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Abstract
Organic (opto)electronic materials have received considerable attention due to their applications in thin-film-transistors, light-emitting diodes, solar cells, sensors, photorefractive devices, and many others. The technological promises include low cost of these materials and the possibility of their room-temperature deposition from solution on large-area and/or flexible substrates. The article reviews the current understanding of the physical mechanisms that determine the (opto)electronic properties of high-performance organic materials. The focus of the review is on photoinduced processes and on electronic properties important for optoelectronic applications relying on charge carrier photogeneration. Additionally, it highlights the capabilities of various experimental techniques for characterization of these materials, summarizes top-of-the-line device performance, and outlines recent trends in the further development of the field. The properties of materials based both on small molecules and on conjugated polymers are considered, and their applications in organic solar cells, photodetectors, and photorefractive devices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Ostroverkhova
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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Hartnett PE, Matte HSSR, Eastham ND, Jackson NE, Wu Y, Chen LX, Ratner MA, Chang RPH, Hersam MC, Wasielewski MR, Marks TJ. Ring-fusion as a perylenediimide dimer design concept for high-performance non-fullerene organic photovoltaic acceptors. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3543-3555. [PMID: 29997846 PMCID: PMC6007210 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04956c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of perylenediimide (PDI) dimers are evaluated as acceptors for organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. The materials are characterized using a wide variety of physical and computational techniques. These dimers are first linked at the bay position of each PDI molecule via an aromatic spacer; subsequent photocyclization affords ring-fused dimers. Thus, photocyclization of the thiophene-linked dimer 2,5-bis-[N,N'-bis-perylenediimide-1-yl]-thiophene (T1) affords the twisted acceptor [2,3-b:2',3'-d]-bis-[N,N'-bis-perylenediimide-1,12-yl]-thiophene (T2), while photocyclization of the thienothiophene-linked dimer, 2,5-bis-[N,N'-bis-perylenediimide-1-yl]-thienothiophene (TT1) affords the planar acceptor [2,3-b:2',3'-d]-bis-[N,N'-bis-perylenediimide-1,12-yl]-thienothiophene (TT2). Furthermore, a dimer linked by a phenylene group, 1,4-bis-[N,N'-bis-perylenediimide-1-yl]-benzene (Ph1), can be selectively photocyclized to form either the twisted dimer, [1,2:3,4]-bis-[N,N'-bis-perylenediimide-1,12-yl]-benzene (Ph1a) or the planar dimer [1,2:4,5]-bis-[N,N'-bis-perylenediimide-1,12-yl]-benzene (Ph2b). Ring-fusion results in increased electronic coupling between the PDI units, and increased space-charge limited thin film electron mobility. While charge transport is efficient in bulk-heterojunction blends of each dimer with the polymeric donor PBDTT-FTTE, in the case of the twisted dimers ring fusion leads to a significant decrease in geminate recombination, hence increased OPV photocurrent density and power conversion efficiency. This effect is not observed in planar dimers where ring fusion leads to increased crystallinity and excimer formation, decreased photocurrent density, and decreased power conversion efficiency. These results argue that ring fusion is an effective approach to increasing OPV bulk-heterojunction charge carrier generation efficiency in PDI dimers as long as they remain relatively amorphous, thereby suppressing excimer formation and coulombically trapped charge transfer states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Hartnett
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center , The Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , USA . ;
| | - H S S Ramakrishna Matte
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center , The Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , USA . ; .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Materials Research Center , The Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , USA
| | - Nicholas D Eastham
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center , The Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , USA . ;
| | - Nicholas E Jackson
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center , The Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , USA . ;
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center , The Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , USA . ;
| | - Lin X Chen
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center , The Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , USA . ;
| | - Mark A Ratner
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center , The Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , USA . ;
| | - Robert P H Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Materials Research Center , The Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , USA
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center , The Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , USA . ; .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Materials Research Center , The Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , USA
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center , The Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , USA . ;
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center , The Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , USA . ; .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Materials Research Center , The Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , USA
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Brandt RG, Zhang F, Andersen TR, Angmo D, Shi M, Gurevich L, Krebs FC, Andreasen JW, Yu D. Roll coated large area ITO- and vacuum-free all organic solar cells from diketopyrrolopyrrole based non-fullerene acceptors with molecular geometry effects. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06898g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate three diketopyrrolopyrrole based small molecular non-fullerene acceptors with molecular geometry effect on mainly their PV performance of both spin-coated ITO based and roll coated large area, ITO- and vacuum-free organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Guldbæk Brandt
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience
- Aalborg University
- DK-9220 Aalborg East
- Denmark
- Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research (SDC)
| | - Fei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Lab of Silicon Materials
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
| | - Thomas Rieks Andersen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-4000 Roskilde
- Denmark
| | - Dechan Angmo
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-4000 Roskilde
- Denmark
| | - Minmin Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Lab of Silicon Materials
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
| | - Leonid Gurevich
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology
- Aalborg University
- DK-9220 Aalborg East
- Denmark
| | - Frederik C. Krebs
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-4000 Roskilde
- Denmark
| | - Jens Wenzel Andreasen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-4000 Roskilde
- Denmark
| | - Donghong Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience
- Aalborg University
- DK-9220 Aalborg East
- Denmark
- Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research (SDC)
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