1
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Petrovskii SK, Grachova EV, Monakhov KY. Bioorthogonal chemistry of polyoxometalates - challenges and prospects. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4202-4221. [PMID: 38516091 PMCID: PMC10952089 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06284h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Bioorthogonal chemistry has enabled scientists to carry out controlled chemical processes in high yields in vivo while minimizing hazardous effects. Its extension to the field of polyoxometalates (POMs) could open up new possibilities and new applications in molecular electronics, sensing and catalysis, including inside living cells. However, this comes with many challenges that need to be addressed to effectively implement and exploit bioorthogonal reactions in the chemistry of POMs. In particular, how to protect POMs from the biological environment but make their reactivity selective towards specific bioorthogonal tags (and thereby reduce their toxicity), as well as which bioorthogonal chemistry protocols are suitable for POMs and how reactions can be carried out are questions that we are exploring herein. This perspective conceptualizes and discusses advances in the supramolecular chemistry of POMs, their click chemistry, and POM-based surface engineering to develop innovative bioorthogonal approaches tailored to POMs and to improve POM biological tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena V Grachova
- Institute of Chemistry, St Petersburg University Universitetskii pr. 26 St. Petersburg 198504 Russia
| | - Kirill Yu Monakhov
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM) Permoserstr. 15 Leipzig 04318 Germany
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2
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Romo-Islas G, Ward JS, Rissanen K, Rodríguez L. Heterometallic Au(I)-Cu(I) Clusters: Luminescence Studies and 1O 2 Production. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:8101-8111. [PMID: 37191273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Two different organometallic gold(I) compounds containing naphthalene and phenanthrene as fluorophores and 2-pyridyldiphenylphosphane as the ancillary ligand were synthesized (compounds 1 with naphthalene and 2 with phenanthrene). They were reacted with three different copper(I) salts with different counterions (PF6-, OTf-, and BF4-; OTf = triflate) to obtain six Au(I)/Cu(I) heterometallic clusters (compounds 1a-c for naphthalene derivatives and 2a-c for phenanthrene derivatives). The heterometallic compounds present red pure room-temperature phosphorescence in both solution, the solid state, and air-equilibrated samples, as a difference with the dual emission recorded for the gold(I) precursors 1 and 2. The presence of Au(I)-Cu(I) metallophilic contacts has been identified using single-crystal X-ray diffraction structure resolution of two of the compounds, which play a direct role in the resulting red-shifted emission with respect to the gold(I) homometallic precursors. Polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymeric matrices were doped with our luminescent compounds, and the resulting changes in their emissive properties were analyzed and compared with those previously recorded in the solution and the solid state. All complexes were tested to analyze their ability to produce 1O2 and present very good values of ΦΔ up to 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Romo-Islas
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jas S Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Laura Rodríguez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Zach T, Geyer F, Kiendl B, Mößeler J, Nguyen O, Schmidpeter T, Schuster P, Nagel C, Schatzschneider U. Electrospray Mass Spectrometry to Study Combinatorial iClick Reactions and Multiplexed Kinetics of [Ru(N 3)(N∧N)(terpy)]PF 6 with Alkynes of Different Steric and Electronic Demand. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:2982-2993. [PMID: 36745056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In a combinatorial approach, a family of ruthenium(II) azido complexes [Ru(N3)(N∧N)(terpy)]PF6 with terpy = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine and N∧N as a bidentate chelator derived from 2,2'-biypridine and its 4,4'-disubstituted derivatives, 2,2'-bipyrimidine, and 1,10-phenanthroline were reacted with different internal and terminal alkynes to give access to a total of 7 × 7 = 49 triazolato complexes in a room-temperature catalyst-free iClick reaction. The reactants were mixed in a repurposed high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) autosampler, and the reaction progress was monitored by direct injection into an electrospray mass spectrometer. The ratio of the peak intensities of [Ru(N3)(N∧N)(terpy)]+ and [Ru(triazolato)(N∧N)(terpy)]+ was converted to a colored heat map for facile visual inspection of the conversion ratio. By automated multiple injections of the reaction mixture in fixed time intervals and plotting peak intensities over reaction time, pseudo-first-order rate constants were easily determined. Finally, nonoverlapping isotope patterns of the azido starting materials and triazolato products enabled multiplexed parallel determination of rate constants for four different ruthenium(II) azido complexes from a single sample vial, thereby reducing experiment time by 75%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Zach
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Geyer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074Würzburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kiendl
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Mößeler
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074Würzburg, Germany
| | - Olivier Nguyen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidpeter
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074Würzburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Schuster
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Nagel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schatzschneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074Würzburg, Germany
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4
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Li Y, Shen YH, Esper AM, Tidwell JR, Veige AS, Martin CD. Probing borafluorene B-C bond insertion with gold acetylide and azide. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:668-674. [PMID: 36537567 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03672j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of Ph3PAuN3 with 9-Ph-9-borafluorene resulted in complexation of the azide to boron while a gold acetylide reacted with 9-Ph-9-borafluorene to insert the acetylide carbon to access a six-membered boracycle with an exocyclic double bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Li
- Baylor University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
| | - Yu-Hsuan Shen
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Alec M Esper
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - John R Tidwell
- Baylor University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
| | - Adam S Veige
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Caleb D Martin
- Baylor University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
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5
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Shen YH, Ghiviriga I, Abboud KA, Schanze KS, Veige AS. iClick synthesis of network metallopolymers. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:18520-18527. [PMID: 36444537 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01624a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Described is an approach to preparing the first iClick network metallopolymers with porous properties. Treating digoldazido complex 2-AuN3 with trigoldacetylide 3-AuPPh3 or 3-AuPEt3, trialkyne 3-H, tetragoldacetylide 4-AuPPh3, or tetraalkyne 4-H in CH2Cl2 affords five iClick network metallopolymers 5-AuPPh3, 5-AuPEt3, 5-H, 6-AuPPh3, and 6-H. Confirmation of the iClick network metallopolymers comes from FTIR, 13C solid-state cross-coupling magic angle spinning (CPMAS) NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and nitrogen and CO2 sorption analysis. Employing model complexes 7-AuPPh3, 7-AuPEt3, 7-H, 8-AuPPh3, and 8-H provides structural insights due to the insolubility of iClick network metallopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Shen
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Khalil A Abboud
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Kirk S Schanze
- University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Chemistry, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Adam S Veige
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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6
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N-Heterocyclic Carbene Platinum-Butadiyne Click/iClick Complexes. Towards Blue-Violet Phosphorescence. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Abramova EO, Paderina AV, Slavova SO, Kostenko EA, Eliseenkov EV, Petrovskii SK, Gitlina AY, Boyarskiy VP, Grachova EV. Just Add the Gold: Aggregation-Induced-Emission Properties of Alkynylphosphinegold(I) Complexes Functionalized with Phenylene-Terpyridine Subunits. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:18715-18725. [PMID: 34823354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of organometallic complexes containing an alkynylphosphinegold(I) fragment and a phenylene-terpyridine moiety connected together by flexible linker have been prepared using the specially designed terpyridine ligands. The compounds were studied crystallographically to reveal that all of them contain a linearly coordinated Au(I) atom and a free terpyridine moiety. The different orientations of the molecules relative to each other in the solid state determine the multiple noncovalent interactions such as antiparallel ππ stacking, CH-π, and CH-Au, but no aurophilic interactions are realized. The organometallic Au(I) complexes obtained show fluorescence in the solution and dual singlet-triplet emission in the solid state. This means that their photophysical behavior is determined by both intermolecular lattice-defined interactions and Au(I) atom introduction. Density functional theory computational analysis supported the assignment of emission to intraligand electronic transitions only inside the phenylene-terpyridine part with no Au(I) involved. In addition, a study of the nature of the excited states for the "dimer" with an antiparallel orientation of the terpyridine fragment showed that this orientation leads to the generation of abstracted singlet and triplet states, lowering their energy in comparison with the monomer complex. Thus, the complexes obtained can be qualified as examples of Au(I)-containing organometallic aggregation-induced-emission luminogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia O Abramova
- Institute of Chemistry, St Petersburg University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksandra V Paderina
- Institute of Chemistry, St Petersburg University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sofia O Slavova
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ekaterina A Kostenko
- Institute of Chemistry, St Petersburg University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Eugene V Eliseenkov
- Institute of Chemistry, St Petersburg University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Stanislav K Petrovskii
- Institute of Chemistry, St Petersburg University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia Yu Gitlina
- Institute of Chemistry, St Petersburg University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia.,Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vadim P Boyarskiy
- Institute of Chemistry, St Petersburg University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena V Grachova
- Institute of Chemistry, St Petersburg University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
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8
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Shen YH, Esper AM, Ghiviriga I, Abboud KA, Schanze KS, Ehm C, Veige AS. SPAAC iClick: progress towards a bioorthogonal reaction in-corporating metal ions. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:12681-12691. [PMID: 34545891 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02626g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Combining strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) and inorganic click (iClick) reactivity provides access to metal 1,2,3-triazolates. Experimental and computational insights demonstrate that iClick reactivity of the tested metal azides (LM-N3, M = Au, W, Re, Ru and Pt) depends on the accessibility of the azide functionality rather than electronic effects imparted by the metal. SPAAC iClick reactivity with cyclooctyne is observed when the azide functionality is sterically unencumbered, e.g. [Au(N3)(PPh3)] (Au-N3), [W(η3-allyl)(N3)(bpy)(CO)2] (W-N3), and [Re(N3)(bpy)(CO)3] [bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine] (Re-N3). Increased steric bulk and/or preequilibria with high activation barriers prevent SPAAC iClick reactivity for the complexes [Ru(N3)(Tp)(PPh3)2] [Tp = tris(pyrazolyl)borate] (Ru-N3), [Pt(N3)(CH3)(PiPr3)2] [iPr = isopropyl] (Pt(II)-N3), and [Pt(N3)(CH3)3]4 ((PtN3)4). Based on these computational insights, the SPAAC iClick reactivity of [Pt(N3)(CH3)3(P(CH3)3)2] (Pt(IV)-N3) was successfully predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Shen
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Alec M Esper
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Khalil A Abboud
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Kirk S Schanze
- University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Chemistry, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Adam S Veige
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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9
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Peng K, Moreth D, Schatzschneider U. C^N^N Coordination Accelerates the iClick Reaction of Square-Planar Palladium(II) and Platinum(II) Azido Complexes with Electron-Poor Alkynes and Enables Cycloaddition with Terminal Alkynes. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Peng
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Moreth
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schatzschneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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10
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Recent Progress on Supramolecular Luminescent Assemblies Based on Aurophilic Interactions in Solution. INORGANICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics9050032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of supramolecular systems showing aurophilic interactions in solution is gaining much attention in the last years. This is due to the intriguing photophysical properties of gold(I) complexes, which usually confer to these supramolecular assemblies interesting luminescent properties, as well as the possibility of morphological modulation, through fine tuning of inter- and intramolecular aurophilic interactions, in synergy with the formation of other supramolecular contacts. In this work, an overview of the advances made in this area since 2015 is presented. A large variety of systems showing different spectroscopical and structural topologies has been reported. Moreover, these supramolecular assemblies have proven to be useful in a wide range of applications.
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11
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Schmidbaur H, Raubenheimer HG. Excimer and Exciplex Formation in Gold(I) Complexes Preconditioned by Aurophilic Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14748-14771. [PMID: 32022383 PMCID: PMC7496071 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Excimers and exciplexes are defined as assemblies of atoms or molecules A/A' where interatomic/intermolecular bonding appears only in excited states such as [A2 ]* (for excimers) and [AA']* (for exciplexes). Their formation has become widely known because of their role in gas-phase laser technologies, but their significance in general chemistry terms has been given little attention. Recent investigations in gold chemistry have opened up a new field of excimer and exciplex chemistry that relies largely on the preorganization of gold(I) compounds (electronic configuration AuI (5d10 )) through aurophilic contacts. In the corresponding excimers, a new type of Au⋅⋅⋅Au bonding arises, with bond energies and lengths approaching those of ground-state Au-Au bonds between metal atoms in the Au0 (5d10 6s1 ) and AuII (5d9 ) configurations. Excimer formation gives rise to a broad range of photophysical effects, for which some of the relaxation dynamics have recently been clarified. Excimers have also been shown to play an important role in photoredox binuclear gold catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Schmidbaur
- Department ChemieTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstr. 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Helgard G. Raubenheimer
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer ScienceUniversity of StellenboschPrivate Bag X1Matieland7602South Africa
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12
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Schmidbaur H, Raubenheimer HG. Excimer‐ und Exciplex‐Bildung in durch aurophile Wechselwirkungen präkonditionierten Gold(I)‐ Komplexen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Schmidbaur
- Department Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
| | - Helgard G. Raubenheimer
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science University of Stellenbosch Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 Südafrika
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13
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Zeman CJ, Shen YH, Heller JK, Abboud KA, Schanze KS, Veige AS. Excited-State Turn-On of Aurophilicity and Tunability of Relativistic Effects in a Series of Digold Triazolates Synthesized via iClick. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8331-8341. [PMID: 32267156 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
iClick reactions between Au(I) acetylides PPh3Au-C≡CR, where R = nitrophenyl (PhNO2), phenyl (Ph), thiophene (Th), bithiophene (biTh), and dimethyl aniline (PhNMe2), and Au(I)-azide PPh3AuN3 provide digold complexes of the general formula R-1,5-bis-triphenylphosphinegold(I) 1,2,3-triazolate (Au2-R). Within the digold triazolate complexes the Au(I) atoms are held in close proximity but beyond the distance typically observed for aurophilic bonding. Though no bond exists in the ground state, time-dependent density functional theory interrogation of the complexes reveals excited states with significant aurophilic bonding. The series of complexes allows for tuning of the excited-state "turn-on" of aurophilicity, where ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT) induces the aurophilic bonding. Complexes containing ligand-localized excited states, however, do not exhibit aurophilicity in the excited state. As a control experiment, a monogold complex was synthesized. The computed excited state of the monogold species exhibited LMCT to the gold ion as in the dinuclear cases, but without a partnering gold ion only a distinct N-Au-P bending occurs, revealing a potential mechanism for the excited-state turn-on of aurophilic bonding. Analysis of the steady-state electronic spectra indicates that LMCT states are achievable for compounds with sufficiently strong electron-donating ligands, and in digold complexes this is associated with enhanced fluorescence, suggestive of an aurophilic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Zeman
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Yu-Hsuan Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Jessica K Heller
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Khalil A Abboud
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Kirk S Schanze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Adam S Veige
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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14
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Beto CC, Zeman CJ, Yang Y, Bullock JD, Holt ED, Kane AQ, Makal TA, Yang X, Ghiviriga I, Schanze KS, Veige AS. An Application Exploiting Aurophilic Bonding and iClick to Produce White Light Emitting Materials. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:1893-1904. [PMID: 31961144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The paper focuses on exploiting aurophilic bonding to produce white light emitting materials. Inorganic Click (iClick) is employed to link two or four Au(I) metal ions through a triazolate bridge. Depending on the choice of phosphine ligand (PEt3 or PPh3), dinuclear Au2-FO or tetranuclear Au4-FO complexes can be controllably synthesized (FO = 2-(9,9-dioctylfluoreneyl-)). The iClick products Au2-FO and Au4-FO are characterized by combustion analysis and multinuclear NMR, TOCSY 1D, 1H-13C gHMBC, and 1H-13C gHSQC. In addition, the photophysical properties of Au2-FO and Au4-FO were examined in THF solution. Transient absorption spectroscopy was employed to elucidate the excited state features of the gold compounds. Solution processed OLEDs were fabricated and characterized, which gave white light electroluminescence with CIE coordinates (0.34, 0.36), as seen referenced to CIE standard illuminant D65 (0.31, 0.32). TDDFT computational analysis of Au2-FO and Au4-FO reveals the origin of light emission. In the case of Au4-FO, direct excitation leads to increased aurophilic bonding in the excited state, and as a result the emission profile is broadened to cover a larger region of the visible spectrum, thus giving white light emission. Designing molecules that can access or increase aurophilic bonding in the excited state provides another tool for fine-tuning the emission profiles of gold complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Beto
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis , University of Florida , P.O. Box 117200 , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| | - Charles J Zeman
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis , University of Florida , P.O. Box 117200 , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| | - Yajing Yang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at San Antonio , One UTSA Circle , San Antonio , Texas 78249 , United States
| | - James D Bullock
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis , University of Florida , P.O. Box 117200 , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| | - Ethan D Holt
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis , University of Florida , P.O. Box 117200 , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| | - Alexander Q Kane
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis , University of Florida , P.O. Box 117200 , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| | - Trevor A Makal
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis , University of Florida , P.O. Box 117200 , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis , University of Florida , P.O. Box 117200 , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis , University of Florida , P.O. Box 117200 , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| | - Kirk S Schanze
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at San Antonio , One UTSA Circle , San Antonio , Texas 78249 , United States
| | - Adam S Veige
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis , University of Florida , P.O. Box 117200 , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
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15
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Haiduc I. ReviewInverse coordination. Organic nitrogen heterocycles as coordination centers. A survey of molecular topologies and systematization. Part 1. Five-membered and smaller rings. J COORD CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2019.1641702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ionel Haiduc
- Facultatea de Chimie, Universitatea Babeş-Bolyai, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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16
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Verma SK, Ansari SN, Kumari P, Mobin SM. Click Reaction Driven, Highly Fluorescent Dinuclear Organogold(I) Complex Exhibits a Dual Role: A Rare Au···H Interaction and an Antiproliferative Agent. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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17
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Veit P, Volkert C, Förster C, Ksenofontov V, Schlicher S, Bauer M, Heinze K. Gold(ii) in redox-switchable gold(i) catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:4615-4618. [PMID: 30860529 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc00283a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gold(ii) species catalyse the cyclisation of N(2-propyn-1-yl)benzamide to 2-phenyl-5-vinylidene-2-oxazoline without halide abstraction while the saturated gold(i) complex is inactive. Redox-switching between gold(ii) and gold(i) turns catalytic turnover on and off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Veit
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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18
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Somasundaram V, Gunawardene PN, Polgar AM, Workentin MS, Corrigan JF. NHC Ligated Group 11 Metal-Arylthiolates Containing an Azide Functionality Amenable to “Click” Reaction Chemistry. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:11184-11192. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Somasundaram
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Praveen N. Gunawardene
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Alexander M. Polgar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Mark S. Workentin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7 Canada
| | - John F. Corrigan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7 Canada
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19
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Beto CC, Holt ED, Yang Y, Ghiviriga I, Schanze KS, Veige AS. A new synthetic route to in-chain metallopolymers via copper(i) catalyzed azide-platinum-acetylide iClick. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:9934-9937. [PMID: 28829464 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06289c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The first example of an in-chain metallo-poly(triazolate) synthesized by CuAAC is reported. Azido-platinum-acetylide (A-M-B) monomers are catalytically polymerized with copper(i) acetate to yield 1,2,3-triazolate linked Pt(ii) units. The metallopolymers are characterized by multinuclear NMR, IR, UV/Vis, GPC, and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Beto
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, P. O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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20
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Penney AA, Starova GL, Grachova EV, Sizov VV, Kinzhalov MA, Tunik SP. Gold(I) Alkynyls Supported by Mono- and Bidentate NHC Ligands: Luminescence and Isolation of Unprecedented Ionic Complexes. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:14771-14787. [PMID: 29172483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of NHC·HX (NHC = 1-benzyl-3-methylbenzimidazol-2-ylidene, X = Br-, PF6-) and (AuC≡CR)n (R = Ph, C3H6OH) in the presence of Cs2CO3 initially afford compounds of the general formula [(NHC)2Au]2[(RC2)2Au]X, which can be isolated by crystallization. With increased reaction time, only the expected mononuclear complexes of the type [NHCAuC≡CR] are produced. The crystal structure of [(NHC)2Au]2[(PhC2)2Au]PF6 reveals an unprecedented triple-decker array upheld by a remarkably short (2.9375(7) Å) unsupported Au···Au···Au contact. The mononuclear complex [NHCAuC≡CPh] was found to crystallize as three distinct polymorphs and a pseudopolymorph, which depending on the intermolecular Au···Au distances emit blue, green, or yellow light. Two synthetic approaches were employed for the preparation of a series of dinuclear NHC-ligated Au(I) alkynyl complexes of the general formula [NHC-(CH2)n-NHC(AuC≡CR)2], where NHC = N-benzylbenzimidazol-2-ylidene, R = Ph, C3H6OH, C6H10OH, and n = 1-3. In solution, the complexes with aliphatic substituents on the alkynyl fragment are nonemissive, whereas their phenyl-bearing congeners demonstrate characteristic metal-perturbed 3[IL(C≡CPh)] emission. In the solid state, a clear correlation between intermolecular aurophilic interactions and luminescence was established, including their role in the luminescent thermochromism of the phenylalkynyl complexes. The relationship between the Au···Au distance and emission energy was found to be inverse: i.e., the shorter the aurophilic contact, the higher the emission energy. We tentatively attribute this behavior to a smaller extent of excited-state distortion for a structure with a shorter Au···Au separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Penney
- Saint Petersburg State University , Institute of Chemistry, Universitetsky pr. 26, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russian Federation
| | - Galina L Starova
- Saint Petersburg State University , Institute of Chemistry, Universitetsky pr. 26, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russian Federation
| | - Elena V Grachova
- Saint Petersburg State University , Institute of Chemistry, Universitetsky pr. 26, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir V Sizov
- Saint Petersburg State University , Institute of Chemistry, Universitetsky pr. 26, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail A Kinzhalov
- Saint Petersburg State University , Institute of Chemistry, Universitetsky pr. 26, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey P Tunik
- Saint Petersburg State University , Institute of Chemistry, Universitetsky pr. 26, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russian Federation
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21
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Chen J, Zhang Z, Wang C, Gao Z, Gao Z, Wang F. Cooperative self-assembly and gelation of organogold(i) complexes via hydrogen bonding and aurophilic Au⋯Au interactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:11552-11555. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc05613c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Organogold(i)-based fibers and gels have been successfully constructed, which involve Au⋯Au interactions in the self-assembled structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- China
| | - Zhongxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- China
| | - Chengming Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Zhao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- China
| | - Zongchun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- China
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22
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23
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Wang C, Ikhlef D, Kahlal S, Saillard JY, Astruc D. Metal-catalyzed azide-alkyne “click” reactions: Mechanistic overview and recent trends. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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24
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Beto CC, Yang X, Powers AR, Ghiviriga I, Abboud KA, Veige AS. Expanding iClick to group 9 metals. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2015.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Simpson PV, Skelton BW, Raiteri P, Massi M. Photophysical and photochemical studies of tricarbonyl rhenium(i) N-heterocyclic carbene complexes containing azide and triazolate ligands. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj03301b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rhenium NHC complexes bound to azide anions readily react with alkynes to form the corresponding triazolate complexes, a new class of photochemically active species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter V. Simpson
- Nanochemistry Research Institute – Department of Chemistry
- Curtin University
- Bentley 6102 WA
- Australia
| | - Brian W. Skelton
- Centre for Microscopy
- Characterisation and Analysis
- University of Western Australia
- Crawley 6009 WA
- Australia
| | - Paolo Raiteri
- Nanochemistry Research Institute – Department of Chemistry
- Curtin University
- Bentley 6102 WA
- Australia
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- Nanochemistry Research Institute – Department of Chemistry
- Curtin University
- Bentley 6102 WA
- Australia
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