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Kokina TE, Shekhovtsov NA, Vasilyev ES, Glinskaya LA, Mikheylis AV, Plyusnin VF, Tkachev AV, Bushuev MB. Efficient emission of Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes with nopinane-annelated 4,5-diazafluorene and 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one ligands: how slight structural modification alters fluorescence mechanism. Dalton Trans 2023. [PMID: 37183960 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00904a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Zinc(II) and cadmium(II) chlorido complexes with an N,N-chelating nopinane-annelated 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one ligand (LO) were synthesized. While the zinc(II) complex is mononuclear and adopts a tetrahedral ZnN2Cl2 coordination geometry, its cadmium(II) analogue features a 1D polymeric structure due to the bridging coordination of chlorido ligands with Cd2+ ions having an octahedral CdN2Cl4 coordination geometry. The photophysical properties of the oxygen-containing LO ligand and its zinc(II) and cadmium(II) complexes were studied in solution and in the solid state and matched against the properties of its oxygen-free 4,5-diazafluorene congener L and its complexes of the same metal ions. Comprehensive experimental and theoretical studies revealed the impact of the oxygen atom in the ligand core on the luminescence of the ligands and the complexes. For the oxygen-free L ligand and L-based complexes, the structural differences between the S0 and S1 geometries are small, which leads to fluorescence with extraordinarily small Stokes shifts. The emission of these compounds is of locally excited character for L and of mixed locally excited + ligand-to-halide charge transfer character for the L-based complexes. The introduction of the oxygen atom in the ligand core results in a drastic red-shift of the emission band due to short-range charge transfer. The differences between the S0 and S1 geometries are much more pronounced for LO and LO-based compounds than those of their oxygen-free analogues, leading to an order of magnitude larger Stokes shifts. On going from solution to the solid state, LO and its complexes exhibit aggregation-induced emission (AIE) behaviour with photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) reaching tens of percent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana E Kokina
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Nikita A Shekhovtsov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Eugene S Vasilyev
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Ludmila A Glinskaya
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Aleksandr V Mikheylis
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Institutskaya str., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Victor F Plyusnin
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Institutskaya str., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Alexey V Tkachev
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Mark B Bushuev
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
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2
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Luan XF, Wang CZ, Wu QY, Lan JH, Chai ZF, Xia LS, Shi WQ. Theoretical insights into selective extraction of uranium from seawater with tetradentate N,O-mixed donor ligands. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:11381-11389. [PMID: 35818929 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The competition of uranium and vanadium ions is a major challenge in extracting uranium from seawater. In-depth exploration of the complexation of uranium and vanadium ions with promising ligands is essential to design highly efficient ligands for selective recovery of uranium. In this work, we systematically explored the uranyl and vanadium extraction complexes with three tetradentate N,O-mixed donor analogues including the rigid backbone ligands 1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxylic acid (PDA, L1) and 5H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b']dipyridine-2,8-dicarboxylate acid (L3), as well as the flexible ligand [2,2'-bipyridine]-6,6'-dicarboxylate acid (L2) using density functional theory (DFT). These ligands coordinate to the uranyl cation in a tetradentate fashion, while L1 and L3 act as tridentate ligands toward VO2+ due to the smaller ionic radius of VO2+ and larger cleft sizes of L1 and L3. Bonding analyses show that the metal-ligand bonding orbitals of the uranyl complexes [UO2L(CO3)]2-, [UO2L(OH)]-, and [UO2L(H2O)] mainly arise from the interactions of the U 5f, 6d orbitals and N, O 2p orbitals. Because of the rigid structure and more suitable chelate ring size, the L1 ligand possesses a stronger complexing ability for uranyl ions than other ligands, while the L3 ligand has weaker binding affinity than L1 and L2. All these ligands prefer to coordinate with the uranyl cation rather than vanadium ion, indicating the selectivity of these ligands to [UO2(CO3)3]4- over H2VO4- and HVO42- in seawater. This is mainly attributed to the metal ion size-based selectivity and structural preorganization of the ligands. These results demonstrate that the backbone of these ligands affect their extraction behaviors. It is expected that this work might prove useful in designing efficient ligands for uranium extraction from seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Fei Luan
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China. .,School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Cong-Zhi Wang
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Qun-Yan Wu
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jian-Hui Lan
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhi-Fang Chai
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Liang-Shu Xia
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Wei-Qun Shi
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Henke WC, Stiel JP, Day VW, Blakemore JD. Evidence for Charge Delocalization in Diazafluorene Ligands Supporting Low-Valent [Cp*Rh] Complexes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202103970. [PMID: 35006643 PMCID: PMC8857064 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ligands based upon the 4,5-diazafluorene core are an important class of emerging ligands in organometallic chemistry, but the structure and electronic properties of these ligands have received less attention than they deserve. Here, we show that 9,9'-dimethyl-4,5-diazafluorene (Me2 daf) can stabilize low-valent complexes through charge delocalization into its conjugated π-system. Using a new platform of [Cp*Rh] complexes with three accessible formal oxidation states (+III, +II, and +I), we show that the methylation in Me2 daf is protective, blocking Brønsted acid-base chemistry commonly encountered with other daf-based ligands. Electronic absorption spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of a family of eleven new compounds, including the unusual Cp*Rh(Me2 daf), reveal features consistent with charge delocalization driven by π-backbonding into the LUMO of Me2 daf, reminiscent of behavior displayed by the workhorse 2,2'-bipyridyl ligand. Taken together with spectrochemical data demonstrating clean conversion between oxidation states, our findings show that 9,9'-dialkylated daf-type ligands are promising building blocks for applications in reductive chemistry and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade C. Henke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Jonah P. Stiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Victor W. Day
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - James D. Blakemore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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Nongpiur CGL, Tripathi DK, Poluri KM, Rawat H, Kollipara MR. Ruthenium, rhodium and iridium complexes containing diazafluorene derivative ligands: synthesis and biological studies. J CHEM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-021-02004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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5
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A comparative DFT study of some N-based aromatic ligand metal complexes as anticancer agents and analysis of their mode of interaction with DNA base pair. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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6
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Colorimetric detection of hydrogen peroxide with gadolinium complex of phenylboronic acid functionalized 4,5-diazafluorene. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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7
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Cebeci C, Arslan BS, Güzel E, Nebioğlu M, Şişman İ, Erden İ. 4,5-Diazafluorene ligands and their ruthenium(II) complexes with boronic acid and catechol anchoring groups: design, synthesis and dye-sensitized solar cell applications. J COORD CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2021.1914332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caner Cebeci
- Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Emre Güzel
- Department of Fundamental Sciences, Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Nebioğlu
- Department of Chemistry, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
- Department of Renewable Energy Systems, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - İlkay Şişman
- Department of Chemistry, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
- Department of Renewable Energy Systems, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Erden
- Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
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9
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Henke WC, Hopkins JA, Anderson ML, Stiel JP, Day VW, Blakemore JD. 4,5-Diazafluorene and 9,9'-Dimethyl-4,5-Diazafluorene as Ligands Supporting Redox-Active Mn and Ru Complexes. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25143189. [PMID: 32668660 PMCID: PMC7396985 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
4,5-diazafluorene (daf) and 9,9’-dimethyl-4,5-diazafluorene (Me2daf) are structurally similar to the important ligand 2,2’-bipyridine (bpy), but significantly less is known about the redox and spectroscopic properties of metal complexes containing Me2daf as a ligand than those containing bpy. New complexes Mn(CO)3Br(daf) (2), Mn(CO)3Br(Me2daf) (3), and [Ru(Me2daf)3](PF6)2 (5) have been prepared and fully characterized to understand the influence of the Me2daf framework on their chemical and electrochemical properties. Structural data for 2, 3, and 5 from single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveal a distinctive widening of the daf and Me2daf chelate angles in comparison to the analogous Mn(CO)3(bpy)Br (1) and [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (4) complexes. Electronic absorption data for these complexes confirm the electronic similarity of daf, Me2daf, and bpy, as spectra are dominated in each case by metal-to-ligand charge transfer bands in the visible region. However, the electrochemical properties of 2, 3, and 5 reveal that the redox-active Me2daf framework in 3 and 5 undergoes reduction at a slightly more negative potential than that of bpy in 1 and 4. Taken together, the results indicate that Me2daf could be useful for preparation of a variety of new redox-active compounds, as it retains the useful redox-active nature of bpy but lacks the acidic, benzylic C–H bonds that can induce secondary reactivity in complexes bearing daf.
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10
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Synthesis of D-π-A type 4,5-diazafluorene ligands and Ru (II) complexes and theoretical approaches for dye-sensitive solar cell applications. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Vasilyev ES, Bizyaev SN, Komarov VY, Gatilov YV, Tkachev AV. Chiral C2-Symmetric Diimines with 4,5-Diazafluorene Units. Molecules 2019; 24:E3186. [PMID: 31480760 PMCID: PMC6749561 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A synthetic approach to a new group of stable chiral C2-symmetric diimines with the 4,5-diazafluorene core has been developed based on condensation of dipinodiazafluorene with aromatic diamines. The chemical structures of new compounds were proven by spectroscopic methods and X-ray crystallography. All the compounds form solvates with organic solvents (chloroform, benzene, 1,4-dioxane) and water. Specific spectral data of the new compounds are explained using calculated data (DFT). Diimines of the pinodiazafluorene series give colored reactions with transition metal ions and can be regarded as prospective polydentate ligands with interesting luminescent and chiroptical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene S Vasilyev
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Academician Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey N Bizyaev
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Academician Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vladislav Yu Komarov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yury V Gatilov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Academician Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexey V Tkachev
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Academician Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
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12
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Vasilyev ES, Bizyaev SN, Komarov VY, Tkachev AV. Syntheses of chiral fused 4,5-diazafluorene–bis(nopinane) derivatives. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2019.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Jaworski JN, Kozack CV, Tereniak SJ, Knapp SMM, Landis CR, Miller JT, Stahl SS. Operando Spectroscopic and Kinetic Characterization of Aerobic Allylic C-H Acetoxylation Catalyzed by Pd(OAc) 2/4,5-Diazafluoren-9-one. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10462-10474. [PMID: 31184479 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Allylic C-H acetoxylations are among the most widely studied palladium(II)-catalyzed C-H oxidation reactions. While the principal reaction steps are well established, key features of the catalytic mechanisms are poorly characterized, including the identity of the turnover-limiting step and the catalyst resting state. Here, we report a mechanistic study of aerobic allylic acetoxylation of allylbenzene with a catalyst system composed of Pd(OAc)2 and 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one (DAF). The DAF ligand is unique in its ability to support aerobic catalytic turnover, even in the absence of benzoquinone or other co-catalysts. Herein, we describe operando spectroscopic analysis of the catalytic reaction using X-ray absorption and NMR spectroscopic methods that allow direct observation of the formation and decay of a palladium(I) species during the reaction. Kinetic studies reveal the presence of two distinct kinetic phases: (1) a burst phase, involving rapid formation of the allylic acetoxylation product and formation of the dimeric PdI complex [PdI(DAF)(OAc)]2, followed by (2) a post-burst phase that coincides with evolution of the catalyst resting state from the PdI dimer into a π-allyl-PdII species. The data provide unprecedented insights into the role of ancillary ligands in supporting catalytic turnover with O2 as the stoichiometric oxidant and establish an important foundation for the development of improved catalysts for allylic oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan N Jaworski
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Caitlin V Kozack
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Stephen J Tereniak
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Spring Melody M Knapp
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Clark R Landis
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Jeffrey T Miller
- David School of Chemical Engineering , Purdue University , 480 Stadium Mall Drive , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
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14
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Movahedi E, Rezvani AR, Razmazma H. Binding interaction of a heteroleptic silver(I) complex with DNA: A joint experimental and computational study. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 126:1244-1254. [PMID: 30615962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A new heteroleptic Ag(I) complex formulated as [Ag(daf)(phen)]NO3, where daf and phen stand for 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one and 1,10-phenanthroline, respectively, has been prepared and structurally characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopic methods (IR, 1HNMR, and UV-Vis) and cyclic voltammetry. The geometry optimization around Ag(I) at the level of DFT has demonstrated that the Ag(I) center has been nested in a tetrahedral N4 coordination geometry which found to be in close agreement with the experimentally proposed structure. The bond lengths, angles, and the HOMO/LUMO energies have been calculated to substantiate the geometry of the complex. The DNA binding property of the Ag(I) complex has been explored in detail both theoretically (DFT and molecular docking) and experimentally (UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy, luminescence quenching, competitive binding with ethidium bromide, cyclic voltammetry, and gel electrophoresis), indicating the good affinity of the Ag(I) complex for the intercalation (Kb (binding constant) = 3.45 × 105 M-1). Providing a fuller picture of Ag(I) complex-DNA interaction, the energy-minimized structure of the complex has been docked to the DNA with a d(AGACGTCT)2 sequence and the results are in close agreement with experimental achievements and make a deeper insight into the relationship between the structure and biological activity of the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Movahedi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, P.O. Box 98135-674, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Rezvani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, P.O. Box 98135-674, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Hafez Razmazma
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Computational Quantum Chemistry and Drug Design, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
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15
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Erden I, Orman Z, Kilicarslan FA. Effect of Different π-Conjugated Dyes Containing 4,5-Diazafluorenone-9- Hydrazone on The Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476618060124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Jäger S, Gude L, Arias-Pérez MS. 4,5-Diazafluorene N-glycopyranosyl hydrazones as scaffolds for potential bioactive metallo-organic compounds: Synthesis, structural study and cytotoxic activity. Bioorg Chem 2018; 81:405-413. [PMID: 30205247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel N1-(4,5-diazafluoren-9-yliden)-N2-glycopyranosyl hydrazines was prepared in synthetically useful yields by treatment of 9H-4,5-diazafluoren-9-hydrazone with different unprotected monosaccharides. The reactions with the monosaccharides tested afforded stereoselectively, and exclusively, cyclic derivatives, whose structures correspond to N-β-glycopyranosyl hydrazones except for the d-arabinose derivative that agrees with the α-anomer. Several copper(II) complexes having a 2:1 ligand to metal mole ratio were also prepared. The metal complexes can bind DNA sequences and preferentially stabilize G-quadruplex DNA structures over dsDNA. The fucose, rhamnose and deoxyglucose copper(II) complexes exhibited a cytotoxic activity against cultured HeLa and PC3 tumor cells comparable to other metal complexes normally used for chemotherapeutic purposes, such as cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Jäger
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805-Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gude
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805-Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, 28805-Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Selma Arias-Pérez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805-Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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Wang D, Weinstein AB, White PB, Stahl SS. Ligand-Promoted Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation Reactions. Chem Rev 2017; 118:2636-2679. [PMID: 28975795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed aerobic oxidation reactions have been the focus of industrial application and extensive research efforts for nearly 60 years. A significant transition occurred in this field approximately 20 years ago, with the introduction of catalysts supported by ancillary ligands. The ligands play crucial roles in the reactions, including promotion of direct oxidation of palladium(0) by O2, bypassing the typical requirement for Cu salts or related redox cocatalysts to facilitate oxidation of the reduced Pd catalyst; facilitation of key bond-breaking and bond-forming steps during substrate oxidation; and modulation of chemo-, regio-, or stereoselectivity of a reaction. The use of ligands has contributed to significant expansion of the scope of accessible aerobic oxidation reactions. Increased understanding of the role of ancillary ligands should promote the development of new synthetic transformations, enable improved control over the reaction selectivity, and improve catalyst activity and stability. This review surveys the different ligands that have been used to support palladium-catalyzed aerobic oxidation reactions and, where possible, describes mechanistic insights into the role played by the ancillary ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Adam B Weinstein
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Paul B White
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
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19
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Fist oxidovanadium complexes containing chiral derivatives of dihydrophenanthroline and diazafluorene. Polyhedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Erden I, Cebeci C, Aytan Kilicarslan F. Synthesis and characterization of organic dyes containing 4,5-diazafluorene as efficient sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells. J COORD CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2017.1354127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Erden
- Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Caner Cebeci
- Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
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Jaworski JN, McCann SD, Guzei IA, Stahl SS. Detection of Palladium(I) in Aerobic Oxidation Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3605-3610. [PMID: 28217896 PMCID: PMC5499979 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201700345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Palladium(II)-catalyzed oxidation reactions exhibit broad utility in organic synthesis; however, they often feature high catalyst loading and low turnover numbers relative to non-oxidative cross-coupling reactions. Insights into the fate of the Pd catalyst during turnover could help to address this limitation. Herein, we report the identification and characterization of a dimeric PdI species in two prototypical Pd-catalyzed aerobic oxidation reactions: allylic C-H acetoxylation of terminal alkenes and intramolecular aza-Wacker cyclization. Both reactions employ 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one (DAF) as an ancillary ligand. The dimeric PdI complex, [PdI (μ-DAF)(OAc)]2 , which features two bridging DAF ligands and two terminal acetate ligands, has been characterized by several spectroscopic methods, as well as single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The origin of this PdI complex and its implications for catalytic reactivity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan N. Jaworski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison 1101 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706
| | - Scott D. McCann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison 1101 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706
| | - Ilia A. Guzei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison 1101 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison 1101 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706
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22
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Jaworski JN, McCann SD, Guzei IA, Stahl SS. Detection of Palladium(I) in Aerobic Oxidation Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201700345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan N. Jaworski
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin—Madison 1101 University Ave. Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Scott D. McCann
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin—Madison 1101 University Ave. Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Ilia A. Guzei
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin—Madison 1101 University Ave. Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin—Madison 1101 University Ave. Madison WI 53706 USA
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Janes T, Yang Y, Song D. Chemical reduction of CO2facilitated by C-nucleophiles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:11390-11398. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc05978g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This feature article describes recent advances in chemical reduction of CO2facilitated by carbon-based molecular nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Janes
- Davenport Chemical Research Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Yanxin Yang
- Davenport Chemical Research Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Datong Song
- Davenport Chemical Research Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
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24
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Baran MF, Durap F, Aydemir M, Baysal A. Transfer hydrogenation of aryl ketones with homogeneous ruthenium catalysts containing diazafluorene ligands. Appl Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Fırat Baran
- Central Research Laboratory, Research and Application Center; Mardin Artuklu University; Mardin Turkey
| | - Feyyaz Durap
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty; Dicle University; 21280 Diyarbakir Turkey
- Science and Technology Application and Research Center (DUBTAM); Dicle University; 21280 Diyarbakir Turkey
| | - Murat Aydemir
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty; Dicle University; 21280 Diyarbakir Turkey
- Science and Technology Application and Research Center (DUBTAM); Dicle University; 21280 Diyarbakir Turkey
| | - Akın Baysal
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty; Dicle University; 21280 Diyarbakir Turkey
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25
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White PB, Jaworski JN, Fry CG, Dolinar BS, Guzei IA, Stahl SS. Structurally Diverse Diazafluorene-Ligated Palladium(II) Complexes and Their Implications for Aerobic Oxidation Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:4869-80. [PMID: 26967703 PMCID: PMC4863657 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
4,5-Diazafluoren-9-one (DAF) has been identified as a highly effective ligand in a number of Pd-catalyzed oxidation reactions, but the mechanistic basis for its utility has not been elucidated. Here, we present the complex coordination chemistry of DAF and palladium(II) carboxylate salts. Multiple complexes among an equilibrating mixture of species have been characterized by (1)H and (15)N NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. These complexes include monomeric and dimeric Pd(II) species, with monodentate (κ(1)), bidentate (κ(2)), and bridging (μ:κ(1):κ(1)) DAF coordination modes. Titration studies of DAF and Pd(OAc)2 reveal the formation of two dimeric DAF/Pd(OAc)2 complexes at low [DAF] and four monomeric species at higher [DAF]. The dimeric complexes feature two bridging acetate ligands together with either a bridging or nonbridging (κ(1)) DAF ligand coordinated to each Pd(II) center. The monomeric structures consist of three isomeric Pd(κ(1)-DAF)2(OAc)2 complexes, together with Pd(κ(2)-DAF)(OAc)2 in which the DAF exhibits a traditional bidentate coordination mode. Replacing DAF with the structurally related, but more-electron-rich derivative 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-diazafluorene (Me2DAF) simplifies the equilibrium mixture to two complexes: a dimeric species in which the Me2DAF bridges the two Pd centers and a monomeric species with a traditional κ(2)-Me2DAF coordination mode. The use of DAF in combination with other carboxylate ligands (CF3CO2(-) or tBuCO2(-)) also results in a simplified collection of equilibrating Pd(II)-DAF complexes. Collectively, the results highlight the ability of DAF to equilibrate rapidly among multiple coordination modes, and provide valuable insights into the utility of DAF as a ligand in Pd-catalyzed oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B. White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Jonathan N. Jaworski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Charles G. Fry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Brian S. Dolinar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Ilia A. Guzei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
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26
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White PB, Jaworski JN, Zhu GH, Stahl SS. Diazafluorenone-Promoted Oxidation Catalysis: Insights into the Role of Bidentate Ligands in Pd-Catalyzed Aerobic Aza-Wacker Reactions. ACS Catal 2016; 6:3340-3348. [PMID: 27175308 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
2,2'-Bipyridine (bpy), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and related bidentate ligands often inhibit homogeneous Pd-catalyzed aerobic oxidation reactions; however, certain derivatives, such as 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one (DAF), can promote catalysis. In order to gain insight into this divergent ligand behavior, eight different bpy- and phen-derived chelating ligands have been evaluated in Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of (E)-4-hexenyltosylamide. Two of the ligands, DAF and 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (6,6'-Me2bpy), support efficient catalytic turnover, while the others strongly inhibit the reaction. DAF is especially effective and is the only ligand that exhibits "ligand-accelerated catalysis". Evidence suggests that the utility of DAF and 6,6'-Me2bpy originates from the ability of these ligands to access κ1-coordination modes via dissociation of one of the pyridyl rings. This hemilabile character is directly observed by NMR spectroscopy upon adding one equivalent of pyridine to solutions of 1:1 L/Pd(OAc)2 (L = DAF and 6,6'-Me2bpy), and is further supported by an X-ray crystal structure of Pd(py)(κ1-DAF)OAc2. DFT computational studies illuminate the influence of three different chelating ligands [DAF, 6,6'-Me2bpy, and 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (2,9-Me2phen)] on the energetics of the aza-Wacker reaction pathway. The results show that DAF and 6,6'-Me2bpy destabilize the corresponding ground-state Pd(N~N)(OAc)2 complexes, while stabilizing the rate-limiting transition state for alkene insertion into a Pd-N bond. Interconversion between κ2- and κ1-coordination modes facilitate access to open coordination sites at the PdII center. The insights from these studies introduce new ligand concepts that could promote numerous other classes of Pd-catalyzed aerobic oxidation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B. White
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jonathan N. Jaworski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Geyunjian Harry Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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