explosive evinces intermediate reactivity and exemplary mechanical attributes. Moreover, the detonation achievement of the eutectic with a molar proportion of 4:6 straddles that of CL-20 and DNAN, representing a new type of insensitive high-energy material. METHODS The testing method employs the Materials Studio software and utilizes the molecular dynamics (MD) method to predict the properties of CL-20/DNAN co-crystals with different ratios and crystal faces. The MD simulation time step is set to 1 fs, and the total MD simulation time is 2 ns. An isothermal-isobaric (NPT) ensemble is used for the 2-ns MD simulation. The COMPASS force field is employed, with the temperature set to 295 K. The prediction of detonation characteristics and products is conducted using the EXPLO-5 software.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihang Du
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| | - Baoguo Wang
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China.
| | - Yafang Chen
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yu Z, Song X, Wang Y, Cheng Z, An C. Theoretical investigations on CL-20/ANTA co-crystal explosive via molecular dynamics method. J Mol Model 2023; 29:345. [PMID: 37848622 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05743-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The study of CL-20 co-crystal has always been a focal point within the field of energetic material modification. In this study, we employed a combination of density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the properties of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20)/3-amino-5-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (ANTA) with different molar ratios ranging from 4:1 to 1:4. Additionally, EXPLO-5 software utilized to predict the detonation properties and products of pure CL-20, ANTA, and CL-20/ANTA systems. The results revealed that there was an interaction between CL-20 and ANTA molecules, which had the potential to form a co-crystal. The most likely molar ratio for co-crystal formation was 1:1, and the main driving forces for co-crystal formation were electrostatic force, dispersion force, and van der Waals force. The co-crystal explosive exhibited moderate sensitivity and excellent mechanical properties. Furthermore, the co-crystal detonation performance at a molar ratio of 1:1 was between that of CL-20 and ANTA, representing a new type of insensitive high-energy material. METHODS The properties of CL-20/ANTA co-crystal were predicted by molecular dynamics (MD) method under Materials Studio software. For the whole MD simulations, set the temperature at 298 K, and the pressure was 0.0001 GPa. Conducted MD simulation under the NPT ensemble for a total simulation duration of 1 ns. The first 0.5 ns was used for thermodynamic equilibrium, and the last 0.5 ns was used for statistical calculation and analysis. Sampling was recorded every 10 fs during the calculation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Yu
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| | - Xiaolan Song
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Materials, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.
| | - Chongwei An
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hang GY, Yu WL, Wang JT, Wang T, Shen HM. Theoretical prediction on performance of a novel CL-20/bicyclo-HMX energetic cocrystal by MD method. Struct Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-02118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
5
|
Sultan M, Wu J, Haq IU, Imran M, Yang L, Wu J, Lu J, Chen L. Recent Progress on Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance of Energetic Cocrystals: A Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27154775. [PMID: 35897950 PMCID: PMC9330407 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In the niche area of energetic materials, a balance between energy and safety is extremely important. To address this "energy-safety contradiction", energetic cocrystals have been introduced. The investigation of the synthesis methods, characteristics, and efficacy of energetic cocrystals is of the utmost importance for optimizing their design and development. This review covers (i) various synthesis methods for energetic cocrystals; (ii) discusses their characteristics such as structural properties, detonation performance, sensitivity analysis, thermal properties, and morphology mapping, along with other properties such as oxygen balance, solubility, and fluorescence; and (iii) performance with respect to energy contents (detonation velocity and pressure) and sensitivity. This is followed by concluding remarks together with future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manzoor Sultan
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.S.); (L.Y.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (L.C.)
- Department of Physics, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Junying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.S.); (L.Y.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-136-914-20206
| | - Ihtisham Ul Haq
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Physics, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.S.); (L.Y.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (L.C.)
| | - JiaoJiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.S.); (L.Y.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Jianying Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.S.); (L.Y.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Lang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.S.); (L.Y.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (L.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang Y, Zheng W, Zhang L, Ma H, Zhang Y, Guo Z. Constructing planar C−N bond-linked bi-triazole high-energy explosives via the formation of salts. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20220060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering / Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Wanwan Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering / Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Lingfeng Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering / Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Haixia Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering / Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yazhou Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering / Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoqi Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering / Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li Y, Yu WL, Huang H, Zhu M, Wang JT. Anisotropic response of the co-crystal of CL-20/TNT under shock loading: molecular dynamics simulation. RSC Adv 2021; 11:38383-38390. [PMID: 35493208 PMCID: PMC9043970 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06746j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anisotropic response of the co-crystal of CL-20/TNT under shock loading is studied by analyzing the changes of thermodynamic parameters, product evolution and cluster evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Xi'an High-Tech Research Institute, Xi'an 710025, China
- Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Wen-Li Yu
- Xi'an High-Tech Research Institute, Xi'an 710025, China
| | - Huang Huang
- Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Jin-Tao Wang
- Xi'an High-Tech Research Institute, Xi'an 710025, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mechanochemical and solution syntheses of two novel cocrystals of orcinol with two N,N′-Dipyridines: Structural diversity with varying ligand flexibility. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
9
|
Zelenov VP, Baraboshkin NM, Khakimov DV, Muravyev NV, Meerov DB, Troyan IA, Pivina TS, Dzyabchenko AV, Fedyanin IV. Time for quartet: the stable 3 : 1 cocrystal formulation of FTDO and BTF – a high-energy-density material. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00639d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A computer simulation of cocrystal structures of [1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4-e][1,2,3,4]tetrazine 4,6-dioxide (FTDO) with benzotrifuroxan (BTF) in ratios of (3–1 : 1) was performed. Theoretically and experimentally was shown: a (3 : 1) cocrystal is formed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor P. Zelenov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Nikita M. Baraboshkin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry V. Khakimov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Nikita V. Muravyev
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry B. Meerov
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Ivan A. Troyan
- FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics”
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana S. Pivina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Alexandr V. Dzyabchenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Ivan V. Fedyanin
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu Z, Liu N, Zheng W, Chen J, Song X, Wang J, Cui C, Zhang D, Zhao F. Application and Properties of CL‐20/HMX Cocrystal in Composite Modified Double Base Propellants. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201900245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zongkai Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing institute of technology Beijing 102488 PR China
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 PR China
| | - Ning Liu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 PR China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 PR China
| | - Junbo Chen
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 PR China
| | - Xiuduo Song
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 PR China
| | - Jiangning Wang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 PR China
| | - Chang Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing institute of technology Beijing 102488 PR China
| | - Dongxiang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing institute of technology Beijing 102488 PR China
| | - Fengqi Zhao
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 PR China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Viswanath JV, Shanigaram B, Vijayadarshan P, Chowadary TV, Gupta A, Bhanuprakash K, Niranjana SR, Venkataraman A. Studies and Theoretical Optimization of CL‐20 : RDX Cocrystal. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201900126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jalla Venkata Viswanath
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Materials ScienceGulbarga University Kalaburagi- 585106 Karnataka India
- R&D centrePremier Explosives Limited Peddakandukur- 508286 Telangana India
| | - Balaiah Shanigaram
- Catalysis and Fine Chemicals DepartmentCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad 500007 India
| | - Panga Vijayadarshan
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Materials ScienceGulbarga University Kalaburagi- 585106 Karnataka India
- R&D centrePremier Explosives Limited Peddakandukur- 508286 Telangana India
| | | | - Amarnath Gupta
- R&D centrePremier Explosives Limited Peddakandukur- 508286 Telangana India
| | - Kotamarthi Bhanuprakash
- Catalysis and Fine Chemicals DepartmentCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad 500007 India
| | | | - Abbaraju Venkataraman
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Materials ScienceGulbarga University Kalaburagi- 585106 Karnataka India
- Department of ChemistryGulbarga University Kalaburagi- 585106 Karnataka India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhai P, Shi C, Zhao S, Mei Z, Pan Y. Molecular dynamics simulations of a cyclotetramethylene tetra-nitramine/hydrazine 5,5'-bitetrazole-1,1'-diolate cocrystal. RSC Adv 2019; 9:19390-19396. [PMID: 35519389 PMCID: PMC9065316 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02966d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An energetic ionic salt (EIS)-based cocrystal formation, cyclotetramethylene tetra-nitramine (HMX)/hydrazine 5,5′-bitetrazole-1,1′-diolate (HA·BTO), is predicted based on molecular dynamics simulations. HA·BTO is a newly-synthesized environmentally friendly energetic ionic salt with good detonation performance and low sensitivity. Calculated powder X-ray diffraction patterns and intermolecular interactions deduce the formation of the new cocrystal structure. Radial distribution function analysis suggests that hydrogen bonds and van der Waals (vdW) forces exist between the H⋯O pairs of HMX and HA·BTO, while the hydrogen bonds between the H of HA·BTO and the O of HMX play a prominent role. The cohesive energy density and mechanical properties are also analyzed. The cohesive energy density of the HMX/HA·BTO cocrystal is larger than that of the composite of HMX and HA·BTO, indicating an improvement in crystal stability by cocrystalization. Compared to both HMX and HA·BTO, HMX/HA·BTO has smaller Young modulus, bulk modulus and shear modulus values, but larger K/G values and a positive Cauchy pressure, suggesting decreased stiffness and improved ductibility. Moreover, the calculated formation energy is −405.79 kJ mol−1 at 298 K, which implies that the proposed cocrystal structure is likely to be synthesized at ambient temperature. In summary, we have predicted an EIS-based cocrystal formation in which the safety and mechanical properties of HMX have been improved via cocrystalization with HA·BTO, and this provides deep insight into the formation mechanism of the EIS-based cocrystal. An energetic ionic salt-based cocrystal formation, HMX/HA·BTO, is predicted based on molecular dynamics simulations.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhai
- Xi'an High-Tech Research Institute Xi'an 710025 People's Republic of China .,Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 People's Republic of China
| | - Chengying Shi
- Xi'an High-Tech Research Institute Xi'an 710025 People's Republic of China
| | - Shengxiang Zhao
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 People's Republic of China
| | - Zongshu Mei
- Xi'an High-Tech Research Institute Xi'an 710025 People's Republic of China
| | - Yinguang Pan
- Xi'an High-Tech Research Institute Xi'an 710025 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sun S, Zhang H, Xu J, Wang H, Wang S, Yu Z, Zhu C, Sun J. Design, preparation, characterization and formation mechanism of a novel kinetic CL-20-based cocrystal. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2019; 75:310-317. [PMID: 32830652 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520619002816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
2,4,6,8,10,12-Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20)-based cocrystals have gained increasing attention as a means of obtaining insensitive high explosives. However, the design of ideal candidates for these cocrystals remains difficult. This work compares the crystal energies of the CL-20-dinitrobenzene (DNB) and CL-20-2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) cocrystals with those of the respective pure coformers. The results indicate that the cocrystal formation is driven by the differences in the energies of the cocrystals and the coformers. Furthermore, analysis via Hirshfeld surfaces and two-dimensional fingerprint plots confirms that the O...O, O...H, O...N and C...O interactions were the main force for stabilizing the CL-20-based cocrystal structure. Based on these findings, a novel energetic-energetic cocrystal of CL-20-2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP) was designed and prepared by means of a rapid method for solvent removal. The crystal structure was investigated via powder X-ray diffraction methods, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results revealed that the O-H...O hydrogen bonding interaction between the phenolic hydroxyl group of TNP and nitro groups of CL-20, as well as nitro...π, nitro...nitro and ONO2...π(N)NO2 interactions, based on the benzene ring and nitro groups, are the main interactions occurring in the cocrystal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanhu Sun
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haobin Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjiang Xu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhua Zhu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Sun
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jia Q, Zhang J, Kou K, Zhang S, Xu Y. Preparation, Characterization and the Thermodynamic Properties of HNIW ⋅ TNT Cocrystal. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201800330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jia
- Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of ScienceNorthwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 P.R. China
| | - Jiaoqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of ScienceNorthwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 P.R. China
| | - Kaichang Kou
- Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of ScienceNorthwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 P.R. China
| | - Shijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of ScienceNorthwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 P.R. China
| | - Yunlong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of ScienceNorthwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tang J, Cheng G, Zhao Y, Yang P, Ju X, Yang H. Optimizing the molecular structure and packing style of a crystal by intramolecular cyclization from picrylhydrazone to indazole. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce00782b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Crystal engineering has prompted the development of energetic materials in recent years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Pengju Yang
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Xuehai Ju
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing
- China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nosikova LA, Kochetov AN, Kudryashova ZA, Melnikov AB, Churakov AV, Kuzmina LG. Molecular and Crystal Structure of the Cocrystal of p-n-Heptyloxybenzoic Acid‒p-n-Hexyloxybenzoic Acid, Obtained in the System of Mesomorphic Acids. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774518060238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
17
|
Liu Y, An C, Luo J, Wang J. High-density HNIW/TNT cocrystal synthesized using a green chemical method. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2018; 74:385-393. [PMID: 30141424 PMCID: PMC6108158 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520618008442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The main challenge for achieving better energetic materials is to increase their density. In this paper, cocrystals of HNIW (2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane, often referred to as CL-20) with TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) were synthesized using ethanol in a green chemical method. The cocrystal was formulated as C13H11N15O18 and possesses a higher density (1.934 g cm-3) than published previously (1.846 g cm-3). This high-density cocrystal possesses a new structure, which can be substantiated by the different types of hydrogen bonds. The predominant driving forces that connect HNIW with TNT in the new cocrystal were studied at ambient conditions using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The results reveal that the structure of the new HNIW/TNT cocrystals consists of three one-dimensional hydrogen-bonded chains exploiting the familiar HNIW-TNT multi-component supramolecular structure, in which two hydrogen-bonded chains are between -NO2 (HNIW) and -CH (TNT), and one hydrogen-bonded chain is between -CH (HNIW) and -NO2 (TNT). The changes to the electron binding energy and type of element in the new cocrystal were traced using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Meanwhile, the physicochemical characteristics alter after cocrystallization due to the hydrogen bonding. It was found that the new HNIW/TNT cocrystal is more thermodynamically stable than HNIW. Thermodynamic aspects of new cocrystal decomposition are investigated in order to explain this observation. The detonation velocity of new HNIW/TNT cocrystals is 8631 m s-1, close to that of HNIW, whereas the mechanical sensitivity is lower than HNIW.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chongwei An
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Luo
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030051, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Synthesis, Characterization, and Sensitivity of a CL-20/PNCB Spherical Composite for Security. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11071130. [PMID: 29970841 PMCID: PMC6073270 DOI: 10.3390/ma11071130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Highly energetic materials have received significant attention, particularly 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20). However, the application of this material was limited due to its high sensitivity. It is well known that the shape, size, and structure of energetic materials (EMs) significantly influence their sensitivity. At present, there are several ways to reduce the sensitivity of CL-20, such as spheroidization, ultrafine processing, and composite technology. However, only one or two of the abovementioned methods have been reported in the literature, and the obtained sensitivity effect was unsatisfactory. Thus, we tried to further reduce the sensitivity of CL-20 by combining the above three methods. The as-prepared composite was precipitated from the interface between two solutions of water and ethyl acetate, and the composite was insensitive compared with other reported CL-20-based EMs. The H50 value for the composite ranged up to 63 cm. This approach opens new prospects for greatly reducing the sensitivity of high Ems.
Collapse
|
19
|
Theoretical investigation of the effects of the molar ratio and solvent on the formation of the pyrazole-nitroamine cocrystal explosive 3,4-dinitropyrazole (DNP)/2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20). J Mol Model 2017; 23:353. [PMID: 29177847 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the molar ratio, temperature, and solvent on the formation of the cocrystal explosive DNP/CL-20 were investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The cocrystal structure was predicted through Monte Carlo (MC) simulation and using first-principles methods. The results showed that the DNP/CL-20 cocrystal might be more stable in the molar ratio 1:1 near to 318 K, and the most probable cocrystal crystallizes in the triclinic crystal system with the space group P[Formula: see text]. Cocrystallization was more likely to occur in methanol and ethanol at 308 K as a result of solvent effects. The optimized structure and the reduced density gradient (RDG) of the DNP/CL-20 complex confirmed that the main driving forces for cocrystallization were a series of hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. Analyses of the trigger bonds, the charges on the nitro groups, the electrostatic surface potential (ESP), and the free space per molecule in the cocrystal lattice were carried out to further explore their influences on the sensitivity of CL-20. The results indicated that the DNP/CL-20 complex tended to be more stable and insensitive than pure CL-20. Moreover, an investigation of the detonation performance of the DNP/CL-20 cocrystal indicated that it possesses high power. Graphical abstract DNP/CL-20 cocrystal models with different molar ratios were investigated at different temperatures using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation methods. Binding energies and mechanical properties were probed to determine the stability and performance of each cocrystal model. Solvated DNP/CL-20 models were established by adding solvent molecules to the cocrystal surface. The binding energies of the models in various solvents were calculated in order to identify the most suitable solvent and temperature for preparing the cocrystal explosive DNP/CL-20.
Collapse
|