1
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Borges PT, Silva D, Silva TF, Brissos V, Cañellas M, Lucas MF, Masgrau L, Melo EP, Machuqueiro M, Frazão C, Martins LO. Unveiling molecular details behind improved activity at neutral to alkaline pH of an engineered DyP-type peroxidase. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:3899-3910. [PMID: 35950185 PMCID: PMC9334217 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
DyP-type peroxidases (DyPs) are microbial enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of a wide range of substrates, including synthetic dyes, lignin-derived compounds, and metals, such as Mn2+ and Fe2+, and have enormous biotechnological potential in biorefineries. However, many questions on the molecular basis of enzyme function and stability remain unanswered. In this work, high-resolution structures of PpDyP wild-type and two engineered variants (6E10 and 29E4) generated by directed evolution were obtained. The X-ray crystal structures revealed the typical ferredoxin-like folds, with three heme access pathways, two tunnels, and one cavity, limited by three long loops including catalytic residues. Variant 6E10 displays significantly increased loops' flexibility that favors function over stability: despite the considerably higher catalytic efficiency, this variant shows poorer protein stability compared to wild-type and 29E4 variants. Constant-pH MD simulations revealed a more positively charged microenvironment near the heme pocket of variant 6E10, particularly in the neutral to alkaline pH range. This microenvironment affects enzyme activity by modulating the pK a of essential residues in the heme vicinity and should account for variant 6E10 improved activity at pH 7-8 compared to the wild-type and 29E4 that show optimal enzymatic activity close to pH 4. Our findings shed light on the structure-function relationships of DyPs at the molecular level, including their pH-dependent conformational plasticity. These are essential for understanding and engineering the catalytic properties of DyPs for future biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia T. Borges
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Diogo Silva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Tomás F.D. Silva
- BioISI – Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vânia Brissos
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marina Cañellas
- Zymvol Biomodeling, Carrer Roc Boronat, 117, 08018 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Laura Masgrau
- Zymvol Biomodeling, Carrer Roc Boronat, 117, 08018 Barcelona, Spain,Department of Chemistry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Eduardo P. Melo
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Miguel Machuqueiro
- BioISI – Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos Frazão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Lígia O. Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal,Corresponding author.
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2
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Püschmann J, Mahor D, de Geus DC, Strampraad MJF, Srour B, Hagen WR, Todorovic S, Hagedoorn PL. Unique Biradical Intermediate in the Mechanism of the Heme Enzyme Chlorite Dismutase. ACS Catal 2021; 11:14533-14544. [PMID: 34888122 PMCID: PMC8650003 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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The heme enzyme chlorite
dismutase (Cld) catalyzes O–O bond
formation as part of the conversion of the toxic chlorite (ClO2–) to chloride (Cl–) and
molecular oxygen (O2). Enzymatic O–O bond formation
is rare in nature, and therefore, the reaction mechanism of Cld is
of great interest. Microsecond timescale pre-steady-state kinetic
experiments employing Cld from Azospira oryzae (AoCld), the natural substrate chlorite, and the
model substrate peracetic acid (PAA) reveal the formation of distinct
intermediates. AoCld forms a complex with PAA rapidly,
which is cleaved heterolytically to yield Compound I, which is sequentially
converted to Compound II. In the presence of chlorite, AoCld forms an initial intermediate with spectroscopic characteristics
of a 6-coordinate high-spin ferric substrate adduct, which subsequently
transforms at kobs = 2–5 ×
104 s–1 to an intermediate 5-coordinated
high-spin ferric species. Microsecond-timescale freeze-hyperquench
experiments uncovered the presence of a transient low-spin ferric
species and a triplet species attributed to two weakly coupled amino
acid cation radicals. The intermediates of the chlorite reaction were
not observed with the model substrate PAA. These findings demonstrate
the nature of physiologically relevant catalytic intermediates and
show that the commonly used model substrate may not behave as expected,
which demands a revision of the currently proposed mechanism of Clds.
The transient triplet-state biradical species that we designate as
Compound T is, to the best of our knowledge, unique in heme enzymology.
The results highlight electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic
evidence for transient intermediate formation during the reaction
of AoCld with its natural substrate chlorite. In
the proposed mechanism, the heme iron remains ferric throughout the
catalytic cycle, which may minimize the heme moiety’s reorganization
and thereby maximize the enzyme’s catalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Püschmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Durga Mahor
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël C. de Geus
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, Archimedesweg 4-6, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marc J. F. Strampraad
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Batoul Srour
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfred R. Hagen
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Smilja Todorovic
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Peter-Leon Hagedoorn
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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3
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Murgida DH. In Situ Spectroelectrochemical Investigations of Electrode-Confined Electron-Transferring Proteins and Redox Enzymes. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:3435-3446. [PMID: 33585730 PMCID: PMC7876673 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This perspective analyzes recent advances in the spectroelectrochemical investigation of redox proteins and enzymes immobilized on biocompatible or biomimetic electrode surfaces. Specifically, the article highlights new insights obtained by surface-enhanced resonance Raman (SERR), surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA), protein film infrared electrochemistry (PFIRE), polarization modulation infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PMIRRAS), Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DMES)-based spectroelectrochemical methods on the structure, orientation, dynamics, and reaction mechanisms for a variety of immobilized species. This includes small heme and copper electron shuttling proteins, large respiratory complexes, hydrogenases, multicopper oxidases, alcohol dehydrogenases, endonucleases, NO-reductases, and dye decolorizing peroxidases, among other enzymes. Finally, I discuss the challenges and foreseeable future developments toward a better understanding of the functioning of these complex macromolecules and their exploitation in technological devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Murgida
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química-Física,
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos
Aires 1428, Argentina
- Instituto
de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente
y Energía (INQUIMAE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
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4
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Silveira CM, Moe E, Fraaije M, Martins LO, Todorovic S. Resonance Raman view of the active site architecture in bacterial DyP-type peroxidases. RSC Adv 2020; 10:11095-11104. [PMID: 35495352 PMCID: PMC9050505 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00950d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dye decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) are novel haem-containing peroxidases, which are structurally unrelated to classical peroxidases. They lack the highly conserved distal histidine that acts as an acid-base catalyst in the catalytic reaction of classical peroxidases, which implies distinct mechanistic properties. Despite the remarkable catalytic properties and recognized potential for biotechnology applications, the knowledge of DyP's structural features in solution, which govern the reactivity and catalysis, is lagging behind. Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy can reveal fine details of the active site structure in hemoproteins, reporting on the oxidation and spin state and coordination of the haem cofactor. We provide an overview of the haem binding pocket architecture of the enzymes from A, B and C DyP subfamilies, in the light of those established for classical peroxidases and search for subfamily specific features among DyPs. RR demonstrates that multiple spin populations typically co-exist in DyPs, like in the case of classical peroxidases. The haem spin/coordination state is strongly pH dependent and correlates well with the respective catalytic properties of DyPs. Unlike in the case of classical peroxidases, a surprisingly high abundance of catalytically incompetent low spin population is observed in several DyPs, and tentatively related to the alternative physiological function of these enzymes. The molecular details of active sites of DyPs, elucidated by RR spectroscopy, can furthermore guide approaches for biotechnological exploitation of these promising biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia M Silveira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa Av. da República 2780-157 Oeiras Portugal
| | - Elin Moe
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa Av. da República 2780-157 Oeiras Portugal
| | - Marco Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Lígia O Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa Av. da República 2780-157 Oeiras Portugal
| | - Smilja Todorovic
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa Av. da República 2780-157 Oeiras Portugal
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5
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Barbosa C, Silveira CM, Silva D, Brissos V, Hildebrandt P, Martins LO, Todorovic S. Immobilized dye-decolorizing peroxidase (DyP) and directed evolution variants for hydrogen peroxide biosensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 153:112055. [PMID: 32056659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immobilized dye-decolorizing peroxidase from Pseudomonas putida MET94 (PpDyP) and three variants generated by directed evolution (DE) are studied aiming at the design of a biosensor for H2O2 detection. Structural properties of the enzymes in solution and immobilized state are addressed by resonance Raman (RR) and surface enhanced RR (SERR) spectroscopy, and the electrocatalytic properties are analyzed by electrochemistry. The wild-type (wt) and 29E4 variant (with E188K and H125Y mutations) represent excellent candidates for development of H2O2 biosensors, since they exhibit a good dynamic response range (1-200 μM H2O2), short response times (2 s) and a superior sensitivity (1.3-1.4 A⋅M-1⋅cm-2) for H2O2, as well as selectivity and long term stability. In contrast to the solution state, 6E10 (with E188K, A142V and H125Y mutations) and 25F6 (with E188K, A142V, H125Y and G129D mutations) variants display much lower activity and are inhibited by high concentrations of H2O2 upon adsorption on an electrode. In terms of sensitivity, the bioelectrodes employing wt PpDyP and 29E4 variant outperform HRP based counterparts reported in the literature by 1-4 orders of magnitude. We propose the development of wt or 29E4 PpDyP based biosensor as a valuable alternative to devices that rely on peroxidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Barbosa
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Célia M Silveira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Diogo Silva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Vânia Brissos
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Technische Universität Berlin, Inbstitut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lígia O Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Smilja Todorovic
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
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6
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Silveira CM, Castro MA, Dantas JM, Salgueiro C, Murgida DH, Todorovic S. Structure, electrocatalysis and dynamics of immobilized cytochrome PccH and its microperoxidase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:8908-8918. [PMID: 28295106 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp08361g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Geobacter sulfurreducens cells have the ability to exchange electrons with conductive materials, and the periplasmic cytochrome PccH plays an essential role in the direct electrode-to-cell electron transfer in this bacterium. It has atypically low redox potential and unique structural features that differ from those observed in other c-type cytochromes. We report surface enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopic and electrochemical characterization of the immobilized PccH, together with molecular dynamics simulations that allow for the rationalization of experimental observations. Upon attachment to electrodes functionalized with partially or fully hydrophobic self-assembled monolayers, PccH displays a distribution of native and non-native heme spin configurations, similar to those observed in horse heart cytochrome c. The native structural and thermodynamic features of PccH are preserved upon attachment mixed hydrophobic (-CH3/-NH2) surfaces, while pure -OH, -NH2 and -COOH surfaces do not provide suitable platforms for its adsorption, indicating that its still unknown physiological redox partner might be membrane integrated. Neither of the employed immobilization strategies results in electrocatalytically active PccH capable of the reduction of hydrogen peroxide. Pseudoperoxidase activity is observed in immobilized microperoxidase, which is enzymatically produced from PccH and spectroscopically characterized. Further improvement of PccH microperoxidase stability is required for its application in electrochemical biosensing of hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia M Silveira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal. and UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - María A Castro
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Joana M Dantas
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carlos Salgueiro
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Daniel H Murgida
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Smilja Todorovic
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
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7
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Ash PA, Hidalgo R, Vincent KA. Protein Film Infrared Electrochemistry Demonstrated for Study of H2 Oxidation by a [NiFe] Hydrogenase. J Vis Exp 2017:55858. [PMID: 29286464 PMCID: PMC5755520 DOI: 10.3791/55858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the chemistry of redox proteins demands methods that provide precise control over redox centers within the protein. The technique of protein film electrochemistry, in which a protein is immobilized on an electrode surface such that the electrode replaces physiological electron donors or acceptors, has provided functional insight into the redox reactions of a range of different proteins. Full chemical understanding requires electrochemical control to be combined with other techniques that can add additional structural and mechanistic insight. Here we demonstrate a technique, protein film infrared electrochemistry, which combines protein film electrochemistry with infrared spectroscopic sampling of redox proteins. The technique uses a multiple-reflection attenuated total reflectance geometry to probe a redox protein immobilized on a high surface area carbon black electrode. Incorporation of this electrode into a flow cell allows solution pH or solute concentrations to be changed during measurements. This is particularly powerful in addressing redox enzymes, where rapid catalytic turnover can be sustained and controlled at the electrode allowing spectroscopic observation of long-lived intermediate species in the catalytic mechanism. We demonstrate the technique with experiments on E. coli hydrogenase 1 under turnover (H2 oxidation) and non-turnover conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Ash
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
| | - Ricardo Hidalgo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
| | - Kylie A Vincent
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory;
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8
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Brissos V, Tavares D, Sousa AC, Robalo MP, Martins LO. Engineering a Bacterial DyP-Type Peroxidase for Enhanced Oxidation of Lignin-Related Phenolics at Alkaline pH. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Brissos
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Diogo Tavares
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Sousa
- Área
Departamental de Engenharia Química, ISEL-Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro
de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Paula Robalo
- Área
Departamental de Engenharia Química, ISEL-Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro
de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lígia O. Martins
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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9
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Ash P, Reeve HA, Quinson J, Hidalgo R, Zhu T, McPherson IJ, Chung MW, Healy AJ, Nayak S, Lonsdale TH, Wehbe K, Kelley CS, Frogley MD, Cinque G, Vincent KA. Synchrotron-Based Infrared Microanalysis of Biological Redox Processes under Electrochemical Control. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6666-71. [PMID: 27269716 PMCID: PMC4935962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe a method for addressing redox enzymes adsorbed on a carbon electrode using synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy combined with protein film electrochemistry. Redox enzymes have high turnover frequencies, typically 10-1000 s(-1), and therefore, fast experimental triggers are needed in order to study subturnover kinetics and identify the involvement of transient species important to their catalytic mechanism. In an electrochemical experiment, this equates to the use of microelectrodes to lower the electrochemical cell constant and enable changes in potential to be applied very rapidly. We use a biological cofactor, flavin mononucleotide, to demonstrate the power of synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy relative to conventional infrared methods and show that vibrational spectra with good signal-to-noise ratios can be collected for adsorbed species with low surface coverages on microelectrodes with a geometric area of 25 × 25 μm(2). We then demonstrate the applicability of synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy to adsorbed proteins by reporting potential-induced changes in the flavin mononucleotide active site of a flavoenzyme. The method we describe will allow time-resolved spectroscopic studies of chemical and structural changes at redox sites within a variety of proteins under precise electrochemical control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip
A. Ash
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Holly A. Reeve
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Quinson
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo Hidalgo
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Tianze Zhu
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. McPherson
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Min-Wen Chung
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J. Healy
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Simantini Nayak
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas H. Lonsdale
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Katia Wehbe
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Chris S. Kelley
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D. Frogley
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Gianfelice Cinque
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Kylie A. Vincent
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
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