1
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Claton LE, Pan H, Simanek EE. Impact of Solvent and Protonation State on Rotational Barriers in [s]-Triazines. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5480-5484. [PMID: 38591934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Amine-substituted [s]-triazines display hindered rotation around the triazine-N bond. While this barrier, ΔG‡, has been measured to be between 15.1 and 17.7 kcal/mol for neutral triazines, the impacts that solvent and protonation state have not been addressed. Using a dimethylamine substituent as a reporter, ΔG‡ was measured to be 17.5-19.3 kcal/mol upon protonation across a range of solvents (D2O, DMSO-d6, MeCN-d3, MeOD-d4, tetrahydrofuran-d8, trifluoroethanol-d3). Furthermore, ΔG‡ increases as the solvent dielectric decreases (p < 0.01). This trend is consistent with the role that solvent plays in stabilizing the increased charge density on the triazine ring resulting from a loss of conjugation with the dimethylamine substituent. Across these solvents, ΔG‡ for the neutral molecule is smaller by ∼2-3 kcal/mol, ranging from 15.3-16.1 kcal/mol. In pyridine, ΔG‡ does not correlate with the solvent dielectric for the "protonated" model. The lower barrier is attributed to competitive protonation: the pKa of the protonated triazine (∼6) is similar to that of protonated pyridine-d5 (5.8). As additional acid is added, ΔG‡ increases. Adding additional acid to the protonated model in D2O or DMSO-d6 does not significantly affect ΔG‡.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam E Claton
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76109, United States
| | - Hongjun Pan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Eric E Simanek
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76109, United States
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2
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Vialon T, Sun H, Formon GJM, Galanopoulo P, Guibert C, Averseng F, Rager MN, Percot A, Guillaneuf Y, Van Zee NJ, Nicolaÿ R. Upcycling Polyolefin Blends into High-Performance Materials by Exploiting Azidotriazine Chemistry Using Reactive Extrusion. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2673-2684. [PMID: 38238037 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The revalorization of incompatible polymer blends is a key obstacle in realizing a circular economy in the plastics industry. Polyolefin waste is particularly challenging because it is difficult to sort into its constituent components. Untreated blends of polyethylene and polypropylene typically exhibit poor mechanical properties that are suitable only for low-value applications. Herein, we disclose a simple azidotriazine-based grafting agent that enables polyolefin blends to be directly upcycled into high-performance materials by using reactive extrusion at industrially relevant processing temperatures. Based on a series of model experiments, the azidotriazine thermally decomposes to form a triplet nitrene species, which subsequently undergoes a complex mixture of grafting, oligomerization, and cross-linking reactions; strikingly, the oligomerization and cross-linking reactions proceed through the formation of nitrogen-nitrogen bonds. When applied to polyolefin blends during reactive extrusion, this combination of reactions leads to the generation of amorphous, phase-separated nanostructures that tend to exist at polymer-polymer interfaces. These nanostructures act as multivalent cross-linkers that reinforce the resulting material, leading to dramatically improved ductility compared with the untreated blends, along with high dimensional stability at high temperatures and excellent mechanical recyclability. We propose that this unique behavior is derived from the thermomechanically activated reversibility of the nitrogen-nitrogen bonds that make up the cross-linking structures. Finally, the scope of this chemistry is demonstrated by applying it to ternary polyolefin blends as well as postconsumer polyolefin feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vialon
- Chimie Moléculaire, Macromoléculaire, Matériaux, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 75005Paris ,France
| | - Huidi Sun
- Chimie Moléculaire, Macromoléculaire, Matériaux, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 75005Paris ,France
| | - Georges J M Formon
- Chimie Moléculaire, Macromoléculaire, Matériaux, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 75005Paris ,France
| | - Paul Galanopoulo
- Chimie Moléculaire, Macromoléculaire, Matériaux, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 75005Paris ,France
| | - Clément Guibert
- Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, UMR 7197, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Averseng
- Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, UMR 7197, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Noelle Rager
- NMR Facility, Chimie ParisTech, Université PSL, CNRS, 75005Paris ,France
| | - Aline Percot
- MONARIS, UMR 8233, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005Paris ,France
| | - Yohann Guillaneuf
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273,Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, 13397Marseille ,France
| | - Nathan J Van Zee
- Chimie Moléculaire, Macromoléculaire, Matériaux, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 75005Paris ,France
| | - Renaud Nicolaÿ
- Chimie Moléculaire, Macromoléculaire, Matériaux, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 75005Paris ,France
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3
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Niskanen J, Xue Y, Golberg D, Winnik FM, Pellerin C, Vapaavuori J. Probing interfacial interactions and dynamics of polymers enclosed in boron nitride nanotubes. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Niskanen
- Département de Chimie Université de Montréal Montréal Quebec Canada
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd Espoo, P.O. Box 1000, FI‐02044 VTT Finland
| | - Yanming Xue
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Tsukuba Japan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Hebei University of Technology Tianjin China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Boron Nitride and Nano Materials Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 China
| | - Dmitri Golberg
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Tsukuba Japan
- Centre for Materials Science and School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Françoise M. Winnik
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Tsukuba Japan
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemistry University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | | | - Jaana Vapaavuori
- Département de Chimie Université de Montréal Montréal Quebec Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Aalto University Aalto Finland
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4
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Kara Ali Z, Iankovitch A, Jokar M, Maris T, Lebel O, Pellerin C. Glass engineering of aminotriazine-based materials with sub-ambient Tg and high kinetic stability. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00500b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Designing molecular glasses with phenyl rings favors a lower Tg and higher glass stability compared to cyclohexyl analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Iankovitch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Royal Military College of Canada
- Kingston
- Canada
| | - Mahboubeh Jokar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Royal Military College of Canada
- Kingston
- Canada
| | - Thierry Maris
- Département de chimie
- Université de Montréal
- Montréal
- Canada
| | - Olivier Lebel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Royal Military College of Canada
- Kingston
- Canada
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5
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Diab HM, Salem ME, Abdelhamid IA, Elwahy AHM. Synthesis of novel star-shaped molecules based on a 1,3,5-triazine core linked to different heterocyclic systems as novel hybrid molecules. RSC Adv 2020; 10:44066-44078. [PMID: 35517173 PMCID: PMC9058422 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09025e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of novel star-shaped compounds based on an s-triazine core and linked to hexahydroacridinediones, pyrimido[4,5-b]quinolones, 1H-isoquinolino[2,1-a]quinolines, tetrahydro-4H-chromenes, dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles, thiazole, or benzothiazole as new hybrid molecules through Michael and Hantzsch reactions is reported. For this purpose, 2,4,6-tris(4-formylphenoxy)benzaldehyde was used as a versatile precursor. The synthesis of novel star-shaped compounds based on an s-triazine core and linked to different heterocycles as new hybrid molecules through Michael and Hantzsch reactions is reported.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeer M. Diab
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Cairo University
- Giza 12613
- Egypt
| | - Mostafa E. Salem
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Cairo University
- Giza 12613
- Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed H. M. Elwahy
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Cairo University
- Giza 12613
- Egypt
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6
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Laventure A, Lauzon D, Pellerin C, Lebel O. Triazine-based molecular glasses frustrate the crystallization of barbiturates. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce00022d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen bonding is a key element in crystal engineering to direct crystal packing. Here, hydrogen bonding with molecular glasses is rather exploited to thwart crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominic Lauzon
- Département de chimie
- Université de Montréal
- Montréal
- Canada
| | | | - Olivier Lebel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Royal Military College of Canada
- Kingston
- Canada
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7
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Jokar M, Cherry M, Scott J, Lebel O. Transition metal molecular glasses by design: mexylaminotriazine-functionalized salicylaldehyde imine ligands. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj01159e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glass-forming ligands and their transition metal complexes can be synthesized by design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Jokar
- Royal Military College of Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Kingston
- Canada
| | - Michael Cherry
- Royal Military College of Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Kingston
- Canada
| | - Jennifer Scott
- Royal Military College of Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Kingston
- Canada
| | - Olivier Lebel
- Royal Military College of Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Kingston
- Canada
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8
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Gordillo MA, Soto-Monsalve M, Carmona-Vargas CC, Gutiérrez G, D'vries RF, Lehn JM, Chaur MN. Photochemical and Electrochemical Triggered Bis(hydrazone) Switch. Chemistry 2017; 23:14872-14882. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica A. Gordillo
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas; Universidad del Valle, A.A; 25360 Cali Colombia
| | - Mónica Soto-Monsalve
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos; Universidade de São Paulo; 13566-590 São Carlos Brazil
| | - Christian C. Carmona-Vargas
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas; Universidad del Valle, A.A; 25360 Cali Colombia
| | - Gustavo Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas; Universidad Icesi, Cali; Colombia
| | - Richard F. D'vries
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas; Universidad Santiago de Cali; Cali Colombia
| | - Jean-Marie Lehn
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d'Ingéniere Supramoléculaires; Université de Strasbourg; 8 Allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Manuel N. Chaur
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas; Universidad del Valle, A.A; 25360 Cali Colombia
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9
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Laventure A, Gujral A, Lebel O, Pellerin C, Ediger MD. Influence of Hydrogen Bonding on the Kinetic Stability of Vapor-Deposited Glasses of Triazine Derivatives. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:2350-2358. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Laventure
- Département
de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Ankit Gujral
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Olivier Lebel
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario K7K 7B4, Canada
| | - Christian Pellerin
- Département
de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - M. D. Ediger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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10
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Laventure A, Bourotte J, Vapaavuori J, Karperien L, Sabat RG, Lebel O, Pellerin C. Photoactive/Passive Molecular Glass Blends: An Efficient Strategy to Optimize Azomaterials for Surface Relief Grating Inscription. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:798-808. [PMID: 27976586 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b11849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Irradiation of azomaterials causes various photophysical and photomechanical effects that can be exploited for the preparation of functional materials such as surface relief gratings (SRGs). Herein, we develop and apply an efficient strategy to optimize the SRG inscription process by decoupling, for the first time, the important effects of the azo content and glass transition temperature (Tg). We prepare blends of a photoactive molecular glass functionalized with the azo Disperse Red 1 (gDR1) with a series of analogous photopassive molecular glasses. Blends with 10 and 40 mol % of gDR1 are completely miscible, present very similar optical properties, and cover a wide range of Tg from below to well above ambient temperature. SRG inscription experiments show that the diffraction efficiency (DE), residual DE, and initial inscription rate reach a maximum when Tg is 25-40 °C above ambient temperature for low to high azo content, respectively. Indeed, for a fixed 40 mol % azo content, choosing the optimal Tg enables doubling the SRG inscription rate and increasing DE 6-fold. Moreover, a higher azo content enables higher DE for a similar Tg. Spectroscopy measurements indicate that the photo-orientation of DR1 and its thermal stability are maximal with Tg around 70 °C, independent of the azo content. We conclude that the SRG potential of azomaterials depends on their capability to photo-orient but that the matrix rigidity eventually limits the inscription kinetics, leading to an optimal Tg that depends on the azo content. This study exposes clear material design guidelines to optimize the SRG inscription process and the photoactivity of azomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Laventure
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal , Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jérémie Bourotte
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal , Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jaana Vapaavuori
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal , Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Lucas Karperien
- Department of Physics, Royal Military College of Canada , Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada
| | - Ribal Georges Sabat
- Department of Physics, Royal Military College of Canada , Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada
| | - Olivier Lebel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada , Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada
| | - Christian Pellerin
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal , Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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11
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Rothfuss NE, Petters MD. Influence of Functional Groups on the Viscosity of Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:271-279. [PMID: 27990815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosols can exist in highly viscous or glassy phase states. A viscosity database for organic compounds with atmospherically relevant functional groups is compiled and analyzed to quantify the influence of number and location of functional groups on viscosity. For weakly functionalized compounds the trend in viscosity sensitivity to functional group addition is carboxylic acid (COOH) ≈ hydroxyl (OH) > nitrate (ONO2) > carbonyl (CO) ≈ ester (COO) > methylene (CH2). Sensitivities to group addition increase with greater levels of prior functionalization and decreasing temperature. For carboxylic acids a sharp increase in sensitivity is likely present already at the second addition at room temperature. Ring structures increase viscosity relative to linear structures. Sensitivities are correlated with analogously derived sensitivities of vapor pressure reduction. This may be exploited in the future to predict viscosity in numerical models by piggybacking on schemes that track the evolution of organic aerosol volatility with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Rothfuss
- Department of Marine Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Markus D Petters
- Department of Marine Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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12
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Umezawa H, Nunzi JM, Lebel O, Sabat RG. Electric-Field-Induced Nanoscale Surface Patterning in Mexylaminotriazine-Functionalized Molecular Glass Derivatives. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:5646-5652. [PMID: 27186805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale surface patterns were observed in thin films of mexylaminotriazine-functionalized glasses containing polar groups upon the application of an electric field at temperatures over their glass transition temperatures (Tg). This phenomenon occurred due to the surface deformation process initiated by external electric field instabilities on the films. The minimal surface deformation temperature (Tdewet) relative to Tg was found to increase as a function of the polarity of the substituents and the surface pattern roughness was observed to increase linearly with temperature for a fixed electric field and exposure time. Reversal of the electrical field polarity and the use of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates did not significantly change the surface deformation behavior of the films, which is due to the deposition of charges at the free interface. The application of a mask between the electric field electrodes allowed to selectively pattern areas that are exposed. Furthermore, it was observed that this surface deformation behavior was reversible, since heating the films to a temperature above Tg in the absence of an electric field caused the erasure of all surface patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohito Umezawa
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Physics, Royal Military College of Canada , Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology, Fukushima College , Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8034, Japan
| | - Jean-Michel Nunzi
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University , Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Olivier Lebel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada , Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada
| | - Ribal Georges Sabat
- Department of Physics, Royal Military College of Canada , Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada
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