1
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Zhou W, Brack E, Ehinger C, Paterson J, Southouse J, Copéret C. Reactivity Switch of Platinum with Gallium: From Reverse Water Gas Shift to Methanol Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10806-10811. [PMID: 38572914 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The development of efficient catalysts for the hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol using "green" H2 is foreseen to be a key step to close the carbon cycle. In this study, we show that small and narrowly distributed alloyed PtGa nanoparticles supported on silica, prepared via a surface organometallic chemistry (SOMC) approach, display notable activity for the hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol, reaching a 7.2 molCH3OH h-1 molPt-1 methanol formation rate with a 54% intrinsic CH3OH selectivity. This reactivity sharply contrasts with what is expected for Pt, which favors the reverse water gas shift reaction, albeit with poor activity (2.6 molCO2 h-1 molPt-1). In situ XAS studies indicate that ca. 50% of Ga is reduced to Ga0 yielding alloyed PtGa nanoparticles, while the remaining 50% persist as isolated GaIII sites. The PtGa catalyst slightly dealloys under CO2 hydrogenation conditions and displays redox dynamics with PtGa-GaOx interfaces responsible for promoting both the CO2 hydrogenation activity and methanol selectivity. Further tailoring the catalyst interface by using a carbon support in place of silica enables to improve the methanol formation rate by a factor of ∼5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Enzo Brack
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Ehinger
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - James Paterson
- bp Innovation & Engineering, Applied Sciences bp plc Saltend, Hull HU12 8DS, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Southouse
- bp Innovation & Engineering, Applied Sciences bp plc Saltend, Hull HU12 8DS, United Kingdom
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Solano E, Dendooven J, Deduytsche D, Poonkottil N, Feng JY, Roeffaers MBJ, Detavernier C, Filez M. Metal Nanocatalyst Sintering Interrogated at Complementary Length Scales. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205217. [PMID: 36445117 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoparticle (NP) sintering is a prime cause of catalyst degradation, limiting its economic lifetime and viability. To date, sintering phenomena are interrogated either at the bulk scale to probe averaged NP properties or at the level of individual NPs to visualize atomic motion. Yet, "mesoscale" strategies which bridge these worlds can chart NP populations at intermediate length scales but remain elusive due to characterization challenges. Here, a multi-pronged approach is developed to provide complementary information on Pt NP sintering covering multiple length scales. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) and Monte Carlo simulation show that the size evolution of individual NPs depends on the number of coalescence events they undergo during their lifetime. In its turn, the probability of coalescence is strongly dependent on the NP's mesoscale environment, where local population heterogeneities generate NP-rich "hotspots" and NP-free zones during sintering. Surprisingly, advanced in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction shows that not all NPs within the small NP sub-population are equally prone to sintering, depending on their crystallographic orientation on the support surface. The demonstrated approach shows that mesoscale heterogeneities in the NP population drive sintering and mitigation strategies demand their maximal elimination via advanced catalyst synthesis strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Solano
- NCD-SWEET beamline, ALBA synchrotron light source, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08290, Spain
| | - Jolien Dendooven
- Conformal Coating of Nanomaterials (CoCooN), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Davy Deduytsche
- Conformal Coating of Nanomaterials (CoCooN), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Nithin Poonkottil
- Conformal Coating of Nanomaterials (CoCooN), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Ji-Yu Feng
- Conformal Coating of Nanomaterials (CoCooN), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Maarten B J Roeffaers
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan, 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Christophe Detavernier
- Conformal Coating of Nanomaterials (CoCooN), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Matthias Filez
- Conformal Coating of Nanomaterials (CoCooN), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan, 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
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3
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Zhang T, Pei C, Sun G, Chen S, Zhao Z, Sun S, Lu Z, Xu Y, Gong J. Synergistic Mechanism of Platinum‐GaO
x
Catalysts for Propane Dehydrogenation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201453. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Chunlei Pei
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Guodong Sun
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Sai Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou, 350207 China
| | - Zhi‐Jian Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Shijia Sun
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Zhenpu Lu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yiyi Xu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jinlong Gong
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300192 China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou, 350207 China
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4
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Synergistic Mechanism of Platinum‐GaO
x
Catalysts for Propane Dehydrogenation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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5
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Redokop E, Poelman H, Filez M, Ramachandran RK, Dendooven J, Detavernier C, Marin GB, Olsbye U, Galvita V. Aligning time-resolved kinetics (TAP) and surface spectroscopy (AP-XPS) for a more comprehensive understanding of ALD-derived 2D and 3D model catalysts. Faraday Discuss 2022; 236:485-509. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00120e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spectro-kinetic characterization of complex catalytic materials, i.e. relating the observed reaction kinetics to spectroscopic descriptors of the catalyst state, presents a fundamental challenge with a potentially significant impact on various...
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6
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Payard PA, Rochlitz L, Searles K, Foppa L, Leuthold B, Safonova OV, Comas-Vives A, Copéret C. Dynamics and Site Isolation: Keys to High Propane Dehydrogenation Performance of Silica-Supported PtGa Nanoparticles. JACS AU 2021; 1:1445-1458. [PMID: 34604854 PMCID: PMC8479774 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nonoxidative dehydrogenation of light alkanes has seen a renewed interest in recent years. While PtGa systems appear among the most efficient catalyst for this reaction and are now implemented in production plants, the origin of the high catalytic performance in terms of activity, selectivity, and stability in PtGa-based catalysts is largely unknown. Here we use molecular modeling at the DFT level on three different models: (i) periodic surfaces, (ii) clusters using static calculations, and (iii) realistic size silica-supported nanoparticles (1 nm) using molecular dynamics and metadynamics. The combination of the models with experimental data (XAS, TEM) allowed the refinement of the structure of silica-supported PtGa nanoparticles synthesized via surface organometallic chemistry and provided a structure-activity relationship at the molecular level. Using this approach, the key interaction between Pt and Ga was evidenced and analyzed: the presence of Ga increases (i) the interaction between the oxide surface and the nanoparticles, which reduces sintering, (ii) the Pt site isolation, and (iii) the mobility of surface atoms which promotes the high activity, selectivity, and stability of this catalyst. Considering the complete system for modeling that includes the silica support as well as the dynamics of the PtGa nanoparticle is essential to understand the catalytic performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.-A. Payard
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, Vladimir Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - L. Rochlitz
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, Vladimir Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - K. Searles
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, Vladimir Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - L. Foppa
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, Vladimir Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - B. Leuthold
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, Vladimir Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - A. Comas-Vives
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - C. Copéret
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, Vladimir Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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7
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Srinath NV, Longo A, Poelman H, Ramachandran RK, Feng JY, Dendooven J, Reyniers MF, Galvita VV. In Situ XAS/SAXS Study of Al 2O 3-Coated PtGa Catalysts for Propane Dehydrogenation. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Longo
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), CNR, UOS Palermo, Via Ugo La Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Hilde Poelman
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ranjith K. Ramachandran
- Department of Solid State Sciences, CoCooN Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ji-Yu Feng
- Department of Solid State Sciences, CoCooN Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Dendooven
- Department of Solid State Sciences, CoCooN Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marie-Françoise Reyniers
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vladimir. V. Galvita
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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8
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Rolly GS, Sermiagin A, Meyerstein D, Zidki T. Silica Support Affects the Catalytic Hydrogen Evolution by Silver. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gifty Sara Rolly
- Department of Chemical Sciences The Center for Radical Reactions Ariel University P.O.B. 3 Ariel 40700 Israel
| | - Alina Sermiagin
- Department of Chemical Sciences The Center for Radical Reactions Ariel University P.O.B. 3 Ariel 40700 Israel
| | - Dan Meyerstein
- Department of Chemical Sciences The Center for Radical Reactions Ariel University P.O.B. 3 Ariel 40700 Israel
- Department of Chemistry Ben-Gurion University of the Negev P.O.B. 653 Beer-Sheva 84105 Israel
| | - Tomer Zidki
- Department of Chemical Sciences The Center for Radical Reactions Ariel University P.O.B. 3 Ariel 40700 Israel
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9
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Wang Y, Suo Y, Lv X, Wang Z, Yuan ZY. Enhanced performances of bimetallic Ga-Pt nanoclusters confined within silicalite-1 zeolite in propane dehydrogenation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 593:304-314. [PMID: 33744539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.02.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ga-based catalysts are promising for use in propane dehydrogenation (PDH) because of the relatively superior activity, but the conventional Ga-based catalysts usually suffer from serious deactivation and unsatisfactory propene selectivity. Here, ultrafine bimetallic Ga-Pt nanocatalysts encapsulated into silicalite-1 (S-1) zeolites (GaPt@S-1) were synthesized by a facile ligand-protected direct H2-reduction method. It is indicated that this catalyst is composed of confined ultra-small GaPt alloy nanoclusters and a part of isolated tetrahedral coordination of Ga species. The confined GaPt alloy nanoclusters are the active sites for PDH reaction, and their high electron density could boost the desorption of products, resulting in a high propene selectivity of 92.1% and propene formation rate of 20.5 mol g-1Pt h-1 at 600 °C. Moreover, no obvious deactivation was observed over GaPt@S-1 catalyst even after 24 h on stream at 600 °C, affording an extremely low deactivation constant of 0.0068 h-1, which is much lower than that of the conventional Ga-based catalysts. Notably, the restriction of the zeolite can enhance the regeneration stability of the catalyst, and the catalytic activity kept unchanged after four consecutive cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yujun Suo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xianwei Lv
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China
| | - Zhong-Yong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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10
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Liu S, Zhang B, Liu G. Metal-based catalysts for the non-oxidative dehydrogenation of light alkanes to light olefins. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00381f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of metal-based catalysts, including Pt-, Pd-, Rh- and Ni-based bimetallic catalysts for non-oxidative dehydrogenation of light alkanes to olefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Bofeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Guozhu Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
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11
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Escorcia NJ, LiBretto NJ, Miller JT, Li CW. Colloidal Synthesis of Well-Defined Bimetallic Nanoparticles for Nonoxidative Alkane Dehydrogenation. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J. Escorcia
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Nicole J. LiBretto
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jeffrey T. Miller
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Christina W. Li
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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12
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Zhang X, Cui G, Wei M. PtIn Alloy Catalysts toward Selective Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol to 1,2-Propanediol. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Guoqing Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Min Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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13
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Wang Y, Hu ZP, Lv X, Chen L, Yuan ZY. Ultrasmall PtZn bimetallic nanoclusters encapsulated in silicalite-1 zeolite with superior performance for propane dehydrogenation. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Filez M, Redekop EA, Dendooven J, Ramachandran RK, Solano E, Olsbye U, Weckhuysen BM, Galvita VV, Poelman H, Detavernier C, Marin GB. Formation and Functioning of Bimetallic Nanocatalysts: The Power of X-ray Probes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13220-13230. [PMID: 30934165 PMCID: PMC6771619 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic nanocatalysts are key enablers of current chemical technologies, including car exhaust converters and fuel cells, and play a crucial role in industry to promote a wide range of chemical reactions. However, owing to significant characterization challenges, insights in the dynamic phenomena that shape and change the working state of the catalyst await further refinement. Herein, we discuss the atomic-scale processes leading to mono- and bimetallic nanoparticle formation and highlight the dynamics and kinetics of lifetime changes in bimetallic catalysts with showcase examples for Pt-based systems. We discuss how in situ and operando X-ray spectroscopy, scattering, and diffraction can be used as a complementary toolbox to interrogate the working principles of today's and tomorrow's bimetallic nanocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Filez
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Evgeniy A Redekop
- Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology (SMN), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O box 1126 Blindern, C0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jolien Dendooven
- Conformal Coatings of Nanomaterials group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ranjith K Ramachandran
- Conformal Coatings of Nanomaterials group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eduardo Solano
- Conformal Coatings of Nanomaterials group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,NCD-SWEET beamline, ALBA synchrotron light source, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, 08290, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Unni Olsbye
- Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology (SMN), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O box 1126 Blindern, C0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vladimir V Galvita
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hilde Poelman
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Detavernier
- Conformal Coatings of Nanomaterials group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy B Marin
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Filez M, Redekop EA, Dendooven J, Ramachandran RK, Solano E, Olsbye U, Weckhuysen BM, Galvita VV, Poelman H, Detavernier C, Marin GB. Formation and Functioning of Bimetallic Nanocatalysts: The Power of X‐ray Probes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Filez
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis groupUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Evgeniy A. Redekop
- Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology (SMN)Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oslo P.O box 1126 Blindern C0318 Oslo Norway
| | - Jolien Dendooven
- Conformal Coatings of Nanomaterials groupGhent University Krijgslaan 281/S1 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Ranjith K. Ramachandran
- Conformal Coatings of Nanomaterials groupGhent University Krijgslaan 281/S1 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Eduardo Solano
- Conformal Coatings of Nanomaterials groupGhent University Krijgslaan 281/S1 9000 Ghent Belgium
- NCD-SWEET beamlineALBA synchrotron light source Carrer de la Llum 2–26 08290, Cerdanyola del Vallès Barcelona Spain
| | - Unni Olsbye
- Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology (SMN)Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oslo P.O box 1126 Blindern C0318 Oslo Norway
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis groupUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Vladimir V. Galvita
- Laboratory for Chemical TechnologyGhent University Technologiepark 125 9052 Ghent Belgium
| | - Hilde Poelman
- Laboratory for Chemical TechnologyGhent University Technologiepark 125 9052 Ghent Belgium
| | - Christophe Detavernier
- Conformal Coatings of Nanomaterials groupGhent University Krijgslaan 281/S1 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Guy B. Marin
- Laboratory for Chemical TechnologyGhent University Technologiepark 125 9052 Ghent Belgium
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16
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Wang Y, Hu ZP, Tian W, Gao L, Wang Z, Yuan ZY. Framework-confined Sn in Si-beta stabilizing ultra-small Pt nanoclusters as direct propane dehydrogenation catalysts with high selectivity and stability. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01907c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly stable Pt/Sn-Si-beta catalysts were prepared via an improved post-synthesis method, exhibiting high catalytic activity, good selectivity and excellent stability for propane dehydrogenation to propene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education)
- National Institute for Advanced Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300350
| | - Zhong-Pan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education)
- National Institute for Advanced Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300350
| | - Wenwen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education)
- National Institute for Advanced Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300350
| | - Lijiao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education)
- National Institute for Advanced Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300350
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering
- Ningxia University
- Yinchuan 750021
- China
| | - Zhong-Yong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education)
- National Institute for Advanced Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300350
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17
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Sermiagin A, Meyerstein D, Bar-Ziv R, Zidki T. The Chemical Properties of Hydrogen Atoms Adsorbed on M 0 -Nanoparticles Suspended in Aqueous Solutions: The Case of Ag 0 -NPs and Au 0 -NPs Reduced by BD 4. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:16525-16528. [PMID: 30320944 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201809302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The nature of H-atoms adsorbed on M0 -nanoparticles is of major importance in many catalyzed reduction processes. Using isotope labeling, we determined that hydrogen evolution from transient {(M0 -NP)-Hn }n- proceeds mainly via the Heyrovsky mechanism when n is large (i.e., the hydrogens behave as hydrides) but mainly via the Tafel mechanism when n is small (i.e., the hydrogens behave as atoms). Additionally, the relative contributions of the two mechanisms differ considerably for M=Au and Ag. The results are analogous to those recently reported for the M0 -NP-catalyzed de-halogenation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Sermiagin
- Chemical Sciences Department, Ariel University, Kyriat Hamada 3, Ariel, 40700, Israel
| | - Dan Meyerstein
- Chemical Sciences Department, Ariel University, Kyriat Hamada 3, Ariel, 40700, Israel.,Chemistry Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Ronen Bar-Ziv
- Chemistry Department, Nuclear Research Centre Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84190, Israel
| | - Tomer Zidki
- Chemical Sciences Department, Ariel University, Kyriat Hamada 3, Ariel, 40700, Israel
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18
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Sermiagin A, Meyerstein D, Bar-Ziv R, Zidki T. The Chemical Properties of Hydrogen Atoms Adsorbed on M0
-Nanoparticles Suspended in Aqueous Solutions: The Case of Ag0
-NPs and Au0
-NPs Reduced by BD4
−. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201809302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Sermiagin
- Chemical Sciences Department; Ariel University; Kyriat Hamada 3 Ariel 40700 Israel
| | - Dan Meyerstein
- Chemical Sciences Department; Ariel University; Kyriat Hamada 3 Ariel 40700 Israel
- Chemistry Department; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva 84105 Israel
| | - Ronen Bar-Ziv
- Chemistry Department; Nuclear Research Centre Negev; Beer-Sheva 84190 Israel
| | - Tomer Zidki
- Chemical Sciences Department; Ariel University; Kyriat Hamada 3 Ariel 40700 Israel
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19
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Filez M, Poelman H, Redekop EA, Galvita VV, Alexopoulos K, Meledina M, Ramachandran RK, Dendooven J, Detavernier C, Van Tendeloo G, Safonova OV, Nachtegaal M, Weckhuysen BM, Marin GB. Kinetics of Lifetime Changes in Bimetallic Nanocatalysts Revealed by Quick X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12430-12434. [PMID: 30067303 PMCID: PMC6175175 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alloyed metal nanocatalysts are of environmental and economic importance in a plethora of chemical technologies. During the catalyst lifetime, supported alloy nanoparticles undergo dynamic changes which are well-recognized but still poorly understood. High-temperature O2 -H2 redox cycling was applied to mimic the lifetime changes in model Pt13 In9 nanocatalysts, while monitoring the induced changes by in situ quick X-ray absorption spectroscopy with one-second resolution. The different reaction steps involved in repeated Pt13 In9 segregation-alloying are identified and kinetically characterized at the single-cycle level. Over longer time scales, sintering phenomena are substantiated and the intraparticle structure is revealed throughout the catalyst lifetime. The in situ time-resolved observation of the dynamic habits of alloyed nanoparticles and their kinetic description can impact catalysis and other fields involving (bi)metallic nanoalloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Filez
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Current address: Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde Poelman
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evgeniy A Redekop
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Current address: Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo, P.O box 1126 Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vladimir V Galvita
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Konstantinos Alexopoulos
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Current address: Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Maria Meledina
- Electron microscopy for materials science, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.,Current address: Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, RWTH Aachen, Ahornstraße 55, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ranjith K Ramachandran
- Conformal Coatings of Nanomaterials group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Dendooven
- Conformal Coatings of Nanomaterials group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Detavernier
- Conformal Coatings of Nanomaterials group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gustaaf Van Tendeloo
- Electron microscopy for materials science, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guy B Marin
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
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20
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Recent advances in dynamic chemical characterization using Temporal Analysis of Products. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Filez M, Poelman H, Redekop EA, Galvita VV, Alexopoulos K, Meledina M, Ramachandran RK, Dendooven J, Detavernier C, Van Tendeloo G, Safonova OV, Nachtegaal M, Weckhuysen BM, Marin GB. Kinetics of Lifetime Changes in Bimetallic Nanocatalysts Revealed by Quick X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Filez
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology; Ghent University; Technologiepark 914 9052 Ghent Belgium
- Current address: Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Hilde Poelman
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology; Ghent University; Technologiepark 914 9052 Ghent Belgium
| | - Evgeniy A. Redekop
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology; Ghent University; Technologiepark 914 9052 Ghent Belgium
- Current address: Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology; University of Oslo; P.O box 1126 Blindern 0318 Oslo Norway
| | - Vladimir V. Galvita
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology; Ghent University; Technologiepark 914 9052 Ghent Belgium
| | - Konstantinos Alexopoulos
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology; Ghent University; Technologiepark 914 9052 Ghent Belgium
- Current address: Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering; University of Delaware; Newark DE 19716 USA
| | - Maria Meledina
- Electron microscopy for materials science; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
- Current address: Central Facility for Electron Microscopy; RWTH Aachen; Ahornstraße 55 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Ranjith K. Ramachandran
- Conformal Coatings of Nanomaterials group; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281/S1 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Jolien Dendooven
- Conformal Coatings of Nanomaterials group; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281/S1 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Christophe Detavernier
- Conformal Coatings of Nanomaterials group; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281/S1 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Gustaaf Van Tendeloo
- Electron microscopy for materials science; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | | | | | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Guy B. Marin
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology; Ghent University; Technologiepark 914 9052 Ghent Belgium
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22
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Searles K, Chan KW, Mendes Burak JA, Zemlyanov D, Safonova O, Copéret C. Highly Productive Propane Dehydrogenation Catalyst Using Silica-Supported Ga–Pt Nanoparticles Generated from Single-Sites. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11674-11679. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith Searles
- ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ka Wing Chan
- ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jorge Augusto Mendes Burak
- ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Zemlyanov
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Olga Safonova
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Copéret
- ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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Ramachandran RK, Filez M, Dendooven J, Galvita VV, Poelman H, Solano E, Fonda E, Marin GB, Detavernier C. Size- and composition-controlled Pt–Sn bimetallic nanoparticles prepared by atomic layer deposition. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01463e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An atomic layer deposition (ALD) based recipe is demonstrated for the fully-tailored synthesis of Pt–Sn bimetallic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias Filez
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology
- Ghent University
- B-9052 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Jolien Dendooven
- Department of Solid State Sciences
- COCOON
- Ghent University
- B-9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | | | - Hilde Poelman
- Synchrotron SOLEIL
- SAMBA Beamline
- 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette
- France
| | - Eduardo Solano
- Department of Solid State Sciences
- COCOON
- Ghent University
- B-9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Emiliano Fonda
- Synchrotron SOLEIL
- SAMBA Beamline
- 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette
- France
| | - Guy B. Marin
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology
- Ghent University
- B-9052 Ghent
- Belgium
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24
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De Waele J, Galvita VV, Poelman H, Detavernier C, Thybaut JW. Formation and stability of an active PdZn nanoparticle catalyst on a hydrotalcite-based support for ethanol dehydrogenation. Catal Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy01105a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A subsequent hydrogen–air treatment prior to reaction is important for a highly active innovative nanoparticle PdZn catalyst for ethanol dehydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. De Waele
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology
- Ghent University
- B-9052 Zwijnaarde
- Belgium
| | - V. V. Galvita
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology
- Ghent University
- B-9052 Zwijnaarde
- Belgium
| | - H. Poelman
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology
- Ghent University
- B-9052 Zwijnaarde
- Belgium
| | - C. Detavernier
- Department of Solid State Sciences
- COCOON
- Ghent University
- B-9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - J. W. Thybaut
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology
- Ghent University
- B-9052 Zwijnaarde
- Belgium
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25
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Morgan K, Maguire N, Fushimi R, Gleaves JT, Goguet A, Harold MP, Kondratenko EV, Menon U, Schuurman Y, Yablonsky GS. Forty years of temporal analysis of products. Catal Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy00678k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of reaction mechanisms and kinetics is required in order to develop and optimize catalysts and catalytic processes. Temporal analysis of products (TAP) is an instrument capable of providing such understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Morgan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Queen's University Belfast
- Belfast BT9 5AG
- UK
| | - N. Maguire
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Queen's University Belfast
- Belfast BT9 5AG
- UK
| | | | - J. T. Gleaves
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Washington University
- St Louis
- USA
| | - A. Goguet
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Queen's University Belfast
- Belfast BT9 5AG
- UK
| | - M. P. Harold
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Houston
- Houston
- USA
| | - E. V. Kondratenko
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock
- Rostock
- Germany
| | - U. Menon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Houston
- Houston
- USA
| | - Y. Schuurman
- IRCELYON
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- Villeurbanne Cédex
- France
| | - G. S. Yablonsky
- Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology
- Saint Louis University
- Saint Louis
- USA
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26
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Ramachandran RK, Dendooven J, Filez M, Galvita VV, Poelman H, Solano E, Minjauw MM, Devloo-Casier K, Fonda E, Hermida-Merino D, Bras W, Marin GB, Detavernier C. Atomic Layer Deposition Route To Tailor Nanoalloys of Noble and Non-noble Metals. ACS NANO 2016; 10:8770-8777. [PMID: 27585708 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Since their early discovery, bimetallic nanoparticles have revolutionized various fields, including nanomagnetism and optics as well as heterogeneous catalysis. Knowledge buildup in the past decades has witnessed that the nanoparticle size and composition strongly impact the nanoparticle's properties and performance. Yet, conventional synthesis strategies lack proper control over the nanoparticle morphology and composition. Recently, atomically precise synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles has been achieved by atomic layer deposition (ALD), alleviating particle size and compositional nonuniformities. However, this bimetal ALD strategy applies to noble metals only, a small niche within the extensive class of bimetallic alloys. We report an ALD-based approach for the tailored synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles containing both noble and non-noble metals, here exemplified for Pt-In. First, a Pt/In2O3 bilayer is deposited by ALD, yielding precisely defined Pt-In nanoparticles after high-temperature H2 reduction. The nanoparticles' In content can be accurately controlled over the whole compositional range, and the particle size can be tuned from micrometers down to the nanometer scale. The size and compositional flexibility provided by this ALD-approach will trigger the fabrication of fully tailored bimetallic nanomaterials, including superior nanocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith K Ramachandran
- Department of Solid State Sciences, COCOON, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281/S1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Dendooven
- Department of Solid State Sciences, COCOON, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281/S1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthias Filez
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University , Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Vladimir V Galvita
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University , Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Hilde Poelman
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University , Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Eduardo Solano
- Department of Solid State Sciences, COCOON, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281/S1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthias M Minjauw
- Department of Solid State Sciences, COCOON, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281/S1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kilian Devloo-Casier
- Department of Solid State Sciences, COCOON, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281/S1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emiliano Fonda
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, SAMBA Beamline, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Daniel Hermida-Merino
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, DUBBLE@ESRF, Avenue des Martyrs, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Wim Bras
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, DUBBLE@ESRF, Avenue des Martyrs, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Guy B Marin
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University , Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Christophe Detavernier
- Department of Solid State Sciences, COCOON, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281/S1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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