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Jin B, Wang ZR, Yan M, Feng LY, Miao CQ, Wang YJ. Dynamic Structural Fluxionality in a Planar Tetracoordinate Carbon Cluster Stabilized by Boron Ligands. Chemistry 2024:e202402132. [PMID: 38973769 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The design of boron-based molecular rotors stems from boron-carbon binary clusters containing multiple planar hypercoordinate carbons (phCs, such as C2B8). However, the design of boron-coordinated phCs is challenging due to boron's tendency to occupy hypercoordinate centers more than carbon. Although this challenge has been addressed, the designed clusters of interest have not exhibited dynamic fluxionality similar to that of the initial C2B8. To address this issue, we report a σ/π doubly aromatic CB2H5 + cluster, the first global minimum containing a boron-coordinated planar tetracoordinate carbon atom with dynamic fluxionality. Dynamics simulations show that two ligand H atoms exhibit alternate rotation, resulting in an intriguing dynamic fluxionality in this cluster. Electronic structure analysis reveals the flexible bonding positions of the ligand H atoms because they do not participate in π delocalized bonding nor bond to any other non-carbon atom, highlighting this rotational fluxionality. Unprecedentedly, the fluxional process involves not only the usual conversion of the number of bonding atoms, but also the type of bonding (3c π bonds ↔4c σ bonds), which is an uncommon fluxional mechanism. The cluster represents an effort to apply phC species to molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Normal University, 034000, Xinzhou, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zai-Ran Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Normal University, 034000, Xinzhou, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Normal University, 034000, Xinzhou, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Yan Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Normal University, 034000, Xinzhou, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Qing Miao
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Normal University, 034000, Xinzhou, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Normal University, 034000, Xinzhou, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
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Sun R, Jin B, Huo B, Yuan C, Zhai HJ, Wu YB. Planar pentacoordinate carbon in a sulphur-surrounded boron wheel: the global minimum of CB 5S 5. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2552-2555. [PMID: 35103735 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc07313c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a σ + π double aromatic CB5S5+ cluster, the first global minimum unusually having a planar hypercoordinate carbon inside a boron wheel. Five peripheral sulfur atoms stabilize the carbon-centered boron wheel by weakening the electron deficiency of the boron atoms through strong S → B π back-bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- The Key Laboratory of the Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China. .,Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Bo Jin
- The Key Laboratory of the Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Bin Huo
- The Key Laboratory of the Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Caixia Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of the Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- The Key Laboratory of the Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China. .,Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Yan-Bo Wu
- The Key Laboratory of the Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China.
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Sulphur-Bridged BAl 5S 5+ with 17 Counting Electrons: A Regular Planar Pentacoordinate Boron System. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175205. [PMID: 34500649 PMCID: PMC8433653 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, most of the reported planar pentacoordinate clusters are similar to the isoelectronic substitution of CAl5+, with 18 counting electrons. Meanwhile, the regular planar pentacoordinate boron systems are rarely reported. Hereby, a sulphur-bridged BAl5S5+ system with a five-pointed star configuration and 17 counting electrons is identified at the global energy minimum through the particle-swarm optimization method, based on the previous recognition on bridged sulphur as the peripheral tactics to the stable planar tetracoordinate carbon and boron. Its outstanding stability has been demonstrated by thermodynamic analysis at 900 K, electronic properties and chemical bonding analysis. This study provides adequately theoretical basis and referable data for its experimental capture and testing.
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Wang MH, Dong X, Cui ZH, Orozco-Ic M, Ding YH, Barroso J, Merino G. Planar pentacoordinate silicon and germanium atoms. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:13772-13775. [PMID: 33089264 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06107g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The global minimum of XMg4Y- (X = Si, Ge; Y = In, Tl) and SiMg3In2 contains a planar pentacoordinate atom of group 14 other than carbon. Its design is based on the "localization" approach, replacing one or two peripheral atoms in XMg52- by more electronegative ones. This change diminishes the repulsion and leads to stronger covalent X-Y bonds, stabilizing the planar pentacoordinate atom species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hui Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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Wang MH, Dong X, Ding YH, Cui ZH. Avoided spin coupling: an unexpected σ-σ diradical in global planar pentacoordinate carbon. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:7285-7288. [PMID: 32478342 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02236e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We present a global planar pentacoordinate carbon (ppC) featuring a hitherto unreported σ-σ diradical characteristic. Using the multi-reference approach combined with the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ method, the ppC C3Li3- was found to be an intriguing triplet ground state, in which the unpaired density is mostly located at three Li ligands. Chemical bonding analysis reveals that the 2pzπ electrons of C3Li3- are fully located at the C3 ring formed by C-C multiple bonds, in contrast to the perfect 2pzπ-delocalization found in the well-known ppCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hui Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Changchun 130012, China.
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Zheng HF, Xu J, Ding YH. A sixteen-valence-electron carbon-group 13 family with global penta-atomic planar tetracoordinate carbon: an ionic strategy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:3975-3982. [PMID: 32022042 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06577f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The design of planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC) has always been a challenge due to its unique bonding mode that necessitates the perfect balance between the carbon center and surrounding ligands both electronically and mechanically. A unique type of 18-valence-electron (18ve) template, i.e., CAl42-, has been found to be very effective in designing various novel 18ve-species upon skeletal substitution. In this work, we showed that though ptC is not the global structure for the parent 16ve-CAl4, suitable skeletal substitution can allow for a series of global minimum ptC species. Theoretical calculations at the level of CCSD(T)/def2-QZVP//B3LYP/def2-QZVP for 35 carbon-group 13 systems with 16-ve, i.e., CXaYbZcKd (X, Y, Z, K = Al/Ga/In/Tl; 0 ≤ a, b, c, d ≤ 4, a + b + c + d = 4), showed that 9 systems (CAl3Tl, CGa3Tl, CGa2Tl2, CAl2GaTl, CAl2InTl, CGa2InTl, CAlGa2Tl, CGa2InTl and CAlGaInTl) possess global minimum ptC and 2 systems (CAl3In and CAl2Tl2) have quasi-GM ptC. Except for CAl3Tl and CAl3In, all the ptCs were predicted for the first time. All these stable ptC structures have the same skeleton and can be described as the same ionic sub-structure, i.e., [A-]B+. This study not only enriches 16ve-ptC, but also directly demonstrates that utilizing an ionic strategy, non-ptC CAl4 also can be used as a template to extend the ptC family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Zheng
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Optical Engineering Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, P. R. China.
| | - Yi-Hong Ding
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China. and Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, People's Republic of China.
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Yañez O, Báez-Grez R, Garza J, Pan S, Barroso J, Vásquez-Espinal A, Merino G, Tiznado W. Embedding a Planar Hypercoordinate Carbon Atom into a [4n+2] π-System. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:145-148. [PMID: 31721418 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Through delicate tuning of the electronic structure, we report herein a rational design of seventeen new putative global minimum energy structures containing a planar tetra- or pentacoordinate carbon atom embedded in an aromatic hydrocarbon. These structures are the result of replacing three consecutive hydrogen atoms of an aromatic hydrocarbon by less electronegative groups, forming a multicenter σ-bond with the planar hypercoordinate carbon atom and participating in the π-electron delocalization. This strategy that maximizes both mechanical and electronic effects through aromatic architectures can be extended to several molecular combinations to achieve new and diverse compounds containing planar hypercoordinate carbon centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo Yañez
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, República 498, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Báez-Grez
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, República 498, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Garza
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingenierías, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col Vicentina, Iztapalapa, C. P., 09340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sudip Pan
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jorge Barroso
- Departamento de Física Aplicada Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, Km 6 Antigua carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán., Mexico
| | - Alejandro Vásquez-Espinal
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, República 498, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Física Aplicada Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, Km 6 Antigua carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán., Mexico
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Física Aplicada Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, Km 6 Antigua carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán., Mexico
| | - William Tiznado
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, República 498, Santiago, Chile
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Zheng HF, Xu J, Ding YH. Mono-silicon isoelectronic replacement in CAl 4 : van't hoff/le bel carbon or not? J Comput Chem 2020; 41:119-128. [PMID: 31663141 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In cluster studies, the isoelectronic replacement strategy has been successfully used to introduce new elements into a known structure while maintaining the desired topology. The well-known penta-atomic 18 valence electron (ve) species C Al 4 2 - and its Al- /Si or Al/Si+ isoelectronically replaced clusters CAl3 Si- , CAl2 Si2 , C AlSi 3 - , and C Si 4 2 + , all possess the same anti-van't Hoff/Le Bel skeletons, that is, nontraditional planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC) structure. In this article, however, we found that such isoelectronic replacement between Si and Al does not work for the 16ve-CAl4 with the traditional van't Hoff/Le Bel tetrahedral carbon (thC) and its isoelectronic derivatives CAl3 X (X = Ga/In/Tl). At the level of CCSD(T)/def2-QZVP//B3LYP/def2-QZVP, none of the global minima of the 16ve mono-Si-containing clusters CAl2 SiX+ (X = Al/Ga/In/Tl) maintains thC as the parent CAl4 does. Instead, X = Al/Ga globally favors an unusual ptC structure that has one long C─X distance yet with significant bond index value, and X = In/Tl prefers the planar tricoordinate carbon. The frustrated formation of thC in these clusters is ascribed to the CSi bonding that prefers a planar fashion. Inclusion of chloride ion would further stabilize the ptC of CAl2 SiAl+ and CAl2 SiGa+ . The unexpectedly disclosed CAl2 SiAl+ and CAl2 SiGa+ represent the first type of 16ve-cationic ptCs with multiple bonds. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Zheng
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Hong Ding
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, People's Republic of China
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Liu P, Bian JH, Wang Q, Huang F, Li D, Wu YB. CB3E2q (q = ±1): a family of “hyparene” analogues with a planar pentacoordinate carbon. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:12642-12649. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01193a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highlighted elements are the feasible E atoms of CB3E2q template ppC structures, in which CB3Mg2− is suitable for photoelectron spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Jian-Hong Bian
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Fang Huang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan
- China
| | - Debao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Yan-Bo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan
- China
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Cui ZH, Vassilev-Galindo V, Luis Cabellos J, Osorio E, Orozco M, Pan S, Ding YH, Merino G. Planar pentacoordinate carbon atoms embedded in a metallocene framework. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:138-141. [PMID: 27928569 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc08273d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Viable planar pentacoordinate carbon (ppC) systems with a ppC bonded to a transition metal and embedded in a metallocene framework are reported. Our detailed global minima search shows that CAl4MX2 (M = Zr and Hf; X = F-I and C5H5) clusters with ppCs are appropriate candidates for experimental realization in the gas phase. The fulfillment of the 18 electron rule and electron delocalization is found to be crucial for the stabilization of these ppC arrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Hua Cui
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Valentin Vassilev-Galindo
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - José Luis Cabellos
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Edison Osorio
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Católica Luis Amigó, SISCO Medellín, Colombia
| | - Mesías Orozco
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Sudip Pan
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Yi-Hong Ding
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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