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Guo D, Wei Y, Zybin SV, Liu Y, Huang F, Goddard WA. Detonation Performance of Insensitive Nitrogen-Rich Nitroenamine Energetic Materials Predicted from First-Principles Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulations. JACS AU 2024; 4:1605-1614. [PMID: 38665641 PMCID: PMC11040668 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Because of the excellent combination of high detonation and low sensitivity properties of the 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) energetic material (EM), it is useful to explore new energetic derivatives that start with the FOX-7 structure. However, most such derivatives are highly sensitive, making them unsuitable for EM applications. An exception is the new nitroenamine EM, 1,1-diamino-2-tetrazole-2-nitroethene (FOX-7-T) (synthesized by replacing a nitro group with a tetrazole ring), which exhibits good stability. Unfortunately, FOX-7-T shows an unexpected much lower detonation performance than FOX-7, despite its higher nitrogen content. To achieve an atomistic understanding of the insensitivity and detonation performance of FOX-7 and FOX-7-T, we carried out reactive molecular dynamics (RxMD) using the ReaxFF reactive force field and combined quantum mechanics MD (QM-MD). We found that the functional group plays a significant role in the initial decomposition reaction. For FOX-7, the initial decomposition involves only simple hydrogen transfer reactions at high temperature, whereas for FOX-7-T, the initial reaction begins at much lower temperature with a tetrazole ring breaking to form N2, followed by many subsequent reactions. Our first-principles-based simulations predicted that FOX-7-T has 34% lower CJ pressure, 15% lower detonation velocity, and 45% lower CJ temperature than FOX-7. This is partly because a larger portion of the FOX-7-T mass gets trapped into condensed phase carbon clusters at the CJ point, suppressing generation of gaseous CO2 and N2 final products, leading to reduced energy delivery. Our findings suggest that the oxygen balance is an important factor to be considered in the design of the next generation of high-nitrogen-containing EMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhou Guo
- State
Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Wei
- State
Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sergey V. Zybin
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yan Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fenglei Huang
- State
Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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2
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Allen JE, Zybin SV, Morozov SI, O'Sullivan OT, Kawamura C, Waxler DE, Hooper JP, Goddard Iii WA, Zdilla MJ. High-Energy-Density Material with Magnetically Modulated Ignition. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4500-4507. [PMID: 38330246 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Preparation of a redox-frustrated high-energy-density energetic material is achieved by gentle protolysis of Mn[N(SiMe3)2]2 with the perchlorate salt of the tetrazolamide [H2NtBuMeTz]ClO4 (Tz = tetrazole), yielding the Mn6N6 hexagonal prismatic cluster, Mn6(μ3-NTztBuMe)6(ClO4)6. Quantum mechanics-based molecular dynamics simulations of the decomposition of this molecule predict that magnetic ordering of the d5 Mn2+ ions influences the pathway and rates of decomposition, suggesting that the initiation of decomposition of the bulk material might be significantly retarded by an applied magnetic field. We report here experimental tests of the prediction showing that the presence of a 0.5 T magnetic field modulates the ignition onset temperature by +10.4 ± 3.9 °C (from 414 ± 4 °C), demonstrating the first example of a magnetically modulated explosive.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Sergey V Zybin
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Sergey I Morozov
- Department of Physics of Nanoscale Systems, South Ural State University, 76 Prospekt Lenina, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia
| | - Owen T O'Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Colton Kawamura
- Department of Physics, Naval Postgraduate School, 833 Dyer Road, Monterey, California 93943, United States
| | - David E Waxler
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, 1701 N 13th St. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, 161 Jesse Hill Jr. Drive SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Joseph P Hooper
- Department of Physics, Naval Postgraduate School, 833 Dyer Road, Monterey, California 93943, United States
| | - William A Goddard Iii
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Michael J Zdilla
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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3
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Zhang J, Guo W, Yao Y. Deep Potential Molecular Dynamics Study of Chapman-Jouguet Detonation Events of Energetic Materials. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7141-7148. [PMID: 37535980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Detonation of energetic materials (EMs) is of great importance for military applications, while the understanding of detailed events and mechanisms for the detonation process is scarce. In this study, the first deep neural network potential NNP_Shock for molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of shock-induced detonation of EMs was generated based on a deep potential model, providing DFT accuracy but 106 times the computational efficiency. On this basis, we employ our deep potential to perform MD simulations of shock-induced detonation of high-performance EM material 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20, C6H6N12O12) and obtain the theoretical Chapman-Jouguet (C-J) detonation velocities and pressures directly by multiscale shock technique (MSST) for the first time, which are in good agreement with experiment. In addition, the Hugoniot curves and initial reaction mechanisms were successfully obtained. Therefore, the NNP_Shock potential is competent in research of the detonation performance and shock sensitivity of CL-20, and the method can also be transplanted to studies of other EMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidong Zhang
- College of Sciences/Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage Materials and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material (MOE), Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yugui Yao
- Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material (MOE), Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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4
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Hamilton BW, Yoo P, Sakano MN, Islam MM, Strachan A. High-pressure and temperature neural network reactive force field for energetic materials. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:144117. [PMID: 37061473 DOI: 10.1063/5.0146055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive force fields for molecular dynamics have enabled a wide range of studies in numerous material classes. These force fields are computationally inexpensive compared with electronic structure calculations and allow for simulations of millions of atoms. However, the accuracy of traditional force fields is limited by their functional forms, preventing continual refinement and improvement. Therefore, we develop a neural network-based reactive interatomic potential for the prediction of the mechanical, thermal, and chemical responses of energetic materials at extreme conditions. The training set is expanded in an automatic iterative approach and consists of various CHNO materials and their reactions under ambient and shock-loading conditions. This new potential shows improved accuracy over the current state-of-the-art force fields for a wide range of properties such as detonation performance, decomposition product formation, and vibrational spectra under ambient and shock-loading conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenden W Hamilton
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Pilsun Yoo
- Computational Science and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Michael N Sakano
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - Md Mahbubul Islam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Alejandro Strachan
- School of Materials Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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5
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Makarenkov AV, Kiselev SS, Kononova EG, Dolgushin FM, Peregudov AS, Borisov YA, Ol’shevskaya VA. Synthesis, Characterization and DFT Study of a New Family of High-Energy Compounds Based on s-Triazine, Carborane and Tetrazoles. Molecules 2022; 27:7484. [PMID: 36364313 PMCID: PMC9656522 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
An efficient one-pot synthesis of carborane-containing high-energy compounds was developed via the exploration of carbon-halogen bond functionalization strategies in commercially available 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine. The synthetic pathway first included the substitution of two chlorine atoms in s-triazine with 5-R-tetrazoles (R = H, Me, Et) units to form disubstituted tetrazolyl 1,3,5-triazines followed by the sequential substitution of the remaining chlorine atom in 1,3,5-triazine with carborane N- or S-nucleophiles. All new compounds were characterized by IR- and NMR spectroscopy. The structure of four new compounds was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The density functional theory method (DFT B3LYP/6-311 + G*) was used to study the geometrical structures, enthalpies of formation (EOFs), energetic properties and highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO and LUMO) energies and the detonation properties of synthesized compounds. The DFT calculation revealed compounds processing the maximum value of the detonation velocity or the maximum value of the detonation pressure. Theoretical terahertz frequencies for potential high-energy density materials (HEDMs) were computed, which allow the opportunity for the remote detection of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton V. Makarenkov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28, bld. 1 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey S. Kiselev
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28, bld. 1 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena G. Kononova
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28, bld. 1 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Fedor M. Dolgushin
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Prosp., 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S. Peregudov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28, bld. 1 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yurii A. Borisov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28, bld. 1 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentina A. Ol’shevskaya
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28, bld. 1 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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6
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Lindsey RK, Huy Pham C, Goldman N, Bastea S, Fried LE. Machine‐Learning a Solution for Reactive Atomistic Simulations of Energetic Materials. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K. Lindsey
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore California 94550 USA
| | - Cong Huy Pham
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore California 94550 USA
| | - Nir Goldman
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore California 94550 USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of California, Davis Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Sorin Bastea
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore California 94550 USA
| | - Laurence E. Fried
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore California 94550 USA
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7
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Molecular Forcefield Methods for Describing Energetic Molecular Crystals: A Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051611. [PMID: 35268712 PMCID: PMC8912029 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Energetic molecular crystals are widely applied for military and civilian purposes, and molecular forcefields (FF) are indispensable for treating the microscopic issues therein. This article reviews the three types of molecular FFs that are applied widely for describing energetic crystals—classic FFs, consistent FFs, and reactive FFs (ReaxFF). The basic principle of each type of FF is briefed and compared, with the application introduced, predicting polymorph, morphology, thermodynamics, vibration spectra, thermal property, mechanics, and reactivity. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of these FFs are summarized, and some directions of future development are suggested.
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8
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Guo D, Zybin SV, Chafin AP, Goddard WA. Increasing Oxygen Balance Leads to Enhanced Performance in Environmentally Acceptable High-Energy Density Materials: Predictions from First-Principles Molecular Dynamics Simulations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:5257-5264. [PMID: 35040628 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Environmental concerns have stimulated the development of green alternatives to environmentally pollutive nitramine compounds used for high-energy density materials (HEDMs). The excellent energetic properties of CL20 make it a promising candidate, but its negative oxygen balance limits its efficiency for industrial and military applications. We predict here that CL20-EO formed by introducing ether links into the CC bonds of the original CL20 structure to attain balanced CO2 and H2O production leads to improved performance while minimizing the formation of carbonaceous clusters and toxic gases. To test this concept, we predicted the detonation properties at the Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) state using reactive molecular dynamics simulations with the ReaxFF force field combined with quantum mechanics based moleculear dynamics. We predict that CL20-EO enhances energetic performance compared to CL20 with a 6.0% increase in the CJ pressure and a 1.1% increase in the detonation velocity, which we attribute to achieving the correct oxygen balance to produce fully oxidized gaseous products. After expansion to normal conditions from the CJ state, CL20-EO leads only to nontoxic fully oxidized gases instead of forming the carbonaceous clusters and toxic gases found with CL-20. Thus, CL20-EO is predicted to be environmentally green. These results indicate that oxygen balance plays an important role in both energy availability and end-product toxicity and that balanced CO2 and H2O production systems provide promising candidates for the next generation of environmentally acceptable alternatives to toxic HEDMs while also enhancing the detonation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhou Guo
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- The Gene & Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Sergey V Zybin
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Andrew P Chafin
- Research Department, Chemistry Division, Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division (NAWCWD), 1900 N. Knox Rd. Stop 6303, China Lake, California 93555, United States
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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9
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Huo X, Song L, Xie Y, Zhang L, Yang M. PVT relation of the main products of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene explosive reactions through a molecular dynamics approach. Chem Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2021.111265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Jadrich RB, Ticknor C, Leiding JA. First principles reactive simulation for equation of state prediction. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:244307. [PMID: 34241343 DOI: 10.1063/5.0050676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The high cost of density functional theory (DFT) has hitherto limited the ab initio prediction of the equation of state (EOS). In this article, we employ a combination of large scale computing, advanced simulation techniques, and smart data science strategies to provide an unprecedented ab initio performance analysis of the high explosive pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). Comparison to both experiment and thermochemical predictions reveals important quantitative limitations of DFT for EOS prediction and thus the assessment of high explosives. In particular, we find that DFT predicts the energy of PETN detonation products to be systematically too high relative to the unreacted neat crystalline material, resulting in an underprediction of the detonation velocity, pressure, and temperature at the Chapman-Jouguet state. The energetic bias can be partially accounted for by high-level electronic structure calculations of the product molecules. We also demonstrate a modeling strategy for mapping chemical composition across a wide parameter space with limited numerical data, the results of which suggest additional molecular species to consider in thermochemical modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B Jadrich
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Christopher Ticknor
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Jeffery A Leiding
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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11
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Hamilton BW, Steele BA, Sakano MN, Kroonblawd MP, Kuo IFW, Strachan A. Predicted Reaction Mechanisms, Product Speciation, Kinetics, and Detonation Properties of the Insensitive Explosive 2,6-Diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105). J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:1766-1777. [PMID: 33617263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c10946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
2,6-Diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105) is a relatively new and promising insensitive high-explosive (IHE) material that remains only partially characterized. IHEs are of interest for a range of applications and from a fundamental science standpoint, as the root causes behind insensitivity are poorly understood. We adopt a multitheory approach based on reactive molecular dynamic simulations performed with density functional theory, density functional tight-binding, and reactive force fields to characterize the reaction pathways, product speciation, reaction kinetics, and detonation performance of LLM-105. We compare and contrast these predictions to 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB), a prototypical IHE, and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazoctane (HMX), a more sensitive and higher performance material. The combination of different predictive models allows access to processes operative on progressively longer timescales while providing benchmarks for assessing uncertainties in the predictions. We find that the early reaction pathways of LLM-105 decomposition are extremely similar to TATB; they involve intra- and intermolecular hydrogen transfer. Additionally, the detonation performance of LLM-105 falls between that of TATB and HMX. We find agreement between predictive models for first-step reaction pathways but significant differences in final product formations. Predictions of detonation performance result in a wide range of values, and one-step kinetic parameters show the similar reaction rates at high temperatures for three out of four models considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenden W Hamilton
- School of Materials Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Brad A Steele
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Michael N Sakano
- School of Materials Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Matthew P Kroonblawd
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - I-Feng W Kuo
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Alejandro Strachan
- School of Materials Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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12
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Bondarchuk SV. Magic of Numbers: A Guide for Preliminary Estimation of the Detonation Performance of C–H–N–O Explosives Based on Empirical Formulas. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V. Bondarchuk
- Department of Chemistry and Nanomaterials Science, Bogdan Khmelnitsky Cherkasy National University, blvd. Shevchenko 81, 18031 Cherkasy, Ukraine
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13
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Sergeev OV, Mukhanov AE, Murzov SA, Yanilkin AV. Complete equations of state for PETN and its products from atomistic simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:27572-27580. [PMID: 33236737 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03648j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The complete caloric and thermal equations of state for pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) and its decomposition products are developed. The equation for the crystalline state is obtained with quasiharmonic approximation for the vibrational energy, with the force constants being calculated using density functional theory. The equation of state for the products is derived from equilibrium ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations. Two equations are coupled through the heat of thermal decomposition calculated using ReaxFF at high temperature. Our hydrodynamic code utilizing the developed EOSs reproduces well the detonation velocity and Chapman-Jouguet pressure obtained in the molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V Sergeev
- Dukhov Research Institute of Automatics (VNIIA), Sushchevskaya ul. 22, Moscow 127055, Russia.
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14
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Yue L, Zhang L, Lv L, Yang M. Phase separation in the supercritical mixtures of N2, H2O and CO2 through a molecular dynamics study. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Guo D, An Q. Thermal Stability and Detonation Properties of Potassium 4,4'-Bis(dinitromethyl)-3,3'-azofurazanate, an Environmentally Friendly Energetic Three-Dimensional Metal-Organic Framework. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:1512-1519. [PMID: 30525412 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally acceptable alternatives to toxic lead-based primary explosives have become increasingly demanding for energetic materials (EMs) because of environmental concerns. Recent experiments suggested that energetic three-dimensional (3D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising candidates for the next generation of environmentally friendly primary explosives. A new energetic 3D MOF, denoted as potassium 4,4'-bis(dinitromethyl)-3,3'-azofurazanate, was synthesized and suggested as an excellent candidate for green primary explosives. To achieve an atomistic-level understanding of the thermal stability and detonation properties of this material, we carried out quantum mechanics simulations to examine its initial decomposition mechanism and the Chapman-Jouguet state for sustainable detonation. We find that the initial decomposition reaction of potassium 4,4'-bis(dinitromethyl)-3,3'-azofurazanate is to break the C2N2O five-member ring in which K+ ions play a significant role in stabilizing the molecule structure, leading to an excellent thermal stability. Furthermore, this MOF system has a higher detonation velocity than that of lead azide, a comparable detonation pressure and temperature, and no toxic gases are produced at detonation. The combination of these detonation properties makes it a promising candidate for green EMs. Our results suggest that synthesizing 3D MOFs is an effective approach to develop environmentally acceptable alternatives to toxic EMs with enhanced thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhou Guo
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , University of Nevada-Reno , Reno , Nevada 89557 , United States
| | - Qi An
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , University of Nevada-Reno , Reno , Nevada 89557 , United States
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16
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Zhou T, Zybin SV, Goddard WA, Cheng T, Naserifar S, Jaramillo-Botero A, Huang F. Predicted detonation properties at the Chapman-Jouguet state for proposed energetic materials (MTO and MTO3N) from combined ReaxFF and quantum mechanics reactive dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:3953-3969. [PMID: 29367992 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07321f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of new energetic materials (EMs) with improved detonation performance but low sensitivity and environmental impact is of considerable importance for applications in civilian and military fields. Often new designs are difficult to synthesize so predictions of performance in advance is most valuable. Examples include MTO (2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine-1,3,5-trioxide) and MTO3N (2,4,6-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine-1,3,5-trioxide) suggested by Klapötke as candidate EMs but not yet successfully synthesized. We propose and apply to these materials a new approach, RxMD(cQM), in which ReaxFF Reactive Molecular Dynamics (RxMD) is first used to predict the reaction products and thermochemical properties at the Chapman Jouguet (CJ) state for which the system is fully reacted and at chemical equilibrium. Quantum mechanics dynamics (QMD) is then applied to refine the pressure of the ReaxFF predicted CJ state to predict a more accurate final CJ point, leading to a very practical calculation that includes accurate long range vdW interactions needed for accurate pressure. For MTO, this RxMD(cQM) method predicts a detonation pressure of PCJ = 40.5 GPa and a detonation velocity of DCJ = 8.8 km s-1, while for MTO3N it predicts PCJ = 39.9 GPa and DCJ = 8.4 km s-1, making them comparable to HMX (PCJ = 39.5 GPa, DCJ = 9.1 km s-1) and worth synthesizing. This first-principles-based RxMD(cQM) methodology provides an excellent compromise between computational cost and accuracy including the formation of clusters that burn too slowly, providing a practical mean of assessing detonation performances for novel candidate EMs. This RxMD(cQM) method that links first principles atomistic molecular dynamics simulations with macroscopic properties to promote in silico design of new EMs should also be of general applicability to materials synthesis and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhou
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing, 100094, P. R. China
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17
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Ge NN, Bai S, Chang J, Ji GF. Shock response of condensed-phase RDX: molecular dynamics simulations in conjunction with the MSST method. RSC Adv 2018; 8:17312-17320. [PMID: 35539229 PMCID: PMC9080422 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00409a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have performed molecular dynamics simulations in conjunction with the multiscale shock technique (MSST) to study the initial chemical processes of condensed-phase RDX under various shock velocities (8 km s−1, 10 km s−1 and 11 km s−1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni-Na Ge
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- P. R. China
| | - Sha Bai
- Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics Research
- Institute of Fluid Physics
- Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Jing Chang
- Institute of Solid State Physics
- Sichuan Normal University
- Chengdu 610101
- P. R. China
| | - Guang-Fu Ji
- Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics Research
- Institute of Fluid Physics
- Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
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LI MEI, WU FENGMIN, XU HANG. Molecular design and performance prediction of poly-dinitroamino pyrrole compounds as energetic materials. J CHEM SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-016-1204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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