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Lorenzo ER, Olshansky JH, Abia DSD, Krzyaniak MD, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Interaction of Photogenerated Spin Qubit Pairs with a Third Electron Spin in DNA Hairpins. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4625-4632. [PMID: 33735563 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The designing of tunable molecular systems that can host spin qubits is a promising strategy for advancing the development of quantum information science (QIS) applications. Photogenerated radical pairs are good spin qubit pair (SQP) candidates because they can be initialized in a pure quantum state that exhibits relatively long coherence times. DNA is a well-studied molecular system that allows for control of energetics and spatial specificity through careful design and thus serves as a tunable scaffold on which to control multispin interactions. Here, we examine a series of DNA hairpins that use naphthalenediimide (NDI) as the hairpin linker. Photoexcitation of the NDI leads to subnanosecond oxidation of guanine (G) within the duplex or a stilbenediether (Sd) end-cap to give NDI•--G•+ or NDI•--Sd•+ SQPs, respectively. A 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperdinyl-1-oxyl (TEMPO) stable radical is covalently attached to the hairpin at varying distances from the SQP spins. While TEMPO has a minimal effect on the SQP formation and decay dynamics, EPR spectroscopy indicates that there are significant spin-spin dipolar interactions between the SQP and TEMPO. We also demonstrate the ability to implement more complex spin manipulations of the NDI•--Sd•+-TEMPO system using pulse-EPR techniques, which is important for developing DNA hairpins for QIS applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmaline R Lorenzo
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jacob H Olshansky
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Daniel S D Abia
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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Abstract
Achieving high-yielding photoinduced charge separation through the π-stacked bases of DNA is a critical requirement for realizing numerous DNA-based technologies. In the current work, we combine two strategies for achieving high-yield charge separation. First, a chromophore with a high driving force for charge injection, naphthalenediimide (NDI), is used because it generates hot carriers that enhance charge-transfer rates. Second, a diblock DNA sequence is used with two or three adenines followed by a series of guanines to implement an energy landscape that accelerates charge separation while retarding charge recombination. The photoinduced dynamics of these NDI diblock oligomers with and without a terminal hole acceptor are probed by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. The measured rate constants for various charge separation and recombination processes are interpreted within the context of a full kinetic model of these systems. We find that the A2 and A3 oligomers achieve similar charge separation yields (as high as 20-25%) for a given length, yet the critical recombination process that determines these yields occurs at different distances from the NDI chromophore and on different time scales. This type of analysis could be used to predict charge separation efficiencies in candidate DNA structures.
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Olshansky JH, Krzyaniak MD, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Photogenerated Spin-Entangled Qubit (Radical) Pairs in DNA Hairpins: Observation of Spin Delocalization and Coherence. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:2152-2160. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob H. Olshansky
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D. Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M. Young
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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Lewis FD, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Tracking Photoinduced Charge Separation in DNA: from Start to Finish. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:1746-1754. [PMID: 30070820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The initial studies of the dynamics of photoinduced charge separation conducted in our laboratories 20 years ago found strongly distance-dependent rate constants over short distances but failed to detect intermediates in the transport of positive charge (holes). These observations were consistent with the single-step superexchange or tunneling mechanism that had been observed for numerous donor-bridge-acceptor systems at that time. Subsequent studies found weak distance dependence for hole transport over longer distances in DNA, characteristic of incoherent hopping of either localized or delocalized holes. The introduction of synthetic DNA capped hairpin constructs possessing hole donor and acceptor chromophores (or purine bases) at opposite ends of a base-pair domain made it possible to determine the time required for transit of charge from one chromophore to the other and, in some cases, to distinguish between the transit time and the much faster initial charge injection time. These studies eliminated conventional tunneling as a viable mechanism for charge transport in DNA except at very short donor-acceptor separations; however, they did not establish the presence or nature of intermediates in the charge separation process. Recent studies in our laboratories have succeeded in identifying key intermediates as well as untangling the dynamics and efficiency of the charge separation process from start to finish. The dynamics of the initial charge injection process is dependent upon both its free energy and the stacking of the hole donor chromophore and adjacent purine base. The transport of positive charge (holes) over multiple base pairs in duplex DNA occurs most efficiently via repeating adenine bases, known as A-tracts. The transit time across an A-tract is strongly dependent upon the free energy for hole injection, whereas the efficiency of charge separation depends on the competition between charge delocalization and charge recombination in the contact radical ion pair. The guanine cation radical has been detected both by femtosecond transient absorption and by stimulated Raman spectroscopies when the guanine is located near the chromophore employed for hole injection into an A-tract. Replacement of guanine by its derivative 8-phenylethynylguanine (EG), permits tracking of hole transport across longer poly(purine) sequences as a consequence of the stronger transient absorption and stimulated Raman scattering for EG+• vs G+•. We have recently obtained evidence based on femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy for the formation of delocalized A-polarons in A-tracts possessing four or more A-T base pairs. Similar methods have been used to track hole transport across less-common DNA structures including diblock and triblock poly(purines), locked nucleic acids, three-way junctions, and G-quadruplexes. Similar methods are have been applied to the study of photoinduced electron transport in DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick D. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M. Young
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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Fujii T, K. Thazhathveetil A, Yildirim I, Young RM, Wasielewski MR, Schatz GC, Lewis FD. Structure and Dynamics of Electron Injection and Charge Recombination in i-Motif DNA Conjugates. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:8058-8068. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b04996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taiga Fujii
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Arun K. Thazhathveetil
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ilyas Yildirim
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Ryan M. Young
- Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - George C. Schatz
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Frederick D. Lewis
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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Brown KE, Singh APN, Wu YL, Mishra AK, Zhou J, Lewis FD, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Tracking Hole Transport in DNA Hairpins Using a Phenylethynylguanine Nucleobase. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12084-12092. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E. Brown
- Department of Chemistry,
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute
for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Arunoday P. N. Singh
- Department of Chemistry,
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute
for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Yi-Lin Wu
- Department of Chemistry,
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute
for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry,
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute
for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jiawang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry,
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute
for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Frederick D. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry,
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute
for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M. Young
- Department of Chemistry,
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute
for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry,
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute
for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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7
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Thazhathveetil AK, Harris MA, Young RM, Wasielewski MR, Lewis FD. Efficient Charge Transport via DNA G-Quadruplexes. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1730-1733. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Thazhathveetil
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michelle A. Harris
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M. Young
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Frederick D. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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8
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Lee SH, Blake IM, Larsen AG, McDonald JA, Ohkubo K, Fukuzumi S, Reimers JR, Crossley MJ. Synthetically tuneable biomimetic artificial photosynthetic reaction centres that closely resemble the natural system in purple bacteria. Chem Sci 2016; 7:6534-6550. [PMID: 27928494 PMCID: PMC5125414 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc01076h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyrin-based photosynthetic reaction centre (PRC) mimics, ZnPQ-Q2HP-C60 and MP2Q-Q2HP-C60 (M = Zn or 2H), designed to have a similar special-pair electron donor and similar charge-separation distances, redox processes and photochemical reaction rates to those in the natural PRC from purple bacteria, have been synthesised and extensive photochemical studies performed. Mechanisms of electron-transfer reactions are fully investigated using femtosecond and nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. In benzonitrile, all models show picosecond-timescale charge-separations and the final singlet charge-separations with the microsecond-timescale. The established lifetimes are long compared to other processes in organic solar cells or other organic light harvesting systems. These rigid, synthetically flexible molecules provide the closest mimics to the natural PRC so far synthesised and present a future direction for the design of light harvesters with controllable absorption, redox, and kinetics properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Ho Lee
- School of Chemistry F11 , The University of Sydney , 2006 , NSW , Australia .
| | - Iain M Blake
- School of Chemistry F11 , The University of Sydney , 2006 , NSW , Australia .
| | - Allan G Larsen
- School of Chemistry F11 , The University of Sydney , 2006 , NSW , Australia .
| | - James A McDonald
- School of Chemistry F11 , The University of Sydney , 2006 , NSW , Australia .
| | - Kei Ohkubo
- Department of Material and Life Science , Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan .
| | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science , Ewha Womans University , Seoul 120-750 , Korea ; Faculty of Science and Engineering , Meijo University , Nagoya , Aichi 468-0073 , Japan
| | - Jeffrey R Reimers
- School of Chemistry F11 , The University of Sydney , 2006 , NSW , Australia . ; International Centre for Quantum and Molecular Structure , Shanghai University , 200444 , Shanghai , China . ; School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences , The University of Technology Sydney , 2007 , NSW , Australia .
| | - Maxwell J Crossley
- School of Chemistry F11 , The University of Sydney , 2006 , NSW , Australia .
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Renaud N, Harris MA, Singh APN, Berlin YA, Ratner MA, Wasielewski MR, Lewis FD, Grozema FC. Deep-hole transfer leads to ultrafast charge migration in DNA hairpins. Nat Chem 2016; 8:1015-1021. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Harris MA, Mishra AK, Young RM, Brown KE, Wasielewski MR, Lewis FD. Direct Observation of the Hole Carriers in DNA Photoinduced Charge Transport. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:5491-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Harris
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M. Young
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Kristen E. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Frederick D. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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