Phthalocyanines Synthesis: A State-of-The-Art Review of Sustainable Approaches Through Green Chemistry Metrics

Driven by escalating environmental concerns, synthetic chemistry faces an urgent need for a green revolution. Green chemistry, with its focus on low environmental impacting chemicals and minimized waste production, emerges as a powerful tool in addressing this challenge. Metrics such as the E-factor guide the design of environmentally friendly strategies for chemical processes by quantifying the waste generated in obtaining target products, thus enabling interventions to minimize it. Phthalocyanines (Pcs), versatile molecules with exceptional physical and chemical properties, hold immense potential for technological applications. This review aims to bridge the gap between green chemistry and phthalocyanine synthesis by collecting the main examples of environmentally sustainable syntheses documented in the literature. The calculation of the E-factor of a selection of them provides insights on how crucial it is to evaluate a synthetic process in its entirety. This approach allows for a better evaluation of the actual sustainability of the phthalocyanine synthetic process and indicates possible strategies to improve it.

The design and Synthesis of Metallophthalocyanine-Gold Nanoparticle Hybrids as Biological Agents

This study presents the synthesis of 4-2-(4-ethynyl-N,N-dimethylaniline)pthalonitrile (1) and its new peripherally tetra-substituted metal phthalocyanines {M= Co (2), Zn (3)}. Characterization of the prepared compounds was carried out by performing...

Biological properties of novel mono and double-decker hexadeca-substituted metal phthalocyanines

This study reports chemical agents that exhibit efficient antibacterial photodynamic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, biofilm inhibition, and DNA cleavage activities.

Photophysicochemical and Biological Properties of New Phthalocyanines Bearing 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenoxy and 2-(4-methylthiazol-5-yl)ethoxy Groups on Peripheral Positions

As thiazoles and fluorinated groups are well known as active species of hybrid pharmaceutical agents, this study aimed to evaluate the synergic effect of these groups on the biological features of phthalocyanines for the first time in the hope of discovering efficient pharmaceutical agents. Therefore, a new phthalonitrile derivative namely 4-(2-(4-methylthiazol-5-yl)ethoxy)-5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenoxy)phthalonitrile (1) and its metal-free (2)/metal phthalocyanines (3-5) were prepared and characterized using various spectroscopic techniques. Solubility of new phthalocyanines (2-5) was examined in a series of polar and nonpolar solvents. Additionally, sono/photochemical methods were applied to examine the photophysical and sono/photochemical properties of new zinc phthalocyanine to measure its potential as a probable material for sono/photodynamic therapies. The antioxidant activities of compounds (1-5) were evaluated using the DPPH scavenging activity method and the highest radical scavenging activity was obtained 92.13% (200 mg L^-1 ) for manganese phthalocyanine. All the phthalocyanines demonstrated high DNA nuclease activity, as well. The antimicrobial activities of compounds (1-5) were investigated using disk diffusion and microdilution methods. The phthalocyanines exhibited effective microbial cell inhibition activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli). Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy activity was investigated against E. coli by LED irradiation. Compounds (2-5) acted as photosynthesizers. Also, they displayed significant biofilm inhibition activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa).

Thiazole-substituted non-symmetrical metallophthalocyanines: synthesis, characterization, electrochemical and heavy metal ion sensing properties

Novel non-symmetrical metallophthalocyanines with a thiazole functional group were prepared. Their redox properties and heavy metal ion sensing performances were fully investigated.

o-Carborane, Ferrocene, and Phthalocyanine Triad for High-Mobility Organic Field-Effect Transistors

An unsymmetrical zinc phthalocyanine with ferrocenylcarborane linked to the phthalocyanine ring through a phenylethynyl spacer was designed for organic field-effect transistor (OFET). The unsymmetrical phthalocyanine derivatives were characterized using a wide range of spectroscopic and electrochemical methods. In particular, the ferrocenylcarborane structure was unambiguously revealed based on the single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. In-depth investigations of the electrochemical properties demonstrated that the ferrocenylcarborane insertion extended the electrochemical character of ferrocenylcarborane-substituted phthalocyanine (7). Moreover, in the anodic potential scans, the oxidative electropolymerization of etynylphthalocyanine (6) and 7 was recorded. To clarify the effect of the insertion of ferrocenylcarborane (2) on the field-effect mobility, solution-processed films of 2, 6, and 7 were used as an active layer to fabricate the bottom-gate top-contact OFET devices. An analysis of the output and transfer characteristics of the fabricated devices indicated that the phthalocyanine derivative functionalized with ferrocenylcarborane moiety has great potential in the production of high-mobility OFET.

Eco-friendly microwave synthesis of Mg(ii) phenoxy carboxylic acid coordination compounds with specific motifs driven by multiple hydrogen bonding

Four magnesium complexes with specific motifs driven by multiple hydrogen bonding were synthesized by microwave method. The design strategy presented here gave an insight into the further structural prediction of magnesium supramolecular assemblies.