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Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks represent the ultimate chemical platform on which to develop a new generation of designer magnets. In contrast to the inorganic solids that have dominated permanent magnet technology for decades, metal-organic frameworks offer numerous advantages, most notably the nearly infinite chemical space through which to synthesize predesigned and tunable structures with controllable properties. Moreover, the presence of a rigid, crystalline structure based on organic linkers enables the potential for permanent porosity and postsynthetic chemical modification of the inorganic and organic components. Despite these attributes, the realization of metal-organic magnets with high ordering temperatures represents a formidable challenge, owing largely to the typically weak magnetic exchange coupling mediated through organic linkers. Nevertheless, recent years have seen a number of exciting advances involving frameworks based on a wide range of metal ions and organic linkers. This review provides a survey of structurally characterized metal-organic frameworks that have been shown to exhibit magnetic order. Section 1 outlines the need for new magnets and the potential role of metal-organic frameworks toward that end, and it briefly introduces the classes of magnets and the experimental methods used to characterize them. Section 2 describes early milestones and key advances in metal-organic magnet research that laid the foundation for structurally characterized metal-organic framework magnets. Sections 3 and 4 then outline the literature of metal-organic framework magnets based on diamagnetic and radical organic linkers, respectively. Finally, Section 5 concludes with some potential strategies for increasing the ordering temperatures of metal-organic framework magnets while maintaining structural integrity and additional function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T David Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Saines PJ, Bristowe NC. Probing magnetic interactions in metal-organic frameworks and coordination polymers microscopically. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:13257-13280. [PMID: 30112541 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02411a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Materials with magnetic interactions between their metal centres play a tremendous role in modern technologies and can exhibit unique physical phenomena. In recent years, magnetic metal-organic frameworks and coordination polymers have attracted significant attention because their unique structural flexibility enables them to exhibit multifunctional magnetic properties or unique magnetic states not found in the conventional magnetic materials, such as metal oxides. Techniques that enable the magnetic interactions in these materials to be probed at the atomic scale, long established to be key for developing other magnetic materials, are not well established for studying metal-organic frameworks and coordination polymers. This review focuses on studies where metal-organic frameworks and coordination polymers have been examined using such microscopic probes, with a particular focus on neutron scattering and density-functional theory, the most-well established experimental and computational techniques for understanding magnetic materials in detail. This paper builds on a brief introduction to these techniques to describe how such probes have been applied to a variety of magnetic materials starting with select historical examples before discussing multifunctional, low dimensional and frustrated magnets. This review highlights the information that can be obtained from such microscopic studies, including the strengths and limitations of these techniques. The article then concludes with a brief perspective on the future of this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Saines
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, Kent, UK.
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Lander L, Reynaud M, Rodríguez-Carvajal J, Tarascon JM, Rousse G. Magnetic Structures of Orthorhombic Li 2M(SO 4) 2 (M = Co, Fe) and Li xFe(SO 4) 2 (x = 1, 1.5) Phases. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:11760-11769. [PMID: 27805387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report herein on the magnetic properties and structures of orthorhombic Li2M(SO4)2 (M = Co, Fe) and their oxidized phases LixFe(SO4)2 (x = 1, 1.5), which were previously studied as potential cathode materials for Li-ion batteries. The particular structure of these orthorhombic compounds (space group Pbca) consists of a three-dimensional network of isolated MO6 octahedra enabling solely super-super-exchange interactions between transition metals. We studied the magnetic properties of these phases via temperature-dependent susceptibility measurements and applied neutron powder diffraction experiments to solve their magnetic structures. All compounds present an antiferromagnetic long-range ordering of the magnetic spins below their Néel temperature. Their magnetic structures are collinear and follow a spin sequence (+ + - - - - + +), with the time reversal associated with the inversion center, a characteristic necessary for a linear magneto-electric effect. We found that the orientation of the magnetic moments varies with the nature of M. While Li2Co(SO4)2 and Li1Fe(SO4)2 adopt the magnetic space group Pb'c'a', the magnetic space group for Li2Fe(SO4)2 and Li1.5Fe(SO4)2 is P1121'/a, which might hint for a possible monoclinic distortion of their nuclear structure. Moreover we compared the orthorhombic phases to their monoclinic counterparts as well as to the isostructural orthorhombic Li2Ni(SO4)2 compound. Finally, we show that this possible magneto-electric feature is driven by the topology of the magnetic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lander
- UMR8260 "Chimie du Solide et Energie", Collège de France , 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.,Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459 , 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France.,Sorbonne Universités-UPMC University Paris 06 , 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marine Reynaud
- CIC Energigune , Albert Einstein 48, 01510 Miñano Vitoria, Álava, Spain
| | | | - Jean-Marie Tarascon
- UMR8260 "Chimie du Solide et Energie", Collège de France , 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.,Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459 , 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France.,Sorbonne Universités-UPMC University Paris 06 , 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gwenaëlle Rousse
- UMR8260 "Chimie du Solide et Energie", Collège de France , 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.,Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459 , 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France.,Sorbonne Universités-UPMC University Paris 06 , 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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Han ML, Wu XQ, Xu GW, Wen GX, Li DS, Ma LF. A Ni(II) ferromagnet with mixed pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate-1,4-bis(imidazol-l-yl)butane heterobridges exhibiting long-range ordering and hysteresis loop. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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