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Ejarque D, Calvet T, Font-Bardia M, Pons J. Structural Landscape of α-Acetamidocinnamic Acid Cocrystals with Bipyridine-Based Coformers: Influence of Crystal Packing on Their Thermal and Photophysical Properties. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2024; 24:1746-1765. [PMID: 38405168 PMCID: PMC10885007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.3c01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Controlling the supramolecular synthon outcome in systems with different functionalities has been a key factor for the design of supramolecular materials, which also affected their physicochemical properties. In this contribution, we have analyzed the structural landscape of α-acetamidocinnamic acid (HACA) aiming to find its synthon outcome from the competitivity between its acidic and amidic groups. We prepared four multicomponent forms including one dihydrate (HACA·2H2O) and three cocrystals bearing different bipyridine coformers with formulas (HACA)2(1,2-bpe) (1), (HACA)2(4,4'-azpy) (2), and (HACA)2(4,4'-bipy)3 (3) (1,2-bpe = 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene; 4,4'-azpy = 4,4'-azopyridine; 4,4'-bipy = 4,4'-bipyridine). First, we applied a virtual screening approach to assess the feasibility of cocrystal formation. Then, we synthesized the cocrystals, via liquid-assisted grinding (LAG) (1 and 2) or solvothermal (3) techniques, and single crystals of HACA, and their four multicomponent forms were obtained showing different synthons and crystal packings. Besides, a Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) search of the cocrystals presenting bipyridine-type coformers and molecules with acid and amide functionalities was performed, and the observed synthon occurrences as well as the possibility of synthon modification by tuning the H-donor/H-acceptor propensity of the acidic and amidic groups were shown. Finally, we measured their thermal and photophysical properties, which were correlated with their structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ejarque
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Calvet
- Departament
de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Font-Bardia
- Unitat
de Difracció de Raig-X, Centres Científics i Tecnològics
de la Universitat de Barcelona (CCiTUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Solé i Sabarís, 1-3, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Pons
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Rucaparib cocrystal: Improved solubility and bioavailability over camsylate. Int J Pharm 2023; 631:122461. [PMID: 36462737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Rucaparib (Ruc) is a drug used to treat advanced ovarian cancer associated with deleterious BRCA mutations. Its commercial form, the camsylate salt (Ruc-Cam), suffers from poor aqueous solubility and thus causes low and erratic oral bioavailability. In this work, we aimed to improve the oral exposure of Ruc through cocrystallization. Liquid-assisted grinding, slurry, and solvent evaporation methods were employed to prepare new solid forms of Ruc. Cocrystals of rucaparib-theophylline monohydrate (Ruc-Thp MH), rucaparib-maltol (Ruc-Mal), and rucaparib-ethyl maltol (Ruc-Emal) were obtained. Powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic vapor sorption were utilized to characterize these multi-component systems. All cocrystals dissolve faster than Ruc-Cam at pH 2.0 and 4.5, and Ruc-Thp MH displays the highest apparent solubility in pH 4.5 and 6.8 buffers. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats show that Ruc-Thp MH exhibits 2.4 times the Cmax and 1.4 times the AUC0-24h at a single dose compared with Ruc-Cam. The enhanced solubility and bioavailability of Ruc-Thp MH showcase the power of cocrystallization in addressing absorption issues in drug development.
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Gao Z, Cen Z, Lin J, Li Z, Fang L, Gao Z, Han D, Gong J. Synergistic Control of Nonlinear Growth Kinetics and Nucleation Kinetics in the Concomitant Crystallization of Aripiprazole as Reflected by the Ostwald Ratio. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
- The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin300072, China
| | - Zhenkai Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
- The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin300072, China
| | - Jiawei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
- The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin300072, China
| | - Zhixu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
- The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin300072, China
| | - Lan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
- The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin300072, China
| | - Zhenguo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
- The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin300072, China
| | - Dandan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
- The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin300072, China
| | - Junbo Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
- The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin300072, China
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Kim P, Lee IS, Kim JY, Mswahili M, Jeong YS, Yoon WJ, Yun H, Lee MJ, Choi GJ. A study to discover novel pharmaceutical cocrystals of pelubiprofen with a machine learning approach compared. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00153e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pelubiprofen (PF), a biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) class II non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, has been on the market only in its crystalline form. To discover the first cocrystal form(s) of the...
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Liu W, Ma R, Liang F, Duan C, Zhang G, Chen Y, Hao C. New Cocrystals of Antipsychotic Drug Aripiprazole: Decreasing the Dissolution through Cocrystallization. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092414. [PMID: 33919175 PMCID: PMC8122301 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocrystallization is an important route to tuning the solubility in drugs development, including improving and reducing. Five cocrystals of aripiprazole (ARI) with resveratrol (RSV) and kaempferol (KAE), ARI-RSV, ARI2-RSV1·MeOH, ARI-KAE, ARI-KAE·EtOH, ARI-KAE·IPA, were synthesized and characterized. The single crystal of ARI2-RSV1·MeOH, ARI-KAE·EtOH, and ARI-KAE·IPA were analyzed by single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD). The SCXRD showed multiple intermolecular interactions between API and the coformers, including hydrogen bond, halogen bond, and π-π interactions. Dissolution rate of the two nonsolvate ARI-RSV and ARI-KAE cocrystals were investigated through powder dissolution experiment in pH = 4.0 acetate buffer and pH = 6.8 phosphate buffer. The result showed that RSV could reduce the dissolution rate and solubility of ARI in both medium through cocrystallization. However, KAE improved the dissolution rate and solubility of ARI in pH = 4.0 medium, on the contrary, the two solubility indicators of ARI were both reduced for ARI-KAE cocrystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (W.L.); (R.M.); (F.L.); (C.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Ru Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (W.L.); (R.M.); (F.L.); (C.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Feifei Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (W.L.); (R.M.); (F.L.); (C.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Chenxin Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (W.L.); (R.M.); (F.L.); (C.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Guisen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (W.L.); (R.M.); (F.L.); (C.D.); (G.Z.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (W.L.); (R.M.); (F.L.); (C.D.); (G.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (C.H.); Tel.: +86-27-87792235 (C.H.)
| | - Chao Hao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (W.L.); (R.M.); (F.L.); (C.D.); (G.Z.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (C.H.); Tel.: +86-27-87792235 (C.H.)
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Butreddy A, Almutairi M, Komanduri N, Bandari S, Zhang F, Repka MA. Multicomponent crystalline solid forms of aripiprazole produced via hot melt extrusion techniques: An exploratory study. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021; 63. [PMID: 33959199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Multicomponent crystalline solid forms (salts, cocrystals and eutectics) are a promising means of enhancing the dissolution behavior of poorly soluble drugs. The present study demonstrates the development of multicomponent solid forms of aripiprazole (ARP) prepared with succinic acid (SA) and nicotinamide (NA) as coformers using the hot melt extrusion (HME) technique. The HME-processed samples were characterized and analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), hot stage microscopy (HSM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The DSC and HSM analyses revealed a characteristic single melting temperature in the solid forms, which differed from the melting points of the individual components. The discernible changes in the FTIR (amide C=O stretching) and PXRD results for ARP-SA confirm the formation of new crystalline solid forms. In the case of ARP-NA, these changes were less prominent, without the appearance or disappearance of peaks, suggesting no change in the crystal lattice. The SEM images demonstrated morphological differences between the HME-processed samples and the individual parent components. The in vitro dissolution and microenvironment pH measurement studies revealed that ARP-SA showed a higher dissolution rate, which could be due to the acidic microenvironment pH imparted by the coformer. The observations of the present study demonstrate the applicability of the HME technique for the development of ARP multicomponent solid forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Butreddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Mashan Almutairi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, 81442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neeraja Komanduri
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Suresh Bandari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.,Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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Cocrystals Based on 4,4’-bipyridine: Influence of Crystal Packing on Melting Point. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of piperonylic acid (HPip) and cinnamic acid (HCinn) with 4,4’-bipyridine (4,4’-bipy) have been assayed using the same synthetic methodology, yielding two binary cocrystals with different acid:4,4’-bipy molar ratios, (HPip)(4,4’-bipy) (1) and (HCinn)2(4,4’-bipy) (2). The melting point (m.p.) of these cocrystals have been measured and a remarkable difference (ΔT ≈ 78 °C) between them was observed. Moreover, the two cocrystals have been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), elemental analysis (EA), FTIR-ATR, 1H NMR spectroscopies, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The study of their structural packings via Hirshfeld surface analysis and energy frameworks revealed the important contribution of the π···π and C-H···π interactions to the formation of different structural packing motifs, this being the main reason for the difference of m.p. between them. Moreover, it has been observed that 1 and 2 presented the same packing motifs as the crystal structure of their corresponding carboxylic acids, but 1 and 2 showed lower m.p. than those of the carboxylic acids, which could be related to the lower strength of the acid-pyridine heterosynthons respect to the acid-acid homosynthons in the crystal structures.
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Butreddy A, Sarabu S, Bandari S, Dumpa N, Zhang F, Repka MA. Polymer-Assisted Aripiprazole-Adipic Acid Cocrystals Produced by Hot Melt Extrusion Techniques. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2020; 20:4335-4345. [PMID: 33935595 PMCID: PMC8081332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.0c00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical cocrystals are a promising strategy to increase the solubility and dissolution rate of poorly soluble drugs. However, their manufacturing process requires a large quantity of solvents. The present study aimed to produce cocrystals by a solvent-free hot melt extrusion (HME) method to improve their solubility and dissolution rate. Aripiprazole (ARP) and adipic acid (ADP) were used as a weakly basic drug and acidic coformer, respectively. The processability of a plain ARP-ADP physical mixture (PM) compared with a PM with 5% Soluplus® (SOL) was investigated. Incorporating 5% SOL into the ARP-ADP blend reduced the processing torque and improved processability. The effects of temperature and screw speed on the formation of cocrystals were studied, and cocrystals were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy, and hot-stage microscopy. FTIR spectra revealed noncovalent interaction between ARP and ADP, which was confirmed by NMR spectra. Similarly, PXRD data exhibited characteristic peaks confirming the formation of new crystalline material. Further, the results indicated that cocrystals demonstrated higher dissolution rates and improved compressibility, as well as enhanced flow characteristics compared with pure ARP, suggesting its suitability in the development of solid dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Butreddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Sandeep Sarabu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Suresh Bandari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Nagireddy Dumpa
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Michael A. Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
- Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
- Corresponding Author Michael A. Repka, D.D.S., Ph.D., Distinguished Professor and Chair, Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Director, Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, Phone: 662-915-1155, Fax: 662-915-1177,
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Lin J, Chen Y, Zhao D, Lu X, Lin Y. Versatile supramolecular binding modes of 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene for molecular cocrystal engineering. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Arabiani MR, Lodagekar A, Yadav B, Chavan RB, Shastri NR, Purohit PY, Shelat P, Dave D. Mechanochemical synthesis of brexpiprazole cocrystals to improve its pharmaceutical attributes. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce01689e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, cocrystallization of a new piprazole analogue drug, brexpiprazole (BREX), with coformers such as succinic acid and catechol was carried out using ball milling to address the poor solubility and dissolution rate of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin R. Arabiani
- Global IP
- Amneal Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd
- Ahmedabad–380015
- India
- Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya
| | - Anurag Lodagekar
- Solid State Pharmaceutical Research Group (SSPRG)
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)
- Hyderabad
- India
| | - Balvant Yadav
- Solid State Pharmaceutical Research Group (SSPRG)
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)
- Hyderabad
- India
| | - Rahul B. Chavan
- Global IP
- Amneal Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd
- Ahmedabad–380015
- India
| | - Nalini R. Shastri
- Solid State Pharmaceutical Research Group (SSPRG)
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)
- Hyderabad
- India
| | | | - Pragna Shelat
- K. B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya
- Gandhinagar
- India
| | - Divyang Dave
- K. B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya
- Gandhinagar
- India
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Tan D, Loots L, Friščić T. Towards medicinal mechanochemistry: evolution of milling from pharmaceutical solid form screening to the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:7760-81. [PMID: 27185190 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc02015a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This overview highlights the emergent area of mechanochemical reactions for making active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), and covers the latest advances in the recently established area of mechanochemical screening and synthesis of pharmaceutical solid forms, specifically polymorphs, cocrystals, salts and salt cocrystals. We also provide an overview of the most recent developments in pharmaceutical uses of mechanochemistry, including real-time reaction monitoring, techniques for polymorph control and approaches for continuous manufacture using twin screw extrusion, and more. Most importantly, we show how the overlap of previously unrelated areas of mechanochemical screening for API solid forms, organic synthesis by milling, and mechanochemical screening for molecular recognition, enables the emergence of a new research discipline in which different aspects of pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry are addressed through mechanochemistry rather than through conventional solution-based routes. The emergence of such medicinal mechanochemistry is likely to have a strong impact on future pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry, as it offers not only access to materials and reactivity that are sometimes difficult or even impossible to access from solution, but can also provide a general answer to the demands of the pharmaceutical industry for cleaner, safer and efficient synthetic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davin Tan
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W, H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada.
| | - Leigh Loots
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W, H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada.
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W, H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada.
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Sarmah KK, Boro K, Arhangelskis M, Thakuria R. Crystal structure landscape of ethenzamide: a physicochemical property study. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce02057g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Nanubolu JB, Ravikumar K. Designing a new cocrystal of olanzapine drug and observation of concomitant polymorphism in a ternary cocrystal system. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce02227h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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