C–N coupling reactions with arenes through C–H activation: the state-of-the-art versus the principles of green chemistry

Herein, we discuss the state-of-the-art in arene C–N coupling through C–H activation and to what extent it complies with the principles of green chemistry, with a focus on heterogeneously catalysed systems.

Metal–organic framework (MOF)-, covalent-organic framework (COF)-, and porous-organic polymers (POP)-catalyzed selective C–H bond activation and functionalization reactions

The review summarizes the state-of-the-art of C–H active transformations over crystalline and amorphous porous materials as new emerging heterogeneous (photo)catalysts.

Metal-catalyzed reactions for the C(sp2)–N bond formation: achievements of recent years

The review deals with the main catalytic methods for the C(sp2)–N bond formation, including Buchwald–Hartwig palladium-catalyzed amination of aryl and heteroaryl halides, renaissance of the Ullmann chemistry, i.e., the application of catalysis by copper complexes to form the carbon–nitrogen bond, and Chan–Lam reactions of (hetero)arylboronic acids with amines. Also, oxidative amination with C–H activation, which has been booming during the last decade, is addressed. Particular attention is paid to achievements in the application of heterogenized catalysts.

The bibliography includes 350 references.

Water-Driven Structural Transformation in Cobalt Trimesate Metal-Organic Frameworks

We report on the synthesis and the characterization of a novel cobalt trimesate metal-organic framework, designated as KCL-102. Powder X-ray diffraction pattern of KCL-102 is dominated by a reflection at 10.2° (d-spacing = 8.7 Å), while diffuse reflectance UV-Vis spectroscopy indicates that the divalent cobalt centers are in two different coordination geometries: tetrahedral and octahedral. Further, the material shows low stability in humid air, and it transforms into the well-known phase of hydrous cobalt trimesate, Co3(BTC)2·12H2O. We associated this transition with the conversion of the tetrahedral cobalt to octahedral cobalt.

Chemical fixation of CO2 into cyclic carbonates catalyzed by bimetal mixed MOFs: the role of the interaction between Co and Zn

Catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide into cyclic carbonates in the presence of bimetal mixed MOFs.

Flexible bifunctional monoethylphosphonate/carboxylates of Zn(ii) and Co(ii) reinforced with DABCO co-ligand: paradigmatic structural organization with topology

The prototypal [M₂(EtBCP)₂(DABCO)_0.5] MOFs, compliant with isoreticular expansion in two-dimensions, show flexibility manifested by a two-step CO₂ adsorption isotherm, which might be associated to the “lever-action” of the metal-phosphonate moieties.

CuII/H-USY as a regenerable bifunctional catalyst for the additive-free C–H amination of azoles

The use of the bifunctional Cu^II/H-USY catalyst for the direct amination of azoles under air and without additives has been disclosed.

Engineering Metal-Organic Framework Catalysts for C-C and C-X Coupling Reactions: Advances in Reticular Approaches from 2014-2018

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of crystalline porous materials that have been actively used for several industrial and synthetic applications. MOFs are spatially and geometrically extrapolated coordination polymers with intriguing properties such as tunable porosity and dimensionality. In terms of their catalytic efficiency, MOFs combine the easy recoverability of heterogeneous catalysts with the increased selectivity of biological catalysts. It is therefore not surprising that a lot of work on optimizing MOF catalysts for organic transformations has been carried out over the past decade. In this review, recent developments in MOF catalysis are summarized, with special attention being paid to C-C, C-N, and C-O coupling reactions. The influence of pore size, pore environment, and load on catalytic activity is described. Post-synthetic stabilization techniques and host-guest interactions in caged MOF scaffolds are detailed. Mechanistic aspects pertaining to the use of MOFs in asymmetric heterogeneous catalysis are highlighted and categorized.

CO2 Cycloaddition to Epoxides by using M-DABCO Metal-Organic Frameworks and the Influence of the Synthetic Method on Catalytic Reactivity

A series of high‐quality M₂(BDC)₂(DABCO) metal–organic frameworks (abbreviated as M‐DABCO; M=Zn, Co, Ni, Cu; BDC=1,4‐benzene dicarboxylate; DABCO=1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane), were synthesized by using a solvothermal (SV) method, and their catalytic activity for the cycloaddition of CO₂ to epoxides in the absence of a co‐catalyst or solvent was demonstrated. Of these metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), Zn‐DABCO exhibited very high activity and nearly complete selectivity under moderate reaction conditions. The other members of this MOF series (Co‐DABCO, Ni‐DABCO, and Cu‐DABCO) displayed lower activity in the given sequence. Samples of Zn‐DABCO, Co‐DABCO, and Ni‐DABCO were recycled at least three times without a noticeable loss in catalytic activity. The reaction mechanism can be attributed to structural defects along with the acid–base bifunctional characteristics of these MOFs. Moreover, we illustrate that the synthetic method of M‐DABCO influences the yield of the reaction. In addition to the SV method, Zn‐DABCO was synthesized by using spray drying due to its industrial attractiveness. It was found that the synthesis procedure clearly influenced the crystal growth and thus the physicochemical properties, such as surface area, pore volume, and gas adsorption, which in turn affected the catalytic performance. The results clarified that although different synthetic methods can produce isostructural MOFs, the application of MOFs, especially as catalysts, strongly depends on the crystal morphology and textural properties and, therefore, on the synthesis method.

Reversible pressure pre-amorphization of a piezochromic metal–organic framework

Reversible pressure amorphization of a piezochromic metal–organic framework.