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Chao MY, Li Q, Zhang WH, Young DJ. Metal-organic frameworks of linear trinuclear cluster secondary building units: structures and applications. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:12692-12707. [PMID: 34545881 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02140k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Secondary building units (SBUs) in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are essential from both a structural and performance perspective. While a variety of SBUs, such as paddlewheel CuII2, triangular CrIII3, tetrahedral ZnII4, and octahedral ZrIV6 have been extensively studied, the linear trinuclear SBUs (herein denoted as M3), though frequently encountered, are rarely discussed as a class. A literature survey reveals that M3 clusters are ubiquitous in discrete molecular entities as well as in MOFs. Unlike most other cluster types, however, they have an unprecedented metal diversity and ligand tolerance. The single-crystals of some M3-based MOFs are also sufficiently robust upon guest removal and exchange or multi-step post-modifications to enable catalytic mechanism elucidation. Some of these M3-based SBUs endow MOFs with stability under demanding conditions necessary, for example, in flue gas separation. Herein we review MOFs sustained by this common but under-appreciated class of SBUs and discuss applications of the resulting MOF motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yao Chao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Qing Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Wen-Hua Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - David J Young
- College of Engineering, Information Technology & Environment, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory 0909, Australia
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Peralta RA, Huxley MT, Young RJ, Linder-Patton OM, Evans JD, Doonan CJ, Sumby CJ. MOF matrix isolation: cooperative conformational mobility enables reliable single crystal transformations. Faraday Discuss 2021; 225:84-99. [PMID: 33104138 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00012d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining structural information for highly reactive metal-based species can provide valuable insight into important chemical transformations or catalytic processes. Trapping these metal-based species within the cavities of porous crystalline hosts, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), can stabilise them, allowing detailed structural elucidation by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Previously, we have used a bespoke flexible MOF, [Mn3L2L'] (MnMOF-1, where L = bis-(4-carboxyphenyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)methane and L = L', but L' has a vacant N,N'-chelation site), which has a chelating site capable of post-synthetically binding metal ions, to study organometallic transformations and fundamental isomerisation processes. This manuscript will report the underlying conformational flexibility of the framework, demonstrate the solvent dependency of post-synthetic metalation, and show that the structural flexibility of the linker site and framework are critical to controlling and achieving high levels of metal loading (and therefore site occupancy) during chemical transformations. From these results, a set of design principles for linker-based "matrix isolation" and structure determination in MOFs are derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Peralta
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Michael T Huxley
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Rosemary J Young
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Oliver M Linder-Patton
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Jack D Evans
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraβe 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian J Doonan
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Christopher J Sumby
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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Abstract
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are emerging porous materials with highly tunable structures developed in the 1990s, while organometallic chemistry is of fundamental importance for catalytic transformation in the academic and industrial world for many decades. Through the years, organometallic chemistry has been incorporated into functional MOF construction for diverse applications. Here, we will focus on how organometallic chemistry is applied in MOF design and modifications from linker-centric and metal-cluster-centric perspectives, respectively. Through structural design, MOFs can function as a tailorable platform for traditional organometallic transformations, including reaction of alkenes, cross-coupling reactions, and C–H activations. Besides, an overview will be made on other application categories of organometallic MOFs, such as gas adsorption, magnetism, quantum computing, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel K. Mykhailiuk
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Chemistry Department, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska 64, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
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A Heterometallic Three-Dimensional Metal-Organic Framework Bearing an Unprecedented One-Dimensional Branched-Chain Secondary Building Unit. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092190. [PMID: 32392885 PMCID: PMC7248776 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A heterometallic metal−organic framework (MOF) of [Cd6Ca4(BTB)6(HCOO)2(DEF)2(H2O)12]∙DEF∙xSol (1, H3BTB = benzene-1,3,5-tribenzoic acid; DEF = N,N′-diethylformamide; xSol. = undefined solvates within the pore) was prepared by solvothermal reaction of Cd(NO3)2·4H2O, CaO and H3BTB in a mixed solvent of DEF/H2O/HNO3. The compatibility of these two divalent cations from different blocks of the periodic table results in a solid-state structure consisting of an unusual combination of a discrete V-shaped heptanuclear cluster of [Cd2Ca]2Ca′ and an infinite one-dimensional (1D) chain of [Cd2CaCa′]n that are orthogonally linked via a corner-shared Ca2+ ion (denoted as Ca′), giving rise to an unprecedented branched-chain secondary building unit (SBU). These SBUs propagate via tridentate BTB to yield a three-dimensional (3D) structure featuring a corner-truncated P41 helix in MOF 1. This outcome highlights the unique topologies possible via the combination of carefully chosen s- and d-block metal ions with polydentate ligands.
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Young RJ, Huxley MT, Pardo E, Champness NR, Sumby CJ, Doonan CJ. Isolating reactive metal-based species in Metal-Organic Frameworks - viable strategies and opportunities. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4031-4050. [PMID: 34122871 PMCID: PMC8152792 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00485e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural insight into reactive species can be achieved via strategies such as matrix isolation in frozen glasses, whereby species are kinetically trapped, or by confinement within the cavities of host molecules. More recently, Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have been used as molecular scaffolds to isolate reactive metal-based species within their ordered pore networks. These studies have uncovered new reactivity, allowed observation of novel metal-based complexes and clusters, and elucidated the nature of metal-centred reactions responsible for catalysis. This perspective considers strategies by which metal species can be introduced into MOFs and highlights some of the advantages and limitations of each approach. Furthermore, the growing body of work whereby reactive species can be isolated and structurally characterised within a MOF matrix will be reviewed, including discussion of salient examples and the provision of useful guidelines for the design of new systems. Novel approaches that facilitate detailed structural analysis of reactive chemical moieties are of considerable interest as the knowledge garnered underpins our understanding of reactivity and thus guides the synthesis of materials with unprecedented functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J Young
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Adelaide Adelaide Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
| | - Michael T Huxley
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Adelaide Adelaide Australia
| | - Emilio Pardo
- Institute of Molecular Science, University of Valencia Valencia Spain
| | | | - Christopher J Sumby
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Adelaide Adelaide Australia
| | - Christian J Doonan
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Adelaide Adelaide Australia
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Liu H, Guo Z, Lv H, Liu X, Che Y, Mei Y, Bai R, Chi Y, Xing H. Visible-light-driven self-coupling and oxidative dehydrogenation of amines to imines via a Mn(ii)-based coordination polymer. Inorg Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qi01396b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The direct synthesis of various imines through visible-light-driven photocatalytic self-coupling and dehydrogenation of amines was achieved using a novel coordination polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Zhifen Guo
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Hui Lv
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Xin Liu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Yan Che
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Yingchun Mei
- Dyestuff Factory
- Jilin Petrochemical Company
- Jilin 132022
- China
| | - Rong Bai
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Yanhong Chi
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Hongzhu Xing
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
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Chao MY, Chen J, Young DJ, Zhang WH, Lang JP. Smoothing the single-crystal to single-crystal conversions of a two-dimensional metal–organic framework via the hetero-metal doping of the linear trimetallic secondary building unit. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:13722-13729. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02813c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Doping of Co2+ in the linear Cd3 cluster secondary building units lowers the single-crystal to single-crystal conversion reactivity of the resulting metal–organic framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yao Chao
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- China
| | - David J. Young
- Faculty of Science
- Health
- Education and Engineering
- University of the Sunshine Coast
- Maroochydore
| | - Wen-Hua Zhang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- China
| | - Jian-Ping Lang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- China
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Kang XM, Wang WM, Yao LH, Ren HX, Zhao B. Solvent-dependent variations of both structure and catalytic performance in three manganese coordination polymers. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:6986-6994. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01103f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three new Mn-based MOFs have been prepared, and a 3D framework can act as an efficient and recycled catalyst in CO2 cycloaddition with different epoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Kang
- College of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Material Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Wen-Min Wang
- College of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Material Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Lin-Hong Yao
- College of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Material Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Hong-Xia Ren
- College of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Material Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Bin Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Material Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
- China
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Huxley MT, Coghlan CJ, Bloch WM, Burgun A, Doonan CJ, Sumby CJ. X-ray crystallographic insights into post-synthetic metalation products in a metal-organic framework. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2017; 375:rsta.2016.0028. [PMID: 27895258 PMCID: PMC5179933 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2016.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Post-synthetic modification of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) facilitates a strategic transformation of potentially inert frameworks into functionalized materials, tailoring them for specific applications. In particular, the post-synthetic incorporation of transition-metal complexes within MOFs, a process known as 'metalation', is a particularly promising avenue towards functionalizing MOFs. Herein, we describe the post-synthetic metalation of a microporous MOF with various transition-metal nitrates. The parent framework, 1: , contains free-nitrogen donor chelation sites, which readily coordinate metal complexes in a single-crystal to single-crystal transformation which, remarkably, can be readily monitored by X-ray crystallography. The presence of an open void surrounding the chelation site in 1: prompted us to investigate the effect of the MOF pore environment on included metal complexes, particularly examining whether void space would induce changes in the coordination sphere of chelated complexes reminiscent of those found in the solution state. To test this hypothesis, we systematically metalated 1: with first-row transition-metal nitrates and elucidated the coordination environment of the respective transition-metal complexes using X-ray crystallography. Comparison of the coordination sphere parameters of coordinated transition-metal complexes in 1: against equivalent solid- and solution-state species suggests that the void space in 1: does not markedly influence the coordination sphere of chelated species but we show notably different post-synthetic metalation outcomes when different solvents are used.This article is part of the themed issue 'Coordination polymers and metal-organic frameworks: materials by design'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Huxley
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Physcial Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Campbell J Coghlan
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Physcial Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Witold M Bloch
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Physcial Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Alexandre Burgun
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Physcial Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Christian J Doonan
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Physcial Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Christopher J Sumby
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Physcial Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Margariti A, Rapti S, Katsenis AD, Friščić T, Georgiou Y, Manos MJ, Papaefstathiou GS. Cu2+ sorption from aqueous media by a recyclable Ca2+ framework. Inorg Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qi00542j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A recyclable Ca-MOF that exchanges Ca2+ by Cu2+ almost quantitatively and quickly was investigated via batch ion-exchange experiments and utilized as a stationary phase in an ion-exchange column for Cu2+ removal from aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Margariti
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
- Zografou 157 71
- Greece
| | - S. Rapti
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ioannina
- 451 10 Ioannina
- Greece
| | - A. D. Katsenis
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- H3A 0B8 Montreal
- Canada
| | - T. Friščić
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- H3A 0B8 Montreal
- Canada
| | - Y. Georgiou
- Lab of Physical Chemistry of Materials & Environment
- Physics Department
- University of Ioannina
- 451 10 Ioannina
- Greece
| | - M. J. Manos
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ioannina
- 451 10 Ioannina
- Greece
| | - G. S. Papaefstathiou
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
- Zografou 157 71
- Greece
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