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Watson LS, Hughes J, Rafik ST, Muguruza AR, Girio PM, Akponasa SO, Rochford G, MacRobert AJ, Hodges NJ, Yaghini E, Pikramenou Z. Near infra-red luminescent osmium labelled gold nanoparticles for cellular imaging and singlet oxygen generation. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 39157997 PMCID: PMC11331564 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01901f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Osmium(II) complexes have attractive properties for potential theranostic agents given their anticancer activitiy, their redox potentials favourable for biological transformations within cancer cells and their luminescence in the near infrared (NIR) region. To achieve localised detection and delivery, gold nanoparticles (AuNP) provide an attractive scaffold to attach multiple luminescent agents on a single particle and provide a multimodal platform for detection and loaclaised delivery. We have developed 13 nm and 25 nm AuNP decorated with an osmium complex based on 1,10-phenantholine and surface active bipyridine ligands, OsPhenSS for live cell imaging and singlet oxygen generation, notated as OsPhenSS·AuNP13 and OsPhenSS·AuNP25. The AuNP designs not only allow versatile modalities for localisation of the probe but also water solubility for the osmium metal complex. The osmium decorated nanoparticles OsPhenSS·AuNP13 and OsPhenSS·AuNP25 display characteristic NIR luminescence from the osmium(II) 3MLCT at 785 nm in aqueous solutions with visible excitation. Upon incubation of the nanoparticles in lung cancer and breast carcinoma the luminescence signature of osmium and the gold reflectance reveal localisation in the cytoplasmic and perinuclear compartments. Excitation of the nanoparticles at 552 nm in the presence of a ROS indicator revealed a marked increase in the green fluorescence from the indicator, consistent with photo-induced ROS generation. The detection of singlet oxygen by time-resolved luminescence studies of the osmium and the nanoparticle probes further demonstrates the dual activity of the osmium-based nanoprobes for imaging and therapy. The introduction of gold nanoparticles for carrying osmium imaging probes allows a novel versatile strategy combining detection and localised therapies at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke S Watson
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Joseph Hughes
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Salma T Rafik
- Dept. of Surgical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21516, Egypt
| | - Asier R Muguruza
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Patricia M Girio
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
- Doctoral Training Centre in Physical Sciences for Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sarah O Akponasa
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Garret Rochford
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alexander J MacRobert
- Dept. of Surgical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nikolas J Hodges
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Elnaz Yaghini
- Dept. of Surgical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Zoe Pikramenou
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
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2
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Shen J, Rees TW, Ji L, Chao H. Recent advances in ruthenium(II) and iridium(III) complexes containing nanosystems for cancer treatment and bioimaging. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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3
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Ricciardi L, La Deda M. Recent advances in cancer photo-theranostics: the synergistic combination of transition metal complexes and gold nanostructures. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn this mini review, we highlight advances in the last five years in light-activated cancer theranostics by using hybrid systems consisting of transition metal complexes (TMCs) and plasmonic gold nanostructures (AuNPs). TMCs are molecules with attractive properties and high potential in biomedical application. Due to their antiproliferative abilities, platinum-based compounds are currently first-choice drugs for the treatment of several solid tumors. Moreover, ruthenium, iridium and platinum complexes are well-known for their ability to photogenerate singlet oxygen, a highly cytotoxic reactive species with a key role in photodynamic therapy. Their potential is further extended by the unique photophysical properties, which make TMCs particularly suitable for bioimaging. Recently, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been widely investigated as one of the leading nanomaterials in cancer theranostics. AuNPs—being an inert and highly biocompatible material—represent excellent drug delivery systems, overcoming most of the side effects associated with the systemic administration of anticancer drugs. Furthermore, due to the thermoplasmonic properties, AuNPs proved to be efficient nano-sources of heat for photothermal therapy application. Therefore, the hybrid combination TMC/AuNPs could represent a synergistic merger of multiple functionalities for combinatorial cancer therapy strategies. Herein, we report the most recent examples of TMC/AuNPs systems in in-vitro in-vivo cancer tharanostics application whose effects are triggered by light-exposure in the Vis–NIR region, leading to a spatial and temporal control of the TMC/AuNPs activation for light-mediated precision therapeutics.
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Dosumu A, Claire S, Watson LS, Girio PM, Osborne SAM, Pikramenou Z, Hodges NJ. Quantification by Luminescence Tracking of Red Emissive Gold Nanoparticles in Cells. JACS AU 2021; 1:174-186. [PMID: 33778810 PMCID: PMC7990080 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.0c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Optical microscopy techniques are ideal for live cell imaging for real-time nanoparticle tracking of nanoparticle localization. However, the quantification of nanoparticle uptake is usually evaluated by analytical methods that require cell isolation. Luminescent labeling of gold nanoparticles with transition metal probes yields particles with attractive photophysical properties, enabling cellular tracking using confocal and time-resolved microscopies. In the current study, gold nanoparticles coated with a red-luminescent ruthenium transition metal complex are used to quantify and track particle uptake and localization. Analysis of the red-luminescence signal from particles is used as a metric of cellular uptake, which correlates to total cellular gold and ruthenium content, independently measured and correlated by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Tracking of the luminescence signal provides evidence of direct diffusion of the nanoparticles across the cytoplasmic membrane with particles observed in the cytoplasm and mitochondria as nonclustered "free" nanoparticles. Electron microscopy and inhibition studies identified macropinocytosis of clusters of particles into endosomes as the major mechanism of uptake. Nanoparticles were tracked inside GFP-tagged cells by following the red-luminescence signal of the ruthenium complex. Tracking of the particles demonstrates their initial location in early endosomes and, later, in lysosomes and autophagosomes. Colocalization was quantified by calculating the Pearson's correlation coefficient between red and green luminescence signals and confirmed by electron microscopy. Accumulation of particles in autophagosomes correlated with biochemical evidence of active autophagy, but there was no evidence of detachment of the luminescent label or breakup of the gold core. Instead, accumulation of particles in autophagosomes caused organelle swelling, breakdown of the surrounding membranes, and endosomal release of the nanoparticles into the cytoplasm. The phenomenon of endosomal release has important consequences for the toxicity, cellular targeting, and therapeutic future applications of gold nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiola
N. Dosumu
- School
of Biosciences, School of Chemistry, and Doctoral Training Centre in Physical
Sciences for Health, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sunil Claire
- School
of Biosciences, School of Chemistry, and Doctoral Training Centre in Physical
Sciences for Health, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Luke S. Watson
- School
of Biosciences, School of Chemistry, and Doctoral Training Centre in Physical
Sciences for Health, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia M. Girio
- School
of Biosciences, School of Chemistry, and Doctoral Training Centre in Physical
Sciences for Health, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Shani A. M. Osborne
- School
of Biosciences, School of Chemistry, and Doctoral Training Centre in Physical
Sciences for Health, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Zoe Pikramenou
- School
of Biosciences, School of Chemistry, and Doctoral Training Centre in Physical
Sciences for Health, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolas J. Hodges
- School
of Biosciences, School of Chemistry, and Doctoral Training Centre in Physical
Sciences for Health, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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5
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Soliman N, Gasser G, Thomas CM. Incorporation of Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complexes into Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2003294. [PMID: 33073433 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes are compounds of great interest in cancer therapy due to their unique photophysical, photochemical, and biological properties. For effective treatment, they must be able to penetrate tumor cells effectively and selectively. The development of nanoscale carriers capable of delivering Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes has the potential to passively or selectively enhance their cellular uptake in tumor cells. Many different strategies have been explored to incorporate Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes into a variety of nanosized constructs, ranging from organic to inorganic materials. Herein, recent developments in nanomaterials loaded with Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes are highlighted. Their rational design, preparation, and physicochemical properties are described, and their potential applications in cancer therapy are eventually discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Soliman
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Paris, 75005, France
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Christophe M Thomas
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Paris, 75005, France
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6
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Estalayo-Adrián S, McManus GJ, Dalton HL, Savyasachi AJ, Kelly JM, Gunnlaugsson T. Functionalisation of gold nanoparticles with ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes for their application in cellular imaging. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:14158-14168. [PMID: 33021298 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02754e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two new dinuclear Ru(ii) polypyridyl complexes containing an alkyl disulphide functionalised bipyridine-based ligand and either 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) or 1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene (TAP) as ancillary ligands have been synthesised and characterised. Their attachment onto the surface of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs, average diameter of ca. 2.5 nm) resulted in the formation of two new water-soluble Ru(ii)-AuNP conjugates that combine the advantageous properties of both moieties. Both free complexes show the attractive photophysical properties of Ru(ii) polypyridyl complexes and a rapid cellular uptake in HeLa cervical cancer cells. However, their corresponding gold conjugates displayed lower quantum yields than those determined for the free complexes presumed to be due to an energy transfer quenching of the Ru(ii) luminescence by interaction with the gold surface. Despite their diminished luminescence, confocal fluorescence microscopy studies revealed that the Ru(ii)-AuNP conjugates are successfully internalised into HeLa cells and better tolerated than their free complex counterparts after 24 h incubation, which makes them potential luminescent nanomaterials for bioimaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Estalayo-Adrián
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. and Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Gavin J McManus
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Hannah L Dalton
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Aramballi J Savyasachi
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - John M Kelly
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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7
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Quintana C, Cifuentes MP, Humphrey MG. Transition metal complex/gold nanoparticle hybrid materials. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:2316-2341. [PMID: 32149284 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00651f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are of considerable interest for diverse applications in areas such as medicine, catalysis, and sensing. AuNPs are generally surface-stabilized by organic matrices and coatings, and while the resultant organic compound (OC)/AuNP hybrids have been explored extensively, they are not suitable for certain applications (e.g. those necessitating reversible redox behaviour and/or long excited-state lifetimes), and they often suffer from low photo- and/or thermal stability. Transition metal complex (TMC)/AuNP hybrids have recently come to the fore as they circumvent some of the aforementioned shortcomings with OC/AuNP hybrids. This review summarizes progress thus far in the nascent field of TMC/AuNP hybrids. The structure and composition of extant TMC/AuNP hybrids are briefly reviewed and the range of TMCs employed in the shell of the hybrids are summarized, the one-phase, two-phase, and post-nanoparticle-synthesis synthetic methods to TMC/AuNP hybrids are discussed and contrasted, highlighting the advantages of variants of the last-mentioned procedure, and the utility of the various characterization techniques is discussed, emphasizing the need to employ multiple techniques in concert. Applications of TMC/AuNP hybrids in luminescence, electrochemical, and electro-optical sensing are described and critiqued, and their uses and potential in imaging, photo-dynamic therapy, nonlinear optics, and catalysis are assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristóbal Quintana
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
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8
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King SM, Claire S, Teixeira RI, Dosumu AN, Carrod AJ, Dehghani H, Hannon MJ, Ward AD, Bicknell R, Botchway SW, Hodges NJ, Pikramenou Z. Iridium Nanoparticles for Multichannel Luminescence Lifetime Imaging, Mapping Localization in Live Cancer Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:10242-10249. [PMID: 30032598 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of long-lived luminescent nanoparticles for lifetime imaging is of wide interest as luminescence lifetime is environmentally sensitive detection independent of probe concentration. We report novel iridium-coated gold nanoparticles as probes for multiphoton lifetime imaging with characteristic long luminescent lifetimes based on iridium luminescence in the range of hundreds of nanoseconds and a short signal on the scale of picoseconds based on gold allowing multichannel detection. The tailor-made IrC6 complex forms stable, water-soluble gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of 13, 25, and 100 nm, bearing 1400, 3200, and 22 000 IrC6 complexes per AuNP, respectively. The sensitivity of the iridium signal on the environment of the cell is evidenced with an observed variation of lifetimes. Clusters of iridium nanoparticles show lifetimes from 450 to 590 ns while lifetimes of 660 and 740 ns are an average of different points in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Independent luminescence lifetime studies of the nanoparticles in different media and under aggregation conditions postulate that the unusual long lifetimes observed can be attributed to interaction with proteins rather than nanoparticle aggregation. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRF), confocal microscopy studies and 3D luminescence lifetime stacks confirm the presence of bright, nonaggregated nanoparticles inside the cell. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) analysis further supports the presence of the nanoparticles in cells. The iridium-coated nanoparticles provide new nanoprobes for lifetime detection with dual channel monitoring. The combination of the sensitivity of the iridium signal to the cell environment together with the nanoscaffold to guide delivery offer opportunities for iridium nanoparticles for targeting and tracking in in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew D Ward
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Research Complex Harwell, STFC, Didcot OX11 0QT , United Kingdom
| | | | - Stanley W Botchway
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Research Complex Harwell, STFC, Didcot OX11 0QT , United Kingdom
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9
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Poynton FE, Bright SA, Blasco S, Williams DC, Kelly JM, Gunnlaugsson T. The development of ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes and conjugates for in vitro cellular and in vivo applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:7706-7756. [PMID: 29177281 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00680b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(ii) [Ru(ii)] polypyridyl complexes have been the focus of intense investigations since work began exploring their supramolecular interactions with DNA. In recent years, there have been considerable efforts to translate this solution-based research into a biological environment with the intention of developing new classes of probes, luminescent imaging agents, therapeutics and theranostics. In only 10 years the field has expanded with diverse applications for these complexes as imaging agents and promising candidates for therapeutics. In light of these efforts this review exclusively focuses on the developments of these complexes in biological systems, both in cells and in vivo, and hopes to communicate to readers the diversity of applications within which these complexes have found use, as well as new insights gained along the way and challenges that researchers in this field still face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergus E Poynton
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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10
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Adams SJ, Carrod AJ, Rochford LA, Walker M, Pikramenou Z. Surfactant-Enhanced Luminescence Lifetime for Biomolecular Detection on Luminescent Gold Surfaces Decorated with Transition Metal Complexes. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Adams
- School of Chemistry; University of Birmingham; Edgbaston B15 2TT UK
| | - Andrew J. Carrod
- School of Chemistry; University of Birmingham; Edgbaston B15 2TT UK
| | - Luke A. Rochford
- School of Chemistry; University of Birmingham; Edgbaston B15 2TT UK
| | - Marc Walker
- Department of Physics; University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Zoe Pikramenou
- School of Chemistry; University of Birmingham; Edgbaston B15 2TT UK
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11
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Rogers NJ, Jeffery HC, Claire S, Lewis DJ, Zikeli G, Hodges NJ, Egginton S, Nash GB, Pikramenou Z. Tailoring iridium luminescence and gold nanoparticle size for imaging of microvascular blood flow. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:2725-2740. [PMID: 28960141 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Imaging of blood flow in narrow channels and close to vessel walls is important in cardiovascular research for understanding pathogenesis. Our aim was to provide novel nanoprobes with visible emission and long lifetimes as trackers of flow. MATERIALS & METHODS Gold nanoparticles coated with an iridium complex were prepared. Luminescence imaging was used to monitor their flows in different hematocrit blood and in murine tissues. RESULTS The velocities are independent of hematocrit level and the nanoparticles entering blood circulation can be clearly detected in vessels in lungs, mesentery and the skeletal muscle. CONCLUSION The work introduces for the first time iridium-based yellow-green luminescence with nanoparticle size of 100 nm for visualizing and monitoring flows with much higher resolution than conventional alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Rogers
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hannah C Jeffery
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sunil Claire
- Physical Sciences of Imaging in the Biological Sciences Doctoral Training Centre, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - David J Lewis
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gerald Zikeli
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nikolas J Hodges
- Physical Sciences of Imaging in the Biological Sciences Doctoral Training Centre, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.,School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Stuart Egginton
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Gerard B Nash
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.,Physical Sciences of Imaging in the Biological Sciences Doctoral Training Centre, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Zoe Pikramenou
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.,Physical Sciences of Imaging in the Biological Sciences Doctoral Training Centre, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
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12
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Martínez-Calvo M, Orange KN, Elmes RBP, la Cour Poulsen B, Williams DC, Gunnlaugsson T. Ru(II)-polypyridyl surface functionalised gold nanoparticles as DNA targeting supramolecular structures and luminescent cellular imaging agents. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:563-74. [PMID: 26647086 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05598a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The development of Ru(II) functionalized gold nanoparticles 1–3·AuNP is described. These systems were found to be mono-disperse with a hydrodynamic radius of ca. 15 nm in water but gave rise to the formation of higher order structures in buffered solution. The interaction of 1–3·AuNP with DNA was also studied by spectroscopic and microscopic methods and suggested the formation of large self-assembly structures in solution. The uptake of 1–3·AuNP by cancer cells was studied using both confocal fluorescence as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with the aim of investigating their potential as tools for cellular biology. These systems displaying a non-toxic profile with favourable photophysical properties may have application across various biological fields including diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Martínez-Calvo
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Kim N Orange
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Robert B P Elmes
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. and Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Bjørn la Cour Poulsen
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - D Clive Williams
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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