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Huang YY, He ZH, Ji GF. Reaction mechanism and kinetics properties of β-HMX under different thermodynamics States: A theoretical study for thermal decomposition. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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2
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Shi A, Zheng H, Chen Z, Zhang W, Zhou X, Rossi C, Shen R, Ye Y. Exploring the Interfacial Reaction of Nano Al/CuO Energetic Films through Thermal Analysis and Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113586. [PMID: 35684528 PMCID: PMC9181959 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the interface layer on energy release in nanoenergetic composite films is important and challenging for the utilization of energy. Nano Al/CuO composite films with different modulation periods were prepared by magnetron sputtering and tested by differential scanning calorimetry. With the increase in the modulation period of the nano Al/CuO energetic composite films, the interface layer contained in the energetic composite film decreased meaningfully, increasing the total heat release meaningfully. Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulation were carried out to study the preparation process changes and related properties of the nano Al/CuO energetic composite films under different configurations at 400 K. The results showed that the diffusion of oxygen atoms first occurred at the upper and lower interfaces of CuO and Al, forming AlOx and CuxAlyOz. The two-modulation-period structure changed more obviously than the one-modulation-period structure, and the reaction was faster. The propagation rate and reaction duration of the front end of the diffusion reaction fronts at the upper and lower interfaces were different. The Helmholtz free energy loss of the nano Al/CuO composite films with a two-modulation-period configuration was large, and the number of interfacial layers had a great influence on the Helmholtz free energy, which was consistent with the results of the thermal analysis. Current molecular dynamics studies may provide new insights into the nature and characteristics of fast thermite reactions in atomic detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anran Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (A.S.); (Z.C.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory of MIIT, Nanjing 210094, China
- Institute of Space Propulsion, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Han Zheng
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Institute of Materials Research (iMR), Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (TSIGS), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (A.S.); (Z.C.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory of MIIT, Nanjing 210094, China
- Institute of Space Propulsion, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (A.S.); (Z.C.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory of MIIT, Nanjing 210094, China
- Institute of Space Propulsion, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (R.S.)
| | - Xiang Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (A.S.); (Z.C.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Carole Rossi
- LAAS-CNRS, University of Toulouse, 31077 Toulouse, France;
| | - Ruiqi Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (A.S.); (Z.C.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory of MIIT, Nanjing 210094, China
- Institute of Space Propulsion, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (R.S.)
| | - Yinghua Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (A.S.); (Z.C.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory of MIIT, Nanjing 210094, China
- Institute of Space Propulsion, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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3
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Wang C, Zhang C, Xue X. Pressure and Polymorph Dependent Thermal Decomposition Mechanism of Molecular Materials: A Case of 1,3,5,-Trinitro-1,3,5,-triazine. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:463-472. [PMID: 35061375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c08171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
1,3,5,-Trinitro-1,3,5,-triazine (RDX) serves as an important energetic material and is widely used as various solid propellants and explosives. Understanding the thermal decomposition behaviors of various polymorphs of RDX at high pressure and high temperature is significantly important for safe storage and handling. The present work reveals the early thermal decay mechanisms of two polymorphs (α- and ε-forms) of RDX at high pressure and high temperature by ReaxFF reactive molecular dynamic simulations and climbing image nudged elastic band (CI-NEB) static calculations. It is found that the thermal decomposition rate has positive and negative effects on the pressure for α- and ε-RDX, respectively. This difference originates from the difference of pressure effect on the intermolecular H transfer of the two polymorphs, as we confirm that the bimolecular H transfer rather than the NO2 partition initiates the decay with a significantly lower energy barrier therein. This finding may be beneficial to understand the pressure and polymorph dependent effect on the decay of RDX and to develop a kinetic model for the combustion of solid RDX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyu Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P.O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, Sichuan 621999, China.,Department of Materials Science and the Advanced Coatings Research Center of the China Educational Ministry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P.O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, Sichuan 621999, China.,Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xianggui Xue
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P.O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, Sichuan 621999, China
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Wang J, Gao C, Xu Z, Zhong C, Dai R, Wang Z, Li H, Zhang Z. Pressure effects on the thermal decomposition of the LLM-105 crystal. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:2396-2402. [PMID: 35019913 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04076f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thermal mechanical responses under high temperature and high pressure are basic information to understand the performance of energetic materials. In this work, the pressure effects on the thermal decay of 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105) are explored. Up to the initial pressure of 4.6 GPa, the pressure dependent decomposition boundary is built and no phase transition occurs until the decomposition of the LLM-105 crystal. The decomposition temperature is significantly lifted via a weak loading pressure. The experimental measurement confirms the decomposition products, including NO2, CO2 and NH3, which are predicted by the density functional tight-binding molecular dynamics method. The calculation described the details of thermal decay in the initial stages under high pressure. The sudden drop in the shifts of the Raman modes associated with hydrogen bonds under high pressure indicates the strengthening of the intermolecular hydrogen bonds and the occurrence of intermolecular hydrogen transfer prior to crystal decomposition. The simulation supported the existence of intermolecular hydrogen transfer and provided the transfer path and decomposition mechanism. All of these jobs not only contribute significantly to the understanding of thermal decomposition of energetic materials as a function of pressure, but also contribute to the understanding of sensitivity mechanisms and safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junke Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chan Gao
- The Centre for Physical Experiments, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Zilong Xu
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Rucheng Dai
- The Centre for Physical Experiments, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Zhongping Wang
- The Centre for Physical Experiments, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Hongzhen Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621900, China
| | - Zengming Zhang
- The Centre for Physical Experiments, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China. .,Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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Liu Y, Yang B, Xu J, Zhao H, He Y. Oil-water separation performance of aligned single walled carbon nanotubes membrane: A reactive molecular dynamics simulation study. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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6
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Xiong G, Yang C, Feng S, Zhu W. Ab initio molecular dynamics studies on the transport mechanisms of oxygen atoms in the adiabatic reaction of Al/CuO nanothermite. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Xie H, Zhu W. Thermal decomposition mechanisms of the energetic benzotrifuroxan:1,3,3‐trinitroazetidine cocrystal using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201900169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Xie
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science, School of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science, School of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
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8
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Xiang D, Ji G, Zhu W. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations study on initial decompositions of β‐HMX at high temperature coupled with high pressures. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201800463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xiang
- School of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Guangfu Ji
- Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid PhysicsChina Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang Sichuan China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- School of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing Jiangsu China
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9
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Xiang D, Ji G, Zhu W. Structural and Vibrational Properties of Crystalline
β
‐Octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine at High Temperatures: Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Studies. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xiang
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials ScienceSchool of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Guangfu Ji
- Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation PhysicsInstitute of Fluid PhysicsChina Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang Sichuan 621900 China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials ScienceSchool of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
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10
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Xiong G, Zhu S, Yang C, Zhu W. Insight into interaction mechanisms of binary mixture systems of explosion products (H2O, CO2, and N2) at extreme high pressures and temperatures. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Peng Y, Xiu X, Zhu G, Yang Y. Predicting the Initial Thermal Decomposition Path of Nitrobenzene Caused by Mode Vibration at Moderate-Low Temperatures: Temperature-Dependent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectra Experiments and First-Principals Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:8336-8343. [PMID: 30277772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b06458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The lack of understanding of the initial decomposition micromechanism of energetic materials subjected to external stimulation has hindered its safe storage, usage, and development. The initial thermal decomposition path of nitrobenzene triggered by molecular thermal motion is investigated using temperature-dependent anti-Stokes Raman spectra experiments and first-principles calculations to clarify the initial thermal decomposition micromechanism. The experiment shows that the symmetric nitro stretching, antisymmetric nitro stretching, and phenyl ring stretching vibration modes are active as increasing temperature below 500 K. The DFT method is used to examine the effects of the three mode vibrations on the initial decomposition of nitrobenzene by relaxed scan for each relevant change in bond lengths and bond angles to obtain the optimal reaction channel leading to initial thermal decomposition of nitrobenzene. The results demonstrate that the initial thermal decomposition is the isomerization of nitrobenzene to phenyl nitrite. The optimal reaction channel leading to the initial isomerization is the increase or decrease of angle O-N-C from the antisymmetric nitro stretching vibration, which causes the torsion of nitro group and the subsequent oxygen atom attacking carbon atom. The scanning energy barrier related to angle O-N-C is about 62.1 kcal/mol, which is very consistent with the calculated activation barrier of isomerization of nitrobenzene. This proves the reliability of our conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Peng
- Department of Physics , Bohai University , Jinzhou 121013 , China
| | - Xianming Xiu
- Department of Physics , Bohai University , Jinzhou 121013 , China
| | - Gangbei Zhu
- Institute of Fluid Physics , Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics , Chengdu 610000 , China
| | - Yanqiang Yang
- Institute of Fluid Physics , Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics , Chengdu 610000 , China
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12
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Xiang D, Zhu W. Adiabatic and constant volume decomposition process of condensed phase δ-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane at high temperatures: Quantum molecular dynamics simulations. J Mol Graph Model 2018; 85:68-74. [PMID: 30099224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We performed quantum molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the initiation chemistry of condensed phase δ-HMX at high temperatures by maintaining constant energy and volume to model adiabatic initiation process. The decomposition of HMX began by the C-N bond breaking in one molecule and by the C-H bond cleavage in other HMX molecule at 2400 K. At 2700 K, HMX is triggered by only one path that the C-N bond broke and the ring opened. At 3000 K, the decomposition of HMX is triggered by the C-H bond and N-O bond fission in the branch chains. There are seven decomposition channels observed during the whole decomposition stage. The N-O bond cleavage is a dominant reaction pathway. The boat configuration of the HMX molecule caused a new reaction channel to be happened by forming a new N-N bond. Another new reaction channel took place to form a new N-C bond due to intermolecular effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xiang
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.
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13
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Tan LH, Xu JH, Shi L, Xu XR, Wang GX, Jiang W. Hydrogen Promoted Decomposition of Ammonium Dinitramide: an ab initio Molecular Dynamics Study. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/31/cjcp1708161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling-hua Tan
- National Special Superfine Power Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jian-hua Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Lei Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xu-ran Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Gui-xiang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- National Special Superfine Power Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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14
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Xiang D, Zhu W. Thermal decomposition of isolated and crystal 4,10-dinitro-2,6,8,12-tetraoxa-4,10-diazaisowurtzitane according to ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27255j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to study the initiation chemical reaction and subsequent decomposition mechanism of a 4,10-dinitro-2,6,8,12-tetraoxa-4,10-diazaisowutrzitane (TEX) crystal at 2160 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xiang
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
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15
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He ZH, Chen J, Wu Q, Ji GF. Special catalytic effects of intermediate-water for rapid shock initiation of β-HMX. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21384g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The intermediate-water efficiently promoted the decomposition of β-HMX, corresponding to a rapid shock initiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Hua He
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics
- Institute of Fluid Physics
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- China
| | - Jun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Computational Physics
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics
- Beijing 100088
- China
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology
| | - Qiang Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics
- Institute of Fluid Physics
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- China
| | - Guang-Fu Ji
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics
- Institute of Fluid Physics
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- China
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16
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Periodic density functional theory study of the high-pressure behavior of crystalline L-serine-L-ascorbic acid. J Mol Model 2015; 22:19. [PMID: 26711816 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2890-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A detailed study of the structural, electronic and absorption properties of crystalline L-serine-L-ascorbic acid (SAA) in the pressure range of 0-300 GPa was performed by density-functional theory (DFT) calculations in this work. Our results show that the compressible crystal of SAA is anisotropic. Furthermore, specific analysis of the variation tendencies of bond lengths and bond angles under different pressures show that the main structural transformations occur at pressures of 40, 50, 70, 100, 130 and 150 GPa, accompanied by repeated formations and disconnections of covalent bonds between O2(P1) and C2(P2) as well as C3(P1) and O1(P2), and a newly formed five-atom ring at 100 GPa. In addition, from 40 to 230 GPa, complex hydrogen bond transformations occur in SAA under compression, while from 240 to 300 GPa, the curve of lattice constants, bond lengths and bond angles of SAA barely changes, suggesting structural stability after 230 GPa. Then, by analyzing the band gap and density of states of SAA, it was found that the crystal undergoes a phase transformation from insulator to semiconductor at 150 GPa and it becomes more sensitive under compression. In addition, a relatively high optical activity with the pressure increases of SAA was seen from the absorption spectra, and two obvious changes of absorption coefficients were also observed at 50 GPa and 130 GPa, respectively, indicating that structural transformations occur here. Graphical abstract Structural formation and breaking of the five-atom ring O1(P2)-C2(P2)-O2(P1)-C2(P1)-C3(P1) with increasing pressure.
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17
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Liu Z, Wu Q, Zhu W, Xiao H. Formation and growth mechanisms of natural metastable twin boundary in crystalline β-octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine: a computational study. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra15324g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The twin boundary (TB), a typical planar defect, occurs naturally in molecular explosives and manipulates their sensitivities to external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Liu
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Heming Xiao
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
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