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Sivanesan V, Broch K, Tegeder P. Excited States Dynamics at Pentacene/Perfluoropentacene Interfaces: A Femtosecond Time-Resolved Second Harmonic Generation Study. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300904. [PMID: 38305504 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of excited states after optical excitation at donor-acceptor (D/A) interfaces is of paramount importance for improving the efficiency and performance of optoelectronic devices. Here, we studied the ultrafast excited state dynamics after optical excitation at interfaces between the electron donor (D) pentacene (PEN) and the electron acceptor (A) perfuoropentacene (PFP) as well as within the single compounds (PEN and PFP) using femtosecond (fs) time-resolved second harmonic generation (SHG). In the single compounds singlet fission is observed on a time scale of around 200 fs. In the bilayer systems a huge SHG intensity rise is observed due to the creation of charge transfer states at the interface and accordingly to formation of a local electric field within tens of picoseconds. The local electric field and therefore the SHG signal intensity from the interface of PEN/PFP bilayer is much more intense compared to the PFP/PEN system because the PFP and PEN intermixing at the PEN/PFP interface is higher. Accordingly a population of defect states on a time scale of 55±12 ps has been proposed for PEN/PFP. Our study provides important insights into D/A charge transfer properties, which is needed for the understanding of the interfacial photophysics of pentacene-based organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipilan Sivanesan
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Broch
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Petra Tegeder
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Wirsing S, Hänsel M, Craciunescu L, Belova V, Schreiber F, Broch K, Engels B, Tegeder P. Adsorption Structures Affecting the Electronic Properties and Photoinduced Charge Transfer at Perylene-Based Molecular Interfaces. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300386. [PMID: 37428120 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Perylene-based organic semiconductors are widely used in organic electronic devices. Here, we studied the ultrafast excited state dynamics after optical excitation at interfaces between the electron donor (D) diindenoperylene (DIP) and the electron acceptor (A) dicyano-perylene-bis(dicarboximide) (PDIR-CN2 ) using femtosecond time-resolved second harmonic generation (SHG) in combination with large scale quantum chemical calculations. Thereby, we varied in bilayer structures of DIP and PDIR-CN2 the interfacial molecular geometry. For an interfacial configuration which contains a edge-on geometry but also additional face-on domains an optically induced charge transfer (CT) is observed, which leads to a pronounced increase of the SHG signal intensity due to electric field induced second harmonic generation. The interfacial CT state decays within 7.5±0.7 ps, while the creation of hot CT states leads to a faster decay (5.3±0.2 ps). For the bilayer structures with mainly edge-on geometries interfacial CT formation is suppressed since π-π overlap perpendicular to the interface is missing. Our combined experimental and theoretical study provides important insights into D/A charge transfer properties, which is needed for the understanding of the interfacial photophysics of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Wirsing
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 42, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marc Hänsel
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luca Craciunescu
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 42, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Belova
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71, avenue des Martyrs CS 40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Broch
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 42, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Petra Tegeder
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Dubuis S, Dellai A, Courdurié C, Owona J, Kalafatis A, Vellutini L, Genin E, Rodriguez V, Castet F. Nonlinear Optical Responses of Photoswitchable Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adducts. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10861-10871. [PMID: 37141624 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This work combines hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) experiments performed in the NIR range (1.30 and 1.60 μm) and quantum chemical calculations to provide a comprehensive description of the second harmonic generation (SHG) responses of donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs). Representative derivatives of the three generations of DASAs, which differ by the nature of their electron-donating and withdrawing moieties and also include clickable species, have been synthesized and their photoswitching behavior fully characterized. The HRS measurements allow us to establish relationships between the magnitude of the SHG response of open forms and the nature of the donor and acceptor groups. The largest SHG responses are obtained for derivatives incorporating either a barbituric acid or an indanedione acceptor unit, while N-methylaniline appears as the most efficient donor group. The calculations support well the experimental data and show that high hyperpolarizabilities are associated to low excitation energies and large extent of the photoinduced intramolecular charge transfer, which enhances the dipole moment variation between the ground and first dipole-allowed electronic excited state. In addition, a complete investigation of the photoswitching kinetics of DASAs in chloroform solution shows important differences, highlighting in particular the role of the donor group on the photoswitching efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Dubuis
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33405 Cedex Talence, France
| | - Angela Dellai
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33405 Cedex Talence, France
| | - Chloé Courdurié
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33405 Cedex Talence, France
| | - Josianne Owona
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33405 Cedex Talence, France
| | - Apostolos Kalafatis
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33405 Cedex Talence, France
| | - Luc Vellutini
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33405 Cedex Talence, France
| | - Emilie Genin
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33405 Cedex Talence, France
| | - Vincent Rodriguez
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33405 Cedex Talence, France
| | - Frédéric Castet
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33405 Cedex Talence, France
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4
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Castet F, Tonnelé C, Muccioli L, Champagne B. Predicting the Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Responses of Organic Materials: The Role of Dynamics. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:3716-3726. [PMID: 36469424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The last 30 years have witnessed an ever-growing application of computational chemistry for rationalizing the nonlinear optical (NLO) responses of organic chromophores. More specifically, quantum chemical calculations proved highly helpful in gaining fundamental insights into the factors governing the magnitude and character of molecular first hyperpolarizabilities (β), be they either intrinsic to the chromophore molecular structure and arising from symmetry, chemical substitution, or π-electron delocalization, or induced by external contributions such as the laser probe or solvation and polarization effects. Most theoretical reports assumed a rigid picture of the investigated systems, the NLO responses being computed solely at the most stable geometry of the chromophores. Yet, recent developments combining classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and DFT calculations have evidenced the significant role of structural fluctuations, which may induce broad distributions of NLO responses, and even generate them in some instances.This Account presents recent case studies in which theoretical simulations have highlighted these effects. The discussion specifically focuses on the simulation of the second-order NLO properties that can be measured experimentally either from Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering (HRS) or Electric-Field Induced Second Harmonic Generation (EFISHG). More general but technical topics concerning several aspects of the calculations of hyperpolarizabilities are instead discussed in the Supporting Information.Selected examples include organic chromophores, photochromic systems, and ionic complexes in the liquid phase, for which the effects of explicit solvation, concentration, and chromophore aggregation are emphasized, as well as large flexible systems such as peptide chains and pyrimidine-based helical polymers, in which the relative variations of the responses were shown to be several times larger than their average values. The impact of geometrical fluctuations is also illustrated for supramolecular architectures with the examples of nanoparticles formed by organic dipolar dyes in water solution, whose soft nature allows for large shape variations translating into huge fluctuations in time of their NLO response, and of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) based on indolino-oxazolidine or azobenzene switches, in which the geometrical distortions of the photochromic molecules, as well as their orientational and positional disorder within the SAMs, highly impact their NLO response and contrast upon switching. Finally, the effects of the rigidity and fluidity of the surrounding are evidenced for NLO dyes inserted in phospholipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Castet
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400Talence, France
| | - Claire Tonnelé
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Manuel Lardizabal Ibilbidea 4, 20018Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Luca Muccioli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "'Toso Montanari"', University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136Bologna, Italy
| | - Benoît Champagne
- Unité de Chimie Physique Théorique et Structurale, Chemistry Department, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000Namur, Belgium
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5
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Zhou Y, Maisonneuve S, Maurel F, Xie J, Métivier R. Competitive Photoisomerization and Energy Transfer Processes in Fluorescent Multichromophoric Systems. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202071. [PMID: 36065043 PMCID: PMC10092411 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multichromophoric systems showing both fluorescence and photoisomerization are fascinating, with complex interchromophoric interactions. The experimental and theoretical study of a series of compounds, bearing a variable number of 4-dicyanomethylene-2-tert-butyl-6-(p-(N-(2-azidoethyl)-N-methyl)aminostyryl)-4H-pyran (DCM) units are reported. The photophysical properties of multi-DCM derivatives, namely 2DCM and 3DCM, were compared to the single model azido-functionalized DCM, in the E and Z isomers. The (EE)-2DCM and (EEE)-3DCM were synthesized via the click reaction. Steady-state spectroscopy and photokinetics experiments under UV or visible irradiation indicated the presence of intramolecular energy transfer processes among the DCM units. Homo- and hetero-energy transfer processes between adjacent chromophores were confirmed by fluorescence anisotropy and decays. Molecular dynamics simulations for 2DCM were carried out and analyzed using a Markov state model, providing geometrical parameters (orientation and distance between chromophores) and energy transfer efficiency. This work contributes to a better understanding and rationalization of multiple energy transfer processes occuring within multichromophoric systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay CNRS, PPSM, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Stéphane Maisonneuve
- ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay CNRS, PPSM, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Juan Xie
- ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay CNRS, PPSM, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Rémi Métivier
- ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay CNRS, PPSM, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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6
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Pang B, Iqbal D, Sarfraz A, Biedermann PU, Erbe A. Differences in perchlorate adsorption to azobenzene monolayers on gold formed from thioacetate and thiol precursors. Z PHYS CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2021-3143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Modification of metal surfaces with complex molecules opens interesting opportunities to build additional functionality into these surfaces. In this work, self assembled monolayers (SAMs) based on the same photoswitchable azobenzene motif but with different head groups have been synthesized and their SAMs on Au(111)/Si substrates have been characterized. 3-[(4-phenylazo)phenoxy]propyl thiol (PAPT) and its acetyl group protected analog, 3-[(4-phenylazo)phenoxy]propyl thioacetate (PAPA), have been synthesized. SAMs from PAPT and PAPA have been characterized by infrared (IR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ellipsometry and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The SAM-forming units of both SAMs are the same, as confirmed by IR and XPS, and the SAMs have similar surface coverage, as evidenced by analysis of the reductive desorption peaks in CVs. The tilt angle of the azobenzene moiety was ca. 75° with respect to the surface normal as determined by IR spectroscopy, i.e., the molecules are lying quite flat on the gold surface. Despite similar surface coverages, the CVs for PAPT in aqueous perchlorate solution show a typical perchlorate adsorption peak to gold, whereas the corresponding experiments with PAPA show no perchlorate adsorption at all. In conclusion, SAM formation can lead to an increase in the number of electrochemically accessible surface sites on the final, SAM covered surface. Whether the amount of such sites increases or decreases, depends on the precursor. The precursor most likely affects the adsorption mechanism and thus the atomic surface structure of the metal at the metal/SAM interface. Thus, details of the SAM formation mechanism, which is affected by the precursor used, can have quite strong effects on the electrochemical properties, and likely also electrocatalytic properties, of the resulting modified surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Pang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH , Max-Planck-Str., 1, 40237 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Danish Iqbal
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH , Max-Planck-Str., 1, 40237 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Adnan Sarfraz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH , Max-Planck-Str., 1, 40237 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - P. Ulrich Biedermann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH , Max-Planck-Str., 1, 40237 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Andreas Erbe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , 7491 Trondheim , Norway
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7
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Naim C, Castet F, Matito E. Impact of van der Waals interactions on the structural and nonlinear optical properties of azobenzene switches. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:21227-21239. [PMID: 34542144 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02500g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The geometrical structures, relative Z-E energies, and second-order nonlinear responses of a collection of azobenzene molecules symmetrically substituted in the meta-position with functional groups of different bulkiness are investigated using various ab initio and density functional approximations. We show that RI-MP2 and RI-CC2 approximations provide very similar geometries and relative energies and evidence that London dispersion interactions existing between bulky meta-substituents stabilize the Z conformer. The ωB97X-D exchange-correlation functional provides an accurate description of these effects and gives a good account of the nonlinear optical response of the molecules. We show that density functional approximations should include no less than 50% of Hartree-Fock exchange to provide accurate hyperpolarizabilities. A property-structure analysis of the azobenzene derivatives reveals that the main contribution to the first hyperpolarizability comes from the azo bond, but phenyl meso-substituents can enhance it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Naim
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Manuel Lardizabal Ibilbidea 4, 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM, UMR CNRS 5255), University of Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France.
| | - Frédéric Castet
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM, UMR CNRS 5255), University of Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France.
| | - Eduard Matito
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Manuel Lardizabal Ibilbidea 4, 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Ikerbasque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain.
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8
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Nagai Y, Ishiba K, Yamamoto R, Yamada T, Morikawa M, Kimizuka N. Light‐Triggered, Non‐Centrosymmetric Self‐Assembly of Aqueous Arylazopyrazoles at the Air–Water Interface and Switching of Second‐Harmonic Generation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nagai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Keita Ishiba
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Ryosuke Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Teppei Yamada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Masa‐aki Morikawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
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9
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Nagai Y, Ishiba K, Yamamoto R, Yamada T, Morikawa M, Kimizuka N. Light‐Triggered, Non‐Centrosymmetric Self‐Assembly of Aqueous Arylazopyrazoles at the Air–Water Interface and Switching of Second‐Harmonic Generation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6333-6338. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nagai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Keita Ishiba
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Ryosuke Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Teppei Yamada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Masa‐aki Morikawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
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10
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Li G, Pan Z, Jia Z, Wang J, Wang J, Zhang N, Pan M, Yuan J. An effective approach for fabricating high-strength polyurethane hydrogels with reversible photochromic performance as a photoswitch. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00429h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reversible high-strength photochromic polyurethane hydrogel which can realize information storage was successfully prepared by a polyaddition reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyao Li
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Zhicheng Pan
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Zhanyu Jia
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Mingwang Pan
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Yuan
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
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11
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Riaz S, Friedrichs G. Vibrational sum-frequency generation study of molecular structure, sterical constraints and nonlinear optical switching contrast of mixed alkyl-azobenzene self-assembled monolayers. Z PHYS CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2020-1655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of azobenzene (AB) functionalized alkyl thiols on gold diluted with simple alkyl thiols provide a straightforward way to photochromic surfaces with high and tunable photoswitching efficiency. Trans-cis isomerization of the AB molecule changes the physical properties of the surface, including the nonlinear optical (NLO) response. Vibrational sum-frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy as a nonlinear type of laser spectroscopy offers surface- and orientation-sensitive insight into the molecular structure of mixed SAMs. In this study, VSFG as well as ultraviolet-visible (UV/Vis) spectroscopy has been employed to investigate the morphology, molecular structure, and NLO response of mixed SAMs with systematically varied surface composition. Methylazobenzene (MeAB) has been used as the molecular switch with the methyl substituent serving as orientational VSFG marker. Both short-chain and long-chain alkyl thiol co-ligands have been used to gain insight into the interplay between SAM structure and sterical constraints that are known to limit the free switching volume. Underlining the dominating role of sterical effects for controlling photochromic properties, a strong inhibition of the photoswitching efficiency and NLO response has been observed for the SAMs with an alkyl thiol co-ligand long enough to spatially extend into the layer of the MeAB chromophore. Overall, with <12% signal change, the relative NLO switching contrasts remained low in all cases. VSFG spectral trends clearly revealed that the presumably higher photoswitching efficiency upon dilution with the co-ligand is counteracted by a loss of structural order of the chromophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Riaz
- Islamabad College for Girls , F-6/2 , Islamabad, 44000 , Pakistan
| | - Gernot Friedrichs
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Max-Eyth-Str. 1, 24118 , Kiel , Germany
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12
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Highly transparent and stretchable hydrogels with rapidly responsive photochromic performance for UV-irradiated optical display devices. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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13
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Alexander Voigt B, Steenbock T, Herrmann C. Structural diradical character. J Comput Chem 2019; 40:854-865. [PMID: 30592065 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A reliable first-principles description of singlet diradical character is essential for predicting nonlinear optical and magnetic properties of molecules. As diradical and closed-shell electronic structures differ in their distribution of single, double, triple, and aromatic bonds, modeling electronic diradical character requires accurate bond-length patterns, in addition to accurate absolute bond lengths. We therefore introduce structural diradical character, which we suggest as an additional measure for comparing first-principles calculations with experimental data. We employ this measure to identify suitable exchange-correlation functionals for predicting the bond length patterns and electronic diradical character of a biscobaltocene with the potential for photoswitchable nonlinear optical activity. Out of four popular approximate exchange-correlation functionals with different exact-exchange admixtures (BP86, TPSS, B3LYP, TPSSh), the two hybrid functionals TPSSh and B3LYP perform best for diradical bond length patterns, with TPSSh being best for the organometallic validation systems and B3LYP for the organic ones (for which the D3 dispersion correction was included). Still, none of the functionals is suitable for correctly describing relative bond lengths across the range of molecules studied, so that none can be recommended for predictive studies of (potential) diradicals without reservation. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo Alexander Voigt
- Institute for Inorganic and Applied Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, University of Hamburg, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Torben Steenbock
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Herrmann
- Institute for Inorganic and Applied Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, University of Hamburg, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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14
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Schuster S, Füser M, Asyuda A, Cyganik P, Terfort A, Zharnikov M. Photoisomerization of azobenzene-substituted alkanethiolates on Au(111) substrates in the context of work function variation: the effect of structure and packing density. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:9098-9105. [PMID: 31017144 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00255c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Photoisomerization of a series of custom-designed, azobenzene-substituted alkanethiolate (AT) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Au(111) substrates was studied in the context of work function variation, using Kelvin probe measurements as a transduction technique. These SAMs featured variable packing density (by ∼14%; due to the odd-even effects) and, as an option, were additionally decorated with the electron donating/withdrawing -CH3 and -CF3 tail group, respectively, which induce additional dipole moments. The efficiency of photoisomerization and the respective extent of work function variation (ΔΦ) were found to be quite low and independent of the packing density in the SAMs, within the given odd-even packing density variation. They could only be increased, up to ca. 40 meV for ΔΦ, by mixing the azobenzene-substituted ATs with shorter "matrix" molecules, which were introduced for a partial release of the sterical constraints. The ΔΦ values for the SAMs decorated with the -CH3 and -CF3 tail groups were found to be lower than those for the monolayers without such a decoration, which correlated well with the theoretical estimates for the change of the dipole moment of the relevant molecules upon the photoisomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swen Schuster
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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15
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Weng H, Teng Y, Sheng Q, Zhou Z, Huang X, Li Z, Zhang T. Theoretical study of substituent effects on electride characteristics and the nonlinear optical properties of Li@calix[4]pyrrole. RSC Adv 2019; 9:37919-37925. [PMID: 35541767 PMCID: PMC9075788 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08758c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A relationship between the electride characteristics and the NLO properties is found: the more delocalization the excess electron of the electride experiences, the larger the β0 value is.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Weng
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyang Teng
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Sheng
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongjun Zhou
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- People's Republic of China
- College of Physics
| | - Xuri Huang
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiru Li
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- People's Republic of China
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16
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Tonnelé C, Pielak K, Deviers J, Muccioli L, Champagne B, Castet F. Nonlinear optical responses of self-assembled monolayers functionalized with indolino–oxazolidine photoswitches. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:21590-21597. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02991a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The second harmonic generation responses of photoresponsive self-assembled monolayers based on indolino–oxazolidine derivatives are computed using a sequential MD/DFT approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Tonnelé
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM, UMR CNRS 5255)
- University of Bordeaux
- 33405 Talence
- France
| | - Kornelia Pielak
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM, UMR CNRS 5255)
- University of Bordeaux
- 33405 Talence
- France
- Unité de Chimie Physique Théorique et Structurale
| | - Jean Deviers
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM, UMR CNRS 5255)
- University of Bordeaux
- 33405 Talence
- France
| | - Luca Muccioli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”
- University of Bologna
- 40136 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Benoît Champagne
- Unité de Chimie Physique Théorique et Structurale
- Chemistry Department
- Namur Institute of Structured Matter
- University of Namur
- Belgium
| | - Frédéric Castet
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM, UMR CNRS 5255)
- University of Bordeaux
- 33405 Talence
- France
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17
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Xing XS, Sa RJ, Li PX, Zhang NN, Zhou ZY, Liu BW, Liu J, Wang MS, Guo GC. Second-order nonlinear optical switching with a record-high contrast for a photochromic and thermochromic bistable crystal. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7751-7757. [PMID: 30210760 PMCID: PMC6118235 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01228d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear optical (NLO) switchable materials are important for photonic and optoelectronic technologies. One important issue for NLO photoswitching, the most studied physical switching approach, is how to improve the switching contrast of second harmonic generation (SHG) in crystals, because the known values are generally below 3 times. Thermoswitching, as another approach, has shown impressive high SHG-switching contrasts (4-∞ times), but the fast decay of thermally induced states demands constant heat sources to maintain specific SHG intensities. We have synthesized a photochromic and thermochromic bistable acentric compound, β-[(MQ)ZnCl3] (MQ+ = N-methyl-4,4'-bipyridinium), which represents the first crystalline compound with both photo- and heat-induced SHG-switching behavior and the first example of a thermoswitchable NLO crystal that can maintain its expected second-order NLO intensity without any heat source. The SHG-switching contrast can reach about 8 times after laser irradiation or 2 times after thermal annealing. The former value is the highest recorded for photoswitchable NLO crystals. This work also indicates that higher SHG-switching contrasts may be obtained through increasing electron-transfer efficiency, variation of permanent dipole moment, and self-absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Shuang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry , Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou , Fujian 350002 , P. R. China . ;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039 , P. R. China
| | - Rong-Jian Sa
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry , Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou , Fujian 350002 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Pei-Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry , Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou , Fujian 350002 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Ning-Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry , Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou , Fujian 350002 , P. R. China . ;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039 , P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry , Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou , Fujian 350002 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Bin-Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry , Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou , Fujian 350002 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry , Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou , Fujian 350002 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Ming-Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry , Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou , Fujian 350002 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Guo-Cong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry , Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou , Fujian 350002 , P. R. China . ;
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18
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Stremlau S, Maass F, Tegeder P. Adsorption and switching properties of nitrospiropyran on Bi(1 1 4). JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:314004. [PMID: 28604364 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa78be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Spiropyrans are prototype molecular switches, which undergo a reversible photoinduced ring-opening/-closure reaction between the closed three-dimensional spiropyran (SP) and the open, planar merocyanine (MC) form. In solution the SP isomer is the thermodynamically stable form. Using high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy, we resolve a thermally-activated irreversible ring-opening reaction of nitrospiropyran resulting in the MC form for coverages above one monolayer. Thus, the situation found in solution is reversed for the adsorbed molecules, since the MC form is more stable due to the modified energetics by the presence of the substrate. In addition, illumination with blue light (445 nm) induced also the ring-opening, while the photostimulated back-reaction could not be observed. The photoisomerization is driven by a substrate-mediated process, i.e. a charge transfer from the substrate into molecular states. The situation changes completely in the monolayer regime. Neither a thermally-assisted nor a photoinduced ring-opening reaction has been identified. We ascribe the suppression to sterical effects stabilizing the SP form due to the surface structure of Bi(1 1 4), which consists of straight atomic rows separated by rough valleys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Stremlau
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Ma Y, Lin L, Zhang L, Liu M, Guo Y, Lu Z. Effect of acidity on morphologies and photodimerization kinetics in Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers of styrylquinoline derivatives. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Kaneta M, Honda T, Onda K, Han M. Repeated photoswitching performance of azobenzenes adsorbed on gold surfaces: a balance between space, intermolecular interactions, and phase separation. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj03121h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A delicate balance between space, intermolecular interactions, and phase separation plays an important role in forming repeatedly photoswitchable monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyuki Kaneta
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Electronic Chemistry
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama 226-8502
- Japan
| | - Takumu Honda
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Electronic Chemistry
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama 226-8502
- Japan
| | - Ken Onda
- School of Science
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama 226-8502
- Japan
- JST
| | - Mina Han
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Electronic Chemistry
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama 226-8502
- Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
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21
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Moldt T, Przyrembel D, Schulze M, Bronsch W, Boie L, Brete D, Gahl C, Klajn R, Tegeder P, Weinelt M. Differing Isomerization Kinetics of Azobenzene-Functionalized Self-Assembled Monolayers in Ambient Air and in Vacuum. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:10795-10801. [PMID: 27681851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Azobenzenealkanethiols in self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Au(111) exhibit reversible trans-cis photoisomerization when diluted with alkanethiol spacers. Using these mixed SAMs, we show switching of the linear optical and second-harmonic response. The effective switching of these surface optical properties relies on a reasonably large cross section and a high photoisomerization yield as well as a long lifetime of the metastable cis isomer. We quantified the switching process by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The cross sections for the trans-cis and cis-trans photoisomerization with 365 and 455 nm light, respectively, are 1 order of magnitude smaller than in solution. In vacuum, the 365 nm photostationary state comprises 50-74% of the molecules in the cis form, limited by their rapid thermal isomerization back to the trans state. In contrast, the 455 nm photostationary state contains nearly 100% trans-azobenzene. We determined time constants for the thermal cis-trans isomerization of only a few minutes in vacuum and in a dry nitrogen atmosphere but of more than 1 day in ambient air. Our results suggest that adventitious water adsorbed on the surface of the SAM stabilizes the polar cis configuration of azobenzene under ambient conditions. The back reaction rate constants differing by 2 orders of magnitude underline the huge influence of the environment and, accordingly, its importance when comparing various experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Moldt
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin , 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Przyrembel
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin , 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schulze
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wibke Bronsch
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin , 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Larissa Boie
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin , 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Brete
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin , 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelius Gahl
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin , 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rafal Klajn
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science , 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Petra Tegeder
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Weinelt
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin , 14195 Berlin, Germany
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22
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Cantatore V, Granucci G, Rousseau G, Padula G, Persico M. Photoisomerization of Self-Assembled Monolayers of Azobiphenyls: Simulations Highlight the Role of Packing and Defects. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4027-4031. [PMID: 27669082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present surface hopping simulations of the photodynamics of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of 4'-(biphenyl-4-ylazo)-biphenyl-4-thiol (ABPT) on Au(111). We show that trans → cis photoisomerization is suppressed because of steric hindrance in a well-ordered SAM. Photoisomerization is instead viable in the presence of defects. Two particularly important defects are the boundaries between domains of trans-ABPT molecules leaning in different directions (a line defect) and single cis molecules embedded in a SAM of trans (a point defect). Our findings explain the cooperative behavior observed during the photoisomerization of a trans-ABPT SAM, leading to large domains of pure cis and trans isomers. The line and point defects are predicted to produce different patterns of cis-ABPT molecules during the early stages of the photoconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cantatore
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa , v. G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Granucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa , v. G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Guillaume Rousseau
- Magistère 2 de Physique Fondamentale, Université de Paris Sud 11 , Orsay 91400, France
| | - Giancarlo Padula
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa , v. G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Persico
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa , v. G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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23
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Lin L, Zhang Z, Lu Z, Guo Y, Liu M. Two-Photon-Induced Isomerization of Spiropyran/Merocyanine at the Air/Water Interface Probed by Second Harmonic Generation. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:7859-7864. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b08053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lin
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhou Lu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Guo
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Minghua Liu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, P. R. China
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