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Liu J, Fan K, Li X, Qin R, Wang X, Liu X, Liu X. Brand-New Method toward Widely Regulating Polymer Dispersity by Two-Dimensional Confining Radical Polymerization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Kun Fan
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Rui Qin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xikui Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
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Chen X, Fan K, Liu Y, Li Y, Liu X, Feng W, Wang X. Recent Advances in Fluorinated Graphene from Synthesis to Applications: Critical Review on Functional Chemistry and Structure Engineering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2101665. [PMID: 34658081 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated graphene (FG), as an emerging member of the graphene derivatives family, has attracted wide attention on account of its excellent performances and underlying applications. The introduction of a fluorine atom, with the strongest electronegativity (3.98), greatly changes the electron distribution of graphene, resulting in a series of unique variations in optical, electronic, magnetic, interfacial properties and so on. Herein, recent advances in the study of FG from synthesis to applications are introduced, and the relationship between its structure and properties is summarized in detail. Especially, the functional chemistry of FG has been thoroughly analyzed in recent years, which has opened a universal route for the functionalization and even multifunctionalization of FG toward various graphene derivatives, which further broadens its applications. Moreover, from a particular angle, the structure engineering of FG such as the distribution pattern of fluorine atoms and the regulation of interlayer structure when advanced nanotechnology gets involved is summarized. Notably, the elaborated structure engineering of FG is the key factor to optimize the corresponding properties for potential applications, and is also an up-to-date research hotspot and future development direction. Finally, perspectives and prospects for the problems and challenges in the study of FG are put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Kun Fan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300354, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300354, P. R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
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Stathis A, Bouza Z, Papadakis I, Couris S. Tailoring the Nonlinear Optical Response of Some Graphene Derivatives by Ultraviolet (UV) Irradiation. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12010152. [PMID: 35010102 PMCID: PMC8746475 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present work the impact of in situ photoreduction, by means of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, on the nonlinear optical response (NLO) of some graphene oxide (GO), fluorographene (GF), hydrogenated fluorographene (GFH) and graphene (G) dispersions is studied. In situ UV photoreduction allowed for the extended modification of the degree of functionalization (i.e., oxidization, fluorination and hydrogenation), leading to the effective tuning of the corresponding sp2/sp3 hybridization ratios. The nonlinear optical properties of the studied samples prior to and after UV irradiation were determined by means of the Z-scan technique using visible (532 nm), 4 ns laser excitation, and were found to change significantly. More specifically, while GO's nonlinear optical response increases with irradiation time, GF and GFH present a monotonic decrease. The graphene dispersions' nonlinear optical response remains unaffected after prolonged UV irradiation for more than an hour. The present findings demonstrate that UV photoreduction can be an effective and simple strategy for tuning the nonlinear optical response of these graphene derivatives in a controllable way, resulting in derivatives with custom-made responses, thus more suitable for different photonic and optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristeidis Stathis
- Department of Physics, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (A.S.); (Z.B.); (I.P.)
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Zoi Bouza
- Department of Physics, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (A.S.); (Z.B.); (I.P.)
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Ioannis Papadakis
- Department of Physics, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (A.S.); (Z.B.); (I.P.)
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Stelios Couris
- Department of Physics, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (A.S.); (Z.B.); (I.P.)
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), 26504 Patras, Greece
- Correspondence:
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Xu Z, Li Y, Xu D, Li L, Xu Y, Chen L, Liu Y, Sun J. Improvement of mechanical and antibacterial properties of porous nHA scaffolds by fluorinated graphene oxide. RSC Adv 2022; 12:25405-25414. [PMID: 36199313 PMCID: PMC9450491 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03854d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) is widely used as a bio-scaffold material due to its good bioactivity and biocompatibility. In this study, fluorinated graphene oxide (FG) was added to nHA to improve its poor formability, weak mechanical properties, undesirable antimicrobial activity and other disadvantages that affect its clinical application. FG was synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. Novel porous composite scaffolds were prepared by adding different weight ratios (0.1 wt%, 0.5 wt% and 1 wt%) of FG to nHA using the 3D printing technique. The morphology, phase composition and mechanical properties of the composite scaffolds were characterized. In addition, the degradation performance of the composite scaffolds, antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and cytocompatibility were also investigated. The results showed that the nHA/FG composite scaffold was successfully prepared with a uniform distribution of FG on the scaffold. The mechanical properties showed that the compression strength of the nHA/FG composite scaffold was significantly higher than that of the nHA scaffold (7.22 ± 1.43 MPa). The porosity of all composite scaffolds was above 70%. The addition of FG significantly improved the mechanical properties of the nHA scaffold without affecting the porosity of the scaffold. In addition, the 0.5 wt% nHA/FG scaffold exhibited satisfactory cytocompatibility and antibacterial properties. Therefore, the constructed nHA/FG composite scaffold can be considered as a novel antimicrobial bone substitute material with good application prospects. Nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) is widely used as a bio-scaffold material. In this study, fluorinated graphene oxide (FG) was added to nHA to improve its poor formability, weak mechanical properties and undesirable antimicrobial activity that affect its clinical application.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexian Xu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yali Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dian Xu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yaoxiang Xu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Dental Digital Medicine & 3D Printing Engineering Laboratory of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
| | - Liqiang Chen
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanshan Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Dental Digital Medicine & 3D Printing Engineering Laboratory of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Computer-Assisted Surgery, Qingdao, China
| | - Jian Sun
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Dental Digital Medicine & 3D Printing Engineering Laboratory of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Computer-Assisted Surgery, Qingdao, China
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Abstract
The present review focuses on the numerous routes for the preparation of fluorinated graphene (FG) according to the starting materials. Two strategies are considered: (i) addition of fluorine atoms on graphenes of various nature and quality and (ii) exfoliation of graphite fluoride. Chemical bonding in fluorinated graphene, related properties and a selection of applications for lubrication, energy storage, and gas sensing will then be discussed.
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Liu X, Li X, Li Y, Qin R, Huang F, Wang X, Liu X. Regulating the Bonding Nature and Location of C–F Bonds in Fluorinated Graphene by Doping Nitrogen Atoms. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yulong Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Rui Qin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Feng Huang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
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Peng Z, Liu X, Zhang W, Zeng Z, Liu Z, Zhang C, Liu Y, Shao B, Liang Q, Tang W, Yuan X. Advances in the application, toxicity and degradation of carbon nanomaterials in environment: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105298. [PMID: 31765863 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) are novel nanomaterials with excellent physicochemical properties, which are widely used in biomedicine, energy and sensing. Besides, CNMs also play an important role in environmental pollution control, which can absorb heavy metals, antibiotics and harmful gases. However, CNMs are inevitably entering the environment while they are rapidly developing. They are harmful to living organisms in the environment and are difficult to degrade under natural conditions. Here, we systematically describe the toxicity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene (GRA) and C60 to cells, animals, humans, and microorganisms. According to the current research results, the toxicity mechanism is summarized, including oxidative stress response, mechanical damage and effects on biological enzymes. In addition, according to the latest research progress, we focus on the two major degradation methods of chemical degradation and biodegradation of CNTs, GRA and C60. Meanwhile, the reaction conditions and degradation mechanisms of degradation are respectively stated. Moreover, we have prospects for the limitations of CNM degradation under non-experimental conditions and their potential application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Peng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410007, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410007, China
| | - Zhuotong Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, PR China
| | - Zhifeng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Chang Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Binbin Shao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Qinghua Liang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Wangwang Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Xingzhong Yuan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
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Annenkov MR, Lvova NA, Popkov DO. Interaction between Fluorine and Graphene Vacancy Defects. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024419050029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Shakourian-Fard M, Maryamdokht Taimoory S, Semeniuchenko V, Kamath G, Trant JF. The effect of ionic liquid adsorption on the electronic and optical properties of fluorographene nanosheets. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Fan K, Chen X, Wang X, Liu X, Liu Y, Lai W, Liu X. Toward Excellent Tribological Performance as Oil-Based Lubricant Additive: Particular Tribological Behavior of Fluorinated Graphene. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:28828-28838. [PMID: 30067014 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The poor dispersibility, strong interlayer interaction, and inferior crack resistance ability restrict the employment of graphene as a lubricant additive. Herein, we prepared fluorinated graphene with different F/C ratios by direct fluorination of multilayer graphene utilizing F2. Among them, highly fluorinated graphene (HFG) with an F/C ratio of about 1.0 presented prominent thermal stability and excellent tribological performance as an oil-based lubricant additive, whose friction coefficient and wear rate had a 51.4 and 90.9% decrease compared to that of pristine graphene, respectively. It was confirmed that C-F bonds perpendicular to the graphene plane contributed to increasing the interlayer distance and tribological performance of fluorinated graphene, while the randomly oriented CF2 and CF3 groups did not count as influential, as demonstrated via X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and polarized attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Meanwhile, Raman measurements traced the formation process of integrated and stable HFG tribofilm during friction process, and the corresponding stability was attributed to the physical and chemical interactions between HFG and friction pairs. More interestingly, the outstanding crack resistance ability of HFG preserved the sheet structure from destruction due to decreased in-plane stiffness and out-plane stress, thus constructing the tough tribofilm. The simple and feasible preparation makes HFG a promising candidate as advanced lubricant in industrial fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Fan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xikui Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchuan Lai
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , People's Republic of China
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Fan K, Liu J, Wang X, Liu Y, Lai W, Gao S, Qin J, Liu X. Towards enhanced tribological performance as water-based lubricant additive: Selective fluorination of graphene oxide at mild temperature. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 531:138-147. [PMID: 30031256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS It is still difficult to prepare hydrophilic fluorinated graphene with abundant oxygen functional groups and high F/C ratio. EXPERIMENTS Herein, selective fluorination for graphene oxide (GO) was realized to prepare highly oxygen/fluorine dual functionalized graphene (OFG) under a mild temperature without damaging the sheet structure. Its O/C and F/C ratios came up to 0.58 and 0.19 respectively, which contained the intactly reserved oxygen functional groups from GO during fluorination and C-F bonds from addition reaction between aromatic region and F2, as demonstrated via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), Raman measurements and so on. FINDINGS Experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that oxygen functional groups in-situ promoted addition reaction between aromatic region and F2, and the critical point was confirmed that oxygen functional groups began to react with F2 by substitution reaction. As-prepared OFG presented a 47% and 31% decrease of wear rate compared with that of pure water and GO, respectively. During friction process, the abundant oxygen functional groups of OFG contributed to hydrophilic property and introduced fluorine played an important role in enhancing the tribological performance by self-lubricating behavior. Such mild and simple method is achieved to expand the application of fluorinated graphene in aqueous environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Fan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchuan Lai
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Other Research Platforms & Dept. of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqiang Qin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China.
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Lai W, Yuan Y, Wang X, Liu Y, Li Y, Liu X. Radical mechanism of a nucleophilic reaction depending on a two-dimensional structure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 20:489-497. [PMID: 29214274 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06708a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of nucleophilic substitution deserves more investigation to include more reaction systems such as two-dimensional (2D) materials. In this study, we used fluorinated graphene (FG) as a representative 2D material to reveal the in-depth mechanism of its defluorination and nucleophilic substitution reaction under attack of common nucleophiles to explore the chemistry of 2D materials and enrich the research on the nucleophilic substitution reaction. DFT calculations and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) demonstrated that defluorination of FG occurred via a radical mechanism after a single electron transfer (SET) reaction between the nucleophile and C-F bond, and a spin center was generated on the nanosheet and fluorine anion. Moreover, neither the SN1 nor SN2 mechanism was suggested to be appropriate for the substitution reaction of FG with a 2D structure due to the corresponding kinetics or thermodynamics disadvantage; hence, its nucleophilic substitution was proved to occur via a radical mechanism initiated by the defluorination step. The proposed substitution mechanism of FG demonstrates that nucleophilic substitution via a radical mechanism can also be applied to the attacking process of common nucleophiles without any particular conditions. Furthermore, it has been discovered that triethylamine without active hydrogen can be covalently attached to graphene nanosheets via a nucleophilic substitution reaction with FG; this further indicates a radical process for the nucleophilic substitution of FG rather than an SN1 or SN2 mechanism. The detailed process of the nucleophilic substitution reaction of FG was revealed to occur via a radical mechanism depending on the 2D structure of FG, which could also represent the typical characteristic of 2D chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchuan Lai
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China.
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Chronopoulos DD, Bakandritsos A, Pykal M, Zbořil R, Otyepka M. Chemistry, properties, and applications of fluorographene. APPLIED MATERIALS TODAY 2017; 9:60-70. [PMID: 29238741 PMCID: PMC5721099 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fluorographene, formally a two-dimensional stoichiometric graphene derivative, attracted remarkable attention of the scientific community due to its extraordinary physical and chemical properties. We overview the strategies for the preparation of fluorinated graphene derivatives, based on top-down and bottom-up approaches. The physical and chemical properties of fluorographene, which is considered as one of the thinnest insulators with a wide electronic band gap, are presented. Special attention is paid to the rapidly developing chemistry of fluorographene, which was advanced in the last few years. The unusually high reactivity of fluorographene, which can be chemically considered perfluorinated hydrocarbon, enables facile and scalable access to a wide portfolio of graphene derivatives, such as graphene acid, cyanographene and allyl-graphene. Finally, we summarize the so far reported applications of fluorographene and fluorinated graphenes, spanning from sensing and bioimaging to separation, electronics and energy technologies.
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Shahzad F, Zaidi SA, Koo CM. Synthesis of Multifunctional Electrically Tunable Fluorine-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide at Low Temperatures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:24179-24189. [PMID: 28654230 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Doping with heteroatoms is a well-established method to tune the electronic properties and surface chemistry of graphene. Herein, we demonstrate the synthesis of a fluorine-doped reduced graphene oxide (FrGO) at low temperatures that offers multiple opportunities in applied fields. The as-synthesized FrGO product shows a better electrical conductivity of 750 S m-1 than that of undoped rGO with an electrical conductivity of 195 S m-1. To demonstrate the multifunctional applications of the as-synthesized FrGO, it was examined for electromagnetic interference shielding and electrochemical sensing of histamine as an important food biomarker. A laminate of FrGO delivered an EMI shielding effectiveness value of 22 dB in Ku band as compared with 11.2 dB for an rGO laminate with similar thickness. On the other hand, an FrGO modified sensor offered an excellent sensitivity (∼7 nM), wide detection range, and good selectivity in the presence of similar biomarkers. This performance originates from the better catalytic ability of FrGO as compared with rGO, where fluorine atoms play the role of catalytic active sites owing to their high electronegativity. The fluorination reaction also helps to improve the reduction degree of the chemically synthesized graphene, consequently enhancing the electrical conductivity, which is a prime requirement for increasing the electromagnetic and electrochemical properties of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Shahzad
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Nanomaterials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology , 217, Gajung-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Shabi Abbas Zaidi
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University , 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Min Koo
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Nanomaterials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology , 217, Gajung-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University , Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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González-Ramírez DF, Ávila-Pérez P, Torres-Bustillos LG, Aguilar-López R, Montes-Horcasitas MC, Esparza-García FJ, Rodríguez-Vázquez R. Removal of phenanthrene in aqueous solution containing photon competitors by TiO 2-C-Ag film supported on fiberglass. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2017; 52:742-749. [PMID: 28394702 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1303311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface interactions with pollutants and photons are key factors that affect the applications of TiO2 in environmental remediation. In this study, the solubilizing agents dimethylsulfoxide and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, which act as photon competitors, had no effect on the photocatalytic activity of TiO2-C-Ag film in phenanthrene (PHE) removal. Fiberglass with TiO2-C-Ag coating removed 91.1 ± 5.2 and 99.7 ± 0.4% of PHE in treatments using UVA (365-465 nm) and UVC (254 nm) irradiation, respectively. The use of fiberglass as a support increased the superficial area, thus allowing PHE sorption. C and Ag, which are electrically active impurities in TiO2, enhanced its photocatalytic activity and thus the attraction of the pollutant to its surface. The use of high-frequency UV light (UVC) decreased the amount of carbon species deposited on the TiO2CAg film surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the TiO2-C-Ag film revealed extensive oxidation of the carbon deposited on the film under UVC light and loss of electrons from Ag clusters by conversion of Ag0 to Ag3+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisse Fabiola González-Ramírez
- a Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Research Center and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute , Mexico City , México
| | - Pedro Ávila-Pérez
- b National Institute of Nuclear Research, Direction of Technological Research , State of Mexico , México
| | - Luis G Torres-Bustillos
- c Department of Bioprocesses, Interdisciplinary Professional Unit of Biotechnology , National Polytechnic Institute , Mexico City , México
| | - Ricardo Aguilar-López
- a Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Research Center and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute , Mexico City , México
| | - María C Montes-Horcasitas
- a Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Research Center and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute , Mexico City , México
| | - Fernando J Esparza-García
- a Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Research Center and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute , Mexico City , México
| | - Refugio Rodríguez-Vázquez
- a Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Research Center and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute , Mexico City , México
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17
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Lin WC, Chuang MK, Keshtov ML, Sharma GD, Chen FC. Photoexfoliation of two-dimensional materials through continuous UV irradiation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:125604. [PMID: 28220757 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa5c79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the preparation of fluorinated graphene nanosheets (FGNs) through photoexfoliation of fluorinated graphite (FG) in the liquid phase. We discovered that UV irradiation of FG dispersions in N-methyl-2-pyrolidone facilitated exfoliation to give FGNs. Transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy revealed that the average thickness of the FGNs was approximately 3 nm; they were considerably thinner than the nanosheets prepared using a conventional sonication approach. Furthermore, when the FGNs were deposited uniformly onto substrates (through spin coating), they formed effective cathode interlayers for polymer solar cells (PSCs), the efficiency of which was 60% greater than that of PSCs containing FGNs prepared through ultrasonication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Chen Lin
- Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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18
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Chen T, Wang X, Liu Y, Li B, Cheng Z, Wang Z, Lai W, Liu X. Effects of the oxygenic groups on the mechanism of fluorination of graphene oxide and its structure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:5504-5512. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07665c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the chemical structure of graphene oxide on its fluorination reaction and on the structure of the products was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
| | - Baoyin Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Cheng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zaoming Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchuan Lai
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
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19
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Lai W, Xu D, Wang X, Wang Z, Liu Y, Zhang X, Liu X. Characterization of the thermal/thermal oxidative stability of fluorinated graphene with various structures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:19442-19451. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03684a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The thermal/thermal oxidative stability of various fluorinated graphene depends on the differences in their corresponding C–F bonds, CFn defects and spin centers on the nanosheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchuan Lai
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
| | - Dazhou Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zaoming Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojiao Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
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20
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Lai W, Xu D, Wang X, Wang Z, Liu Y, Zhang X, Li Y, Liu X. Defluorination and covalent grafting of fluorinated graphene with TEMPO in a radical mechanism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:24076-24081. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04439a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The work innovatively reveals the radical mechanism of derivative reactions of fluorinated graphene including its defluorination and covalent grafting, meanwhile first confirming the destination of deciduous fluorine atoms after defluorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchuan Lai
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
| | - Dazhou Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zaoming Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojiao Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yulong Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- People's Republic of China
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21
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Feng W, Long P, Feng Y, Li Y. Two-Dimensional Fluorinated Graphene: Synthesis, Structures, Properties and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2016; 3:1500413. [PMID: 27981018 PMCID: PMC5115570 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated graphene, an up-rising member of the graphene family, combines a two-dimensional layer-structure, a wide bandgap, and high stability and attracts significant attention because of its unique nanostructure and carbon-fluorine bonds. Here, we give an extensive review of recent progress on synthetic methods and C-F bonding; additionally, we present the optical, electrical and electronic properties of fluorinated graphene and its electrochemical/biological applications. Fluorinated graphene exhibits various types of C-F bonds (covalent, semi-ionic, and ionic bonds), tunable F/C ratios, and different configurations controlled by synthetic methods including direct fluorination and exfoliation methods. The relationship between the types/amounts of C-F bonds and specific properties, such as opened bandgap, high thermal and chemical stability, dispersibility, semiconducting/insulating nature, magnetic, self-lubricating and mechanical properties and thermal conductivity, is discussed comprehensively. By optimizing the C-F bonding character and F/C ratios, fluorinated graphene can be utilized for energy conversion and storage devices, bioapplications, electrochemical sensors and amphiphobicity. Based on current progress, we propose potential problems of fluorinated graphene as well as the future challenge on the synthetic methods and C-F bonding character. This review will provide guidance for controlling C-F bonds, developing fluorine-related effects and promoting the application of fluorinated graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology Ministry of Education Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Tianjin 300072 P.R China
| | - Peng Long
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology Ministry of Education Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Tianjin 300072 P.R China
| | - Yiyu Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology Ministry of Education Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Tianjin 300072 P.R China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology Ministry of Education Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Tianjin 300072 P.R China
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22
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23
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Li B, Fan K, Ma X, Liu Y, Chen T, Cheng Z, Wang X, Jiang J, Liu X. Graphene-based porous materials with tunable surface area and CO2 adsorption properties synthesized by fluorine displacement reaction with various diamines. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 478:36-45. [PMID: 27280538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A mild, operationally simple and controllable protocol for preparing graphene-based porous materials is essential to achieve a good pore-design development. In this paper, graphene-based porous materials with tunable surface area were constructed by the intercalation of fluorinated graphene (FG) based on the reaction of reactive CF bonds attached to graphene sheets with various amine-terminated molecules. In the porous materials, graphene sheets are like building blocks, and the diamines covalently grafted onto graphene framework act as pillars. Various diamines are successfully grafted onto graphene sheets, but the grafting ratio of diamines and reduction degree of FG differ greatly and depend on the chemical reactivity of diamines. Pillared diamine molecules chemically anchor at one end and are capable of undergoing a different reaction on the other end, resulting in three different conformations of graphene derivatives. Nitrogen sorption isotherms revealed that the surface area and pore distribution of the obtained porous materials depend heavily on the size and structure of diamine pillars. CO2 uptake capacity characterization showed that ethylenediamine intercalated FG achieved a high CO2 uptake density of 18.0 CO2 molecules per nm(2) at 0°C and 1.1bars, and high adsorption heat, up to 46.1kJmol(-1) at zero coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyin Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Fan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Ma
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Cheng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiaxing Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Wang X, Wang W, Liu Y, Ren M, Xiao H, Liu X. Controllable defluorination of fluorinated graphene and weakening of C–F bonding under the action of nucleophilic dipolar solvent. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:3285-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06914a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Some dipolar solvents promote the reduction of fluorinated grapheee and the weakening of strong covalent C–F bonding, which leads to a series of changes in the structure and properties of fluorinated graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Weimiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Huining Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of New Brunswick
- Fredericton
- Canada
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
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