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Louw WJ, Radhakrishnan SG, Malan FP, Bezuidenhout DI. Synthesis, electronic structure and interaction of rhodium(I) and iridium(I) bisimine-acenaphthalene complexes with CO2. Polyhedron 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2023.116350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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2
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Fumoto T, Tanaka R, Ooyama Y. Aggregation-induced emission of a bis(imino)acenaphthene zinc complex with tetraphenylethene units. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:5047-5055. [PMID: 36807366 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03525a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Using bis(imino)acenaphthene (BIAN) zinc(II) and palladium(II) complexes with tetraphenylethene (TPE) units as bulky aryl groups, Zn-2 and Pd-2 have been designed and developed, and their photophysical properties in solution and in the solid state have been investigated. Both in solution and in the solid state Zn-2 and Pd-2 show two photoabsorption bands in the ranges of 300 nm to 350 nm and 450 nm to 600 nm, which are assigned to the π-π* transition originating from both the TPE units and naphthalene units and the intraligand charge transfer (ILCT) between the TPE units and the BIAN unit, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated that for Zn-2 the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO) are localized on the TPE units, while the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO) are localized on the BIAN unit, leading to the appearance of a photoabsorption band on the ILCT. The emission from Zn-2 was quenched in solution, but appeared as phosphorescence at around 600 nm by photoexcitation at the ILCT band in the solid state as well as in the aggregated state, which was formed by the addition of n-hexane as a poor solvent to the dichloromethane (DCM) solution. The aggregate formation of Zn-2 in the DCM/n-hexane (10 wt%/90 wt%) solution was confirmed by the Tyndall scattering and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements, demonstrating the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics of Zn-2. On the other hand, Pd-2 was non-emissive in the solid state and in the aggregated state as well as in solution. Moreover, the DCM-inclusion complexes of Zn-2 and Pd-2 were obtained and their photophysical properties were investigated. It was found that the photoluminescence quantum yield (ΦPL-solid) values of Zn-2 and Zn-2-DCM in the solid state are less than 1%. Single-crystal X-ray structural analysis of Zn-2-DCM revealed the absence of intermolecular π-π interactions. Consequently, it was suggested that the low ΦPL-solid value of Zn-2 is mainly due to the radiationless relaxation of the excitons by dynamic rotation of the phenyl groups of the TPE units, even in the solid state and in the aggregation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Fumoto
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
| | - Ryo Tanaka
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
| | - Yousuke Ooyama
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
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3
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Kübler J, Pfund B, Wenger OS. Zinc(II) Complexes with Triplet Charge-Transfer Excited States Enabling Energy-Transfer Catalysis, Photoinduced Electron Transfer, and Upconversion. JACS AU 2022; 2:2367-2380. [PMID: 36311829 PMCID: PMC9597861 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Many CuI complexes have luminescent triplet charge-transfer excited states with diverse applications in photophysics and photochemistry, but for isoelectronic ZnII compounds, this behavior is much less common, and they typically only show ligand-based fluorescence from singlet π-π* states. We report two closely related tetrahedral ZnII compounds, in which intersystem crossing occurs with appreciable quantum yields and leads to the population of triplet excited states with intraligand charge-transfer (ILCT) character. In addition to showing fluorescence from their initially excited 1ILCT states, these new compounds therefore undergo triplet-triplet energy transfer (TTET) from their 3ILCT states and consequently can act as sensitizers for photo-isomerization reactions and triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion from the blue to the ultraviolet spectral range. The photoactive 3ILCT state furthermore facilitates photoinduced electron transfer. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that mononuclear ZnII compounds with photophysical and photochemical properties reminiscent of well-known CuI complexes are accessible with suitable ligands and that they are potentially amenable to many different applications. Our insights seem relevant in the greater context of obtaining photoactive compounds based on abundant transition metals, complementing well-known precious-metal-based luminophores and photosensitizers.
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4
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Gayathri S, Viswanathamurthi P, Thuslim V, Sathya M, Ranjani M, Prabhakaran R, Haribabu J, Echeverria C. Synthesis, structural, DNA/protein binding and cytotoxic studies of copper(I) ∝-diimine hydrazone complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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5
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Araškov JB, Višnjevac A, Popović J, Blagojević V, Fernandes HS, Sousa SF, Novaković I, Padrón JM, Holló BB, Monge M, Rodríguez-Castillo M, López-de-Luzuriaga JM, Filipović NR, Todorović TR. Zn( ii) complexes with thiazolyl–hydrazones: structure, intermolecular interactions, photophysical properties, computational study and anticancer activity. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00443g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Title ligands and their symmetrical octahedral complexes are not photoluminescent, contrary to other synthesized asymmetrical complexes. In comparison to the ligands, the complexes showed improved antiproliferative activity and lower toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana B. Araškov
- University of Belgrade – Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Višnjevac
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Institute Ruđer Bošković, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasminka Popović
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Institute Ruđer Bošković, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Blagojević
- Institute of Technical Sciences of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihailova 35/IV, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Henrique S. Fernandes
- UCIBIO – Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, BioSIM – Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB – Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sérgio F. Sousa
- UCIBIO – Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, BioSIM – Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB – Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Irena Novaković
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - José M. Padrón
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González”, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Berta Barta Holló
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 4, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Miguel Monge
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Complejo Científico-Tecnológico, 26004 Logroño, Spain
| | - María Rodríguez-Castillo
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Complejo Científico-Tecnológico, 26004 Logroño, Spain
| | - José M. López-de-Luzuriaga
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Complejo Científico-Tecnológico, 26004 Logroño, Spain
| | - Nenad R. Filipović
- University of Belgrade – Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara R. Todorović
- University of Belgrade – Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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6
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Singh K, Siddiqui I, Sridharan V, Kumar Yadav RA, Jou JH, Adhikari D. Aggregation-Induced Enhanced Emission-Active Zinc(II) β-Diketiminate Complexes Enabling High-Performance Solution-Processable OLEDs. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:19128-19135. [PMID: 34865472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Earth-abundant and cheaper zinc-based organometallic molecules as luminophores are drawing significant research attention for solid-state lighting devices. In this paper, we report two air-stable zinc complexes, where the zinc is coordinated to two sterically encumbered β-diketiminate ligands in a tetrahedral geometry. In such a geometry, eight phenyl/aryl rings from the ligand backbones are oriented in a propeller shape, augmenting the restricted rotation of the putative rings. Such an architecture harnesses aggregation-induced emission behavior with an excellent solid-state emission property. The rigidity of these molecules reduces the possibility of non-radiative transitions and makes them excellent fluorescence emitters. Both molecules exhibit electroluminescence (EL) in the yellowish-green region of the visible spectrum. We have utilized these molecules as emitters to fabricate multilayered organic light-emitting diode (OLED) devices. The emitter Zn-I in host m-MTDATA exhibits EL with a maximum external quantum efficiency of 4.4%. Among the handful of zinc-based OLEDs, the performance of this emitter is very commendable with power and current efficacies of 15.2 lm W-1 and 12.1 cd A-1, respectively, along with a brightness of 2426 cd m-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Singh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, SAS Nagar 140306, India
| | - Iram Siddiqui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Vidhyalakshmi Sridharan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, SAS Nagar 140306, India
| | - Rohit Ashok Kumar Yadav
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jwo-Huei Jou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Debashis Adhikari
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, SAS Nagar 140306, India
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7
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Outis M, Rosa V, Laia CAT, Lima JC, Barroso S, Carvalho AL, Calhorda MJ, Avilés T. Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and DFT Study of Two New Dinuclear Copper(I) Complexes Bearing Ar‐BIAN Ligands Functionalized with NO
2
Groups. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mani Outis
- LAQV REQUIMTE Universidade Nova de Lisboa 2829–516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Vitor Rosa
- LAQV REQUIMTE Universidade Nova de Lisboa 2829–516 Caparica Portugal
| | - César A. T. Laia
- LAQV REQUIMTE Universidade Nova de Lisboa 2829–516 Caparica Portugal
| | - João Carlos Lima
- LAQV REQUIMTE Universidade Nova de Lisboa 2829–516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Sónia Barroso
- UCIBIO REQUIMTE Universidade Nova de Lisboa 2829–516 Caparica Portugal
| | | | - Maria José Calhorda
- BioISI ‐ Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute Departamento de Química e Bioquímica Universidade de Lisboa 1749–016 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Teresa Avilés
- LAQV REQUIMTE Universidade Nova de Lisboa 2829–516 Caparica Portugal
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8
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Xiong J, Li K, Teng T, Chang X, Wei Y, Wu C, Yang C. Dinuclear Zn
II
Complexes Exhibiting Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence and Luminescence Polymorphism. Chemistry 2020; 26:6887-6893. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinfan Xiong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and TechnologyCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Blvd. Shenzhen 518055 P.R. China
| | - Kai Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and TechnologyCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Blvd. Shenzhen 518055 P.R. China
| | - Teng Teng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and TechnologyCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Blvd. Shenzhen 518055 P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Chang
- Department of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Blvd. Shenzhen 518055 P.R. China
| | - Yaxiong Wei
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and TechnologyCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Blvd. Shenzhen 518055 P.R. China
| | - Chao Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and TechnologyCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Blvd. Shenzhen 518055 P.R. China
| | - Chuluo Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and TechnologyCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Blvd. Shenzhen 518055 P.R. China
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryWuhan University Wuhan 430072 P.R. China
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9
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Brahma R, Baruah JB. Self-Assemblies of Zinc Complexes for Aggregation-Induced Emission Luminogen Precursors. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:3774-3785. [PMID: 32118194 PMCID: PMC7045797 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Positional isomers of zinc-nitrobenzoate complexes possessing pyridine -3-(or-4-) carboxamide are used for a comparative theoretical and experimental study to understand their utility as model complexes to understand the role of metal-to-ligand charge transfer in aggregation-induced emission (AIE). Among the five different model zinc complexes, four of them are non-ionic, and one is an ionic complex. The frontier molecular energy levels of different combinations of the positional isomeric complexes and the absorption maximum were ascertained by density functional theory calculations. The PolyQ value obtained from solid samples of each complex is different. Shifts in the emissions to higher wavelengths than the expected emission for the S1 to S0 transition were observed due to aggregations. The highest value of PolyQ among the complexes was 13.56% observed for emission at 439 nm (λex = 350) of the non-ionic complex, namely, (di-aqua)bis(pyridine-3-carboxamide)di(2-nitrobenzoato)zinc(II) monohydrate. Close resemblance in emission lifetime decay profiles of the solid samples of those complexes and the respective solutions of those complexes in dimethyl sulfoxide with or without water showed a common trend, suggesting aggregation-induced emission in each case. Aggregation-induced emission caused by adding water in dimethyl sulfoxide solution of each complex showed an initial increase without a shift in the emission wavelength followed by a quenching with a shift of the respective emission peak to a short wavelength. Dynamic light scattering studies showed an increase in the average particle sizes upon an increase in the concentration of water. This indicated initial participation of water molecules to form aggregates with the complexes, favoring an increase in the AIE intensity. Aggregation of each complex changes with the concentration of water, and an increase in the concentration of water beyond a characteristic limit causes lowering of the emission intensity to the short wavelength.
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10
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Alam P, Climent C, Alemany P, Laskar IR. “Aggregation-induced emission” of transition metal compounds: Design, mechanistic insights, and applications. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2019.100317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Cibian M, Shahalizad A, Souissi F, Castro J, Ferreira JG, Chartrand D, Nunzi JM, Hanan GS. A Zinc(II) Benzamidinate N
-Oxide Complex as an Aggregation-Induced Emission Material: toward Solution-Processable White Organic Light-Emitting Devices. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihela Cibian
- Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; 2900 Edouard-Montpetit H3T-1J4 Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Afshin Shahalizad
- Department of Physics; Engineering Physics and Astronomy; Queen's University; K7L 3N6 Kingston Ontario Canada
| | - Fathi Souissi
- Department of Physics; Engineering Physics and Astronomy; Queen's University; K7L 3N6 Kingston Ontario Canada
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Systems for Renewable Energies (LaNSER); Center for Research and Technologies of the Energy Technopole; 2050 Borj Cedria, Bp 95 Tunisia
| | - Jessica Castro
- Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; 2900 Edouard-Montpetit H3T-1J4 Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Janaina G. Ferreira
- Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; 2900 Edouard-Montpetit H3T-1J4 Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Daniel Chartrand
- Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; 2900 Edouard-Montpetit H3T-1J4 Montréal Québec Canada
- LAMP - Laboratoire d'Analyse pour les Molécules et Matériaux Photoactifs - Laboratory for the Analysis of Molecules' and Materials' Photoactivity; Université de Montréal; Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Nunzi
- Department of Physics; Engineering Physics and Astronomy; Queen's University; K7L 3N6 Kingston Ontario Canada
| | - Garry S. Hanan
- Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; 2900 Edouard-Montpetit H3T-1J4 Montréal Québec Canada
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Mohbiya DR, Mallah RR, Sekar N. Influence of electron donors in fluorescent NLOphoric D-π-A derivatives with acenaphthene rotor: Photophysical, viscosity, and TD-DFT studies. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Marafie JA, Bradley DDC, Williams CK. Thermally Stable Zinc Disalphen Macrocycles Showing Solid-State and Aggregation-Induced Enhanced Emission. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:5688-5695. [PMID: 28440632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the solid-state light emission of zinc salphen macrocycle complexes, 7 dinuclear zinc salphen macrocycle complexes (1-7), with acetate or hexanoate coligands, are synthesized. The complexes are stable in air up to 300 °C, as shown via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and exhibit green to orange-red emission in solution (λem = 550-600 nm, PLQE ≤ 1%) and slightly enhanced yellow to orange-red emission in the solid state (λem = 570-625 nm, PLQE = 1-5%). Complexes 1, 2, 4, 5, and 7 also display aggregation-induced enhanced emission (AIEE) when hexane (a nonsolvent) is added to a chloroform solution of the complexes, with complex 4 displaying a 75-fold increase in peak emission intensity upon aggregation (in 0.25:0.75 chloroform:hexane mixture).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameel A Marafie
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Donal D C Bradley
- Departments of Engineering Science and Physics, Division of Mathematical, Physical and Life Sciences, University of Oxford , 9 Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PD, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte K Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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14
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Synthesis, crystal structure and luminescence properties of acenaphthene benzohydrazide based ligand and its zinc(II) complex. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Singha Hazari A, Ray R, Hoque MA, Lahiri GK. Electronic Structure and Multicatalytic Features of Redox-Active Bis(arylimino)acenaphthene (BIAN)-Derived Ruthenium Complexes. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:8160-73. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Singha Hazari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Ritwika Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Md Asmaul Hoque
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Goutam Kumar Lahiri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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