1
|
Al Harraq A, Feng M, Gauri HM, Devireddy R, Gupta A, Sun Q, Bharti B. Magnetic Control of Nonmagnetic Living Organisms. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:17339-17346. [PMID: 38531044 PMCID: PMC11009914 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Living organisms inspire the design of microrobots, but their functionality is unmatched. Next-generation microrobots aim to leverage the sensing and communication abilities of organisms through magnetic hybridization, attaching magnetic particles to them for external control. However, the protocols used for magnetic hybridization are morphology specific and are not generalizable. We propose an alternative approach that leverages the principles of negative magnetostatics and magnetophoresis to control nonmagnetic organisms with external magnetic fields. To do this, we disperse model organisms in dispersions of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and expose them to either uniform or gradient magnetic fields. In uniform magnetic fields, living organisms align with the field due to external torque, while gradient magnetic fields generate a negative magnetophoretic force, pushing objects away from external magnets. The magnetic fields enable controlling the position and orientation of Caenorhabditis elegans larvae and flagellated bacteria through directional interactions and magnitude. This control is diminished in live spermatozoa and adult C. elegans due to stronger internal biological activity, i.e., force/torque. Our study presents a method for spatiotemporal organization of living organisms without requiring magnetic hybridization, opening the way for the development of controllable living microbiorobots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al Harraq
- Cain
Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana
State University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Min Feng
- McFerrin
Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Hashir M. Gauri
- Cain
Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana
State University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Ram Devireddy
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Ankur Gupta
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Qing Sun
- McFerrin
Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Bhuvnesh Bharti
- Cain
Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana
State University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fan X, Walther A. 1D Colloidal chains: recent progress from formation to emergent properties and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4023-4074. [PMID: 35502721 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00112h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Integrating nanoscale building blocks of low dimensionality (0D; i.e., spheres) into higher dimensional structures endows them and their corresponding materials with emergent properties non-existent or only weakly existent in the individual building blocks. Constructing 1D chains, 2D arrays and 3D superlattices using nanoparticles and colloids therefore continues to be one of the grand goals in colloid and nanomaterial science. Amongst these higher order structures, 1D colloidal chains are of particular interest, as they possess unique anisotropic properties. In recent years, the most relevant advances in 1D colloidal chain research have been made in novel synthetic methodologies and applications. In this review, we first address a comprehensive description of the research progress concerning various synthetic strategies developed to construct 1D colloidal chains. Following this, we highlight the amplified and emergent properties of the resulting materials, originating from the assembly of the individual building blocks and their collective behavior, and discuss relevant applications in advanced materials. In the discussion of synthetic strategies, properties, and applications, particular attention will be paid to overarching concepts, fresh trends, and potential areas of future research. We believe that this comprehensive review will be a driver to guide the interdisciplinary field of 1D colloidal chains, where nanomaterial synthesis, self-assembly, physical property studies, and material applications meet, to a higher level, and open up new research opportunities at the interface of classical disciplines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Fan
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Andreas Walther
- A3BMS Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu K, Jiao X, Wang P, Chen C, Chen C. Isolation of circulating tumor cells based on magnetophoresis. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjac.2022.100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
4
|
Saroj SK, Panigrahi PK. Magnetophoretic Control of Diamagnetic Particles Inside an Evaporating Droplet. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:14950-14967. [PMID: 34910880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports the magnetophoresis of diamagnetic particles in an evaporating ferrofluid droplet. Both solid and ring magnet arrangements are used to investigate the effect of magnetic field distribution. The distance of the magnet from the droplet is varied to study the effect of magnetic field strength. The magnetic field distribution is computed using COMSOL multiphysics software. Magnetometer measurements have been carried out to validate the simulation results. The motion of particles and the drying pattern of evaporating ferrofluid droplets are visualized using the confocal microscopy technique. Both bright-field and fluorescence imagings have been carried out to observe the differential deposition of the fluorescent particle (microparticle) and magnetic nanoparticles in the absence and presence of a magnetic field. The velocity of diamagnetic particles as a function of magnetic field distribution and strength has been studied using the micro-PIV technique. In the absence of the magnetic field, a ring-shaped deposition pattern is observed. The mixture of microparticles (diamagnetic) and nanoparticles (magnetic) is deposited between the outer and inner edges of the ring. The diamagnetic particles occupy the inner and outer edges of the ring. Magnetic particles travel toward the higher magnetic field zone and diamagnetic particles move toward the smaller magnetic field zone when a magnetic field is applied by a solid magnet placed over the droplet. This can be attributed to the negative magnetic force originating from the difference between the susceptibility of magnetic and nonmagnetic particles. The negative magnetic force on the microparticle increases as the magnetic field intensity increases, causing the microparticle to convect faster toward the contact line. The deposition behavior can be reversed or suppressed using a ring magnet in place of a solid magnet. In this case, the negative magnetic force is stronger at the contact line region of the droplet and decreases as it approaches the center region of the droplet. The deposition behavior of diamagnetic particle depends on the balance between the Marangoni force and the magnetophoretic force. Overall, the present study demonstrates the capability of the controlled deposition of diamagnetic polystyrene particles by suitable arrangement of the solid and ring magnet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Saroj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wen Y, Jiang D, Gavriilidis A, Besenhard MO. In-Silico Conceptualisation of Continuous Millifluidic Separators for Magnetic Nanoparticles. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14216635. [PMID: 34772161 PMCID: PMC8586940 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles are researched intensively not only for biomedical applications, but also for industrial applications including wastewater treatment and catalytic processes. Although these particles have been shown to have interesting surface properties in their bare form, their magnetisation remains a key feature, as it allows for magnetic separation. This makes them a promising carrier for precious materials and enables recovery via magnetic fields that can be turned on and off on demand, rather than using complex (nano)filtration strategies. However, designing a magnetic separator is by no means trivial, as the magnetic field and its gradient, the separator dimensions, the particle properties (such as size and susceptibility), and the throughput must be coordinated. This is showcased here for a simple continuous electromagnetic separator design requiring no expensive materials or equipment and facilitating continuous operation. The continuous electromagnetic separator chosen was based on a current-carrying wire in the centre of a capillary, which generated a radially symmetric magnetic field that could be described using cylindrical coordinates. The electromagnetic separator design was tested in-silico using a Lagrangian particle-tracking model accounting for hydrodynamics, magnetophoresis, as well as particle diffusion. This computational approach enabled the determination of separation efficiencies for varying particle sizes, magnetic field strengths, separator geometries, and flow rates, which provided insights into the complex interplay between these design parameters. In addition, the model identified the separator design allowing for the highest separation efficiency and determined the retention potential in both single and multiple separators in series. The work demonstrated that throughputs of ~1/4 L/h could be achieved for 250–500 nm iron oxide nanoparticle solutions, using less than 10 separator units in series.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhe Wen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK;
| | - Dai Jiang
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK;
| | - Asterios Gavriilidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK;
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (M.O.B.)
| | - Maximilian O. Besenhard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK;
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (M.O.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Z, Zu X, Du Z, Hu Z. Research on magnetic bead motion characteristics based on magnetic beads preset technology. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19995. [PMID: 34620919 PMCID: PMC8497522 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the detection efficiency and accuracy of microfluidic chip, a magnetic beads preset technology were designed by using double permanent magnets as external magnetic field and the motion characteristics of preset magnetic beads were studied. The control principle of magnetic beads preset technology was introduced in detail, and the control structure was designed. The coupled field characteristics for magnetic beads in microchannels were analyzed, and the motion models of magnetic beads were established based on the magnetic beads preset technology, including capture motion and mixing motion. The relationship between the magnetic field force and the flow velocity for capturing magnetic bead, and the mixing time under the influence of flow field and magnetic field were derived. The magnetic beads preset technology effect was verified by experiments and numerical simulations were developed to analyze the influence of aspect ratio of permanent magnet on magnetic field. The study showed that the accuracy and efficiency of the magnetic bead control in the microchannel could be better realized by the magnetic beads preset technology. The derivation of the magnetic bead motion model can understand the motion characteristics of the magnetic bead more clearly, facilitate accurate control of the magnetic bead, and improve the success rate of the microfluidic detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Li
- Department of Packaging Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China.
| | - Xiangyang Zu
- School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Zhe Du
- School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Zhigang Hu
- School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chong WH, Leong SS, Lim J. Design and operation of magnetophoretic systems at microscale: Device and particle approaches. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:2303-2328. [PMID: 34213767 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Combining both device and particle designs are the essential concepts to be considered in magnetophoretic system development. Researcher efforts are often dedicated to only one of these design aspects and neglecting the interplay between them. Herein, to bring out importance of the idea of integration between device and particle, we reviewed the working principle of magnetophoretic system (includes both device and particle design concepts). Since, the magnetophoretic force is influenced by both field gradient and magnetization volume, hence, accurate prediction of the magnetophoretic force is relying on the availability of information on both parameters. In device design, we focus on the different strategies used to create localized high-field gradient. For particle design, we emphasize on the scaling between hydrodynamic size and magnetization volume. Moreover, we also briefly discussed the importance of magnetoshape anisotropy related to particle design aspect of magnetophoretic systems. Next, we illustrated the need for integration between device and particle design using microscale applications of magnetophoretic systems, include magnetic tweezers and microfluidic systems, as our working example. On the basis of our discussion, we highlighted several promising examples of microscale magnetophoretic systems which greatly utilized the interplay between device and particle design. Further, we concluded the review with several factors that possibly resulted in the lack of research efforts related to device and particle design integration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wai Hong Chong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sim Siong Leong
- Department of Petrochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - JitKang Lim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.,Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cui M, Kim M, Weisensee PB, Meacham JM. Thermal considerations for microswimmer trap-and-release using standing surface acoustic waves. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:2534-2543. [PMID: 33998632 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00257k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Controlled trapping of cells and microorganisms using substrate acoustic waves (SAWs; conventionally termed surface acoustic waves) has proven useful in numerous biological and biomedical applications owing to the label- and contact-free nature of acoustic confinement. However, excessive heating due to vibration damping and other system losses potentially compromises the biocompatibility of the SAW technique. Herein, we investigate the thermal biocompatibility of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based SAW and glass-based SAW [that supports a bulk acoustic wave (BAW) in the fluid domain] devices operating at different frequencies and applied voltages. First, we use infrared thermography to produce heat maps of regions of interest (ROI) within the aperture of the SAW transducers for PDMS- and glass-based devices. Motile Chlamydomonas reinhardtii algae cells are then used to test the trapping performance and biocompatibility of these devices. At low input power, the PDMS-based SAW system cannot generate a large enough acoustic trapping force to hold swimming C. reinhardtii cells. At high input power, the temperature of this device rises rapidly, damaging (and possibly killing) the cells. The glass-based SAW/BAW hybrid system, on the other hand, can not only trap swimming C. reinhardtii at low input power, but also exhibits better thermal biocompatibility than the PDMS-based SAW system at high input power. Thus, a glass-based SAW/BAW device creates strong acoustic trapping forces in a biocompatible environment, providing a new solution to safely trap active microswimmers for research involving motile cells and microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Cui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.
| | - Minji Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.
| | - Patricia B Weisensee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.
| | - J Mark Meacham
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Surendran AN, Zhou R, Lin Y. Microfluidic Devices for Magnetic Separation of Biological Particles: A Review. J Med Device 2020. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4048912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Separation of microparticles and cells serves a critical step in many applications such as in biological analyses, food production, chemical processing, and medical diagnostics. Sorting on the microscale exhibits certain advantages in comparison with that on the macroscale as it requires minuscule sample or reagents volume and thus reduced analysis cycle time, smaller size of devices, and lower fabrication costs. Progresses have been made over time to improve the efficiency of these microscale particle manipulation techniques. Many different techniques have been used to attain accurate particle sorting and separation in a continuous manner on the microscale level, which can be categorized as either passive or active methods. Passive techniques achieve accurate manipulation of particles through their interaction with surrounding flow by carefully designed channel structures, without using external fields. As an alternative, active techniques utilize external fields (e.g., acoustic, electronic, optical, and magnetic field, etc.) to realize desired pattern of motion for particles with specific properties. Among numerous active methods for microfluidic particle sorting, the magnetic field has been widely used in biomedical and chemical applications to achieve mixing, focusing, and separating of reagents and bioparticles. This paper aims to provide a thorough review on the classic and most up-to-date magnetic sorting and separation techniques to manipulate microparticles including the discussions on the basic concept, working principle, experimental details, and device performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athira N. Surendran
- Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Purdue University Northwest, 2200 169th Street, Hammond, IN 46323
| | - Ran Zhou
- Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Purdue University Northwest, 2200 169th Street, Hammond, IN 46323
| | - Yang Lin
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 2 East Alumni Avenue, Kingston, RI 02881
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lee K, Lee J, Ha D, Kim M, Kim T. Low-electric-potential-assisted diffusiophoresis for continuous separation of nanoparticles on a chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:2735-2747. [PMID: 32596703 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00196a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle separation techniques are of significant importance in nanoscience and nanotechnological applications and different concentration gradients, electric/dielectric forces, flow/pressure fields, and acoustic waves have been intensively investigated. However, precise separation of nanoparticles has many technical challenges in terms of sizes, shapes, and material properties, limiting the separation resolution, capability, applicability, throughput and so on. In this study, we present a microfluidic device for continuous separation of nanoparticles by combining diffusiophoresis (DP) and electrophoresis (EP) to achieve high separation performance. Concentration gradients formed from sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium acetate (K-acetate) passively drive the diffusiophoretic migration of nanoparticles. Simultaneously, a low electric potential is additionally applied to impose a synergistic effect on nanoparticle migration by size and surface charge, which is called low-electric-potential-assisted DP (LEPDP). Using a LEPDP-based separation device, we demonstrate the separation of nanoparticles having different sizes (diameters of 500, 200, and 50 nm) and under different surface-charge conditions (carboxylated polystyrene, silica, and polylactide). The resulting separation performance exceeded 95%, in terms of size uniformity, which is about two times better than that obtained using DP alone. We also emphasize that the enhancement of separation performance only needs a small voltage (<1 V), thereby demonstrating that our multiphysical approach could be utilized for high-resolution and portable nanoparticle separation on a chip without the side effects associated with high electric fields. Lastly, we ensure that rapid and precise bio/chemical sensing and analysis of various nanosized particles would be envisioned by strategically combining two nonlinear but synergistic migration effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyunghun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Luo L, He Y. Magnetically driven microfluidics for isolation of circulating tumor cells. Cancer Med 2020; 9:4207-4231. [PMID: 32325536 PMCID: PMC7300401 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) largely contribute to cancer metastasis and show potential prognostic significance in cancer isolation and detection. Miniaturization has progressed significantly in the last decade which in turn enabled the development of several microfluidic systems. The microfluidic systems offer a controlled microenvironment for studies of fundamental cell biology, resulting in the rapid development of microfluidic isolation of CTCs. Due to the inherent ability of magnets to provide forces at a distance, the technology of CTCs isolation based on the magnetophoresis mechanism has become a routine methodology. This historical review aims to introduce two principles of magnetic isolation and recent techniques, facilitating research in this field and providing alternatives for researchers in their study of magnetic isolation. Researchers intend to promote effective CTC isolation and analysis as well as active development of next-generation cancer treatment. The first part of this review summarizes the primary principles based on positive and negative magnetophoretic isolation and describes the metrics for isolation performance. The second part presents a detailed overview of the factors that affect the performance of CTC magnetic isolation, including the magnetic field sources, functionalized magnetic nanoparticles, magnetic fluids, and magnetically driven microfluidic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laan Luo
- School of Chemical EngineeringKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunmingChina
| | - Yongqing He
- School of Chemical EngineeringKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunmingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro‐Nano System and Intelligent SensingChongqing Technology and Business UniversityChongqingChina
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Investigation on Inertial Sorter Coupled with Magnetophoretic Effect for Nonmagnetic Microparticles. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11060566. [PMID: 32486500 PMCID: PMC7344843 DOI: 10.3390/mi11060566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The sizes of most prokaryotic cells are several microns. It is very difficult to separate cells with similar sizes. A sorter with a contraction–expansion microchannel and applied magnetic field is designed to sort microparticles with diameters of 3, 4 and 5 microns. To evaluate the sorting efficiency of the designed sorter, numerical simulations for calculating the distributions of microparticles with similar sizes were carried out for various magnetic fields, inlet velocities, sheath flow ratios and structural parameters. The numerical results indicate that micro-particles with diameters of 3, 4 and 5 microns can be sorted efficiently in such a sorter within appropriate parameters. Furthermore, it is shown that a bigger particle size and more powerful magnetic field can result in a greater lateral migration of microparticles. The sorting efficiency of microparticles promotes a lower inlet velocity and greater sheath flow ratios. A smaller contraction–expansion ratio can induce a greater space between particle-bands. Finally, the micro particle image velocity (micro-PIV) experiments were conducted to obtain the bandwidths and spaces between particle-bands. The comparisons between the numerical and experimental results show a good agreement and make the validity of the numerical results certain.
Collapse
|
14
|
Shamloo A, Besanjideh M. Investigation of a Novel Microfluidic Device for Label-Free Ferrohydrodynamic Cell Separation on a Rotating Disk. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2020; 67:372-378. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2019.2913670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
15
|
Xuan X. Recent Advances in Continuous-Flow Particle Manipulations Using Magnetic Fluids. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E744. [PMID: 31683660 PMCID: PMC6915689 DOI: 10.3390/mi10110744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic field-induced particle manipulation is simple and economic as compared to other techniques (e.g., electric, acoustic, and optical) for lab-on-a-chip applications. However, traditional magnetic controls require the particles to be manipulated being magnetizable, which renders it necessary to magnetically label particles that are almost exclusively diamagnetic in nature. In the past decade, magnetic fluids including paramagnetic solutions and ferrofluids have been increasingly used in microfluidic devices to implement label-free manipulations of various types of particles (both synthetic and biological). We review herein the recent advances in this field with focus upon the continuous-flow particle manipulations. Specifically, we review the reported studies on the negative magnetophoresis-induced deflection, focusing, enrichment, separation, and medium exchange of diamagnetic particles in the continuous flow of magnetic fluids through microchannels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchun Xuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0921, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mashhadian A, Shamloo A. Inertial microfluidics: A method for fast prediction of focusing pattern of particles in the cross section of the channel. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1083:137-149. [PMID: 31493804 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inertial microfluidics is utilized as a powerful passive method for particle and cell manipulation, which uses the hydrodynamic forces of the fluid in the channel to focus particles in specific equilibrium positions in the cross section of the channel. To achieve high performance manipulation, knowledge of focusing pattern of particles in the cross section of channel is essential. In this paper, we propose a method to address this important issue. To this end, firstly inertial microfluidics is analyzed in rectangular cross section channels. The results indicate that fluid flow velocity and channel's cross-sectional profiles have great impacts on the forces exerted on particles. Next, these results are utilized to propose a method to predict equilibrium positions in non-rectangular cross section channels through some simple calculations. This method is based on approximating the velocity profile of a non-rectangular cross section channel by utilizing portions of velocity profiles of different rectangular cross section channels. To analyze the method's performance, results obtained from the proposed method are compared with Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) and experimental studies of seven non-rectangular channels. It is observed that the proposed approach accurately predicts particles trajectories and their equilibrium positions in the cross section of channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mashhadian
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Shamloo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mandal C, Banerjee U, Sen AK. Transport of a Sessile Aqueous Droplet over Spikes of Oil Based Ferrofluid in the Presence of a Magnetic Field. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:8238-8245. [PMID: 31141667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Droplets can be used as carrier vehicles for the transportation of biological and chemical reagents. Manipulation of water- and oil-based ferromagnetic droplets in the presence of a magnetic field has been well-studied. Here, we elucidate the transport of a sessile aqueous (diamagnetic) droplet placed over spikes of oil-based ferrofluid (FF) in the presence of a nonuniform magnetic field. An oil-based FF droplet, dispensed over a rigid oleophilic surface, interacts with a magnetic field to get transformed into an array of spikes which then act as a carrier for the transportation of the aqueous droplet. Our study reveals that transportation phenomena is governed by the interplay of three different forces: magnetic force Fm, frictional force Ff, and interfacial tension force Fi, which is expressed in terms of the magnetic Laplace number ( Lam) and magnetic Bond number ( Bom) as Lam?1 = ( Ff1/ Fm, x) and Bom Lam?1 = ( Ff2/ Fi). Based on the values of the dimensionless numbers, three different regimes, steady droplet transport, spike extraction, and magnet disengagement, are identified. It is found that steady droplet transport is observed for Lam?1 ? 1 and Bom Lam?1 ? 1, whereas extraction of spikes is observed for Lam?1 ? 1 and Bom Lam?1 > 1 and magnet disengagement is observed for Lam?1 > 1. In the steady droplet transport regime, velocity of the aqueous droplet Uds was found to be dependent on the volumes of the aqueous droplet Vw and FF droplet VFF following Uds ? Vw?0.19 VFF0.36. A simple model is presented that accurately predicts the aqueous droplet velocity Uds within 5% of the corresponding experimental data. In the spike extraction regime, the spike extraction distance Lse was found to vary with Vw, VFF, and the magnet velocity Ums following Lse ? Vw?1.75 VFF0.75 Ums?1.56.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Mandal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai - 600036 , India
| | - U Banerjee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai - 600036 , India
| | - A K Sen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai - 600036 , India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Munaz A, Shiddiky MJA, Nguyen NT. Recent advances and current challenges in magnetophoresis based micro magnetofluidics. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:031501. [PMID: 29983837 PMCID: PMC6013300 DOI: 10.1063/1.5035388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The combination of magnetism and microscale fluid flow has opened up a new era for handling and manipulation of samples in microfluidics. In particular, magnetophoresis, the migration of particles in a magnetic field, is extremely attractive for microfluidic handling due to its contactless nature, independence of ionic concentration, and lack of induced heating. The present paper focuses on recent advances and current challenges of magnetophoresis and highlights the key parameters affecting the manipulation of particles by magnetophoresis. The magnetic field is discussed according to their relative motion to the sample as stationary and dynamic fields. The migration of particles is categorized as positive and negative magnetophoresis. The applications of magnetophoresis are discussed according to the basic manipulation tasks such as mixing, separation, and trapping of particles or cells. Finally, the paper highlights the limitations of current approaches and provides the future perspective for this research area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Munaz
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | | | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The interdisciplinary research field of microfluidics has the potential to revolutionize current technologies that require the handling of a small amount of fluid, a fast response, low costs and automation. Microfluidic platforms that handle small amounts of liquid have been categorised as continuous-flow microfluidics and digital microfluidics. The first part of this paper discusses the recent advances of the two main and opposing applications of liquid handling in continuous-flow microfluidics: mixing and separation. Mixing and separation are essential steps in most lab-on-a-chip platforms, as sample preparation and detection are required for a variety of biological and chemical assays. The second part discusses the various digital microfluidic strategies, based on droplets and liquid marbles, for the manipulation of discrete microdroplets. More advanced digital microfluidic devices combining electrowetting with other techniques are also introduced. The applications of the emerging field of liquid-marble-based digital microfluidics are also highlighted. Finally, future perspectives on microfluidic liquid handling are discussed.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Effective and rapid mixing is essential for various chemical and biological assays. The present work describes a simple and low-cost micromixer based on magnetofluidic actuation. The device takes advantage of magnetoconvective secondary flow, a bulk flow induced by an external magnetic field, for mixing. A superparamagnetic stream of diluted ferrofluid and a non-magnetic stream are introduced to a straight microchannel. A permanent magnet placed next to the microchannel induced a non-uniform magnetic field. The magnetic field gradient and the mismatch in magnetic susceptibility between the two streams create a body force, which leads to rapid and efficient mixing. The micromixer reported here could achieve a high throughput and a high mixing efficiency of 88% in a relatively short microchannel.
Collapse
|
21
|
Gómez-Pastora J, Xue X, Karampelas IH, Bringas E, Furlani EP, Ortiz I. Analysis of separators for magnetic beads recovery: From large systems to multifunctional microdevices. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
22
|
Munaz A, Kamble H, Shiddiky MJA, Nguyen NT. Magnetofluidic micromixer based on a complex rotating magnetic field. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08073e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a magnetically actuated micromixer for mixing non-magnetic microparticles in a microfluidic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Munaz
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre
- Griffith University
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Harshad Kamble
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre
- Griffith University
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Muhammad J. A. Shiddiky
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre
- Griffith University
- Brisbane
- Australia
- School of Natural Sciences
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre
- Griffith University
- Brisbane
- Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Salafi T, Zeming KK, Zhang Y. Advancements in microfluidics for nanoparticle separation. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 17:11-33. [PMID: 27830852 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01045h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have been widely implemented for healthcare and nanoscience industrial applications. Thus, efficient and effective nanoparticle separation methods are essential for advancement in these fields. However, current technologies for separation, such as ultracentrifugation, electrophoresis, filtration, chromatography, and selective precipitation, are not continuous and require multiple preparation steps and a minimum sample volume. Microfluidics has offered a relatively simple, low-cost, and continuous particle separation approach, and has been well-established for micron-sized particle sorting. Here, we review the recent advances in nanoparticle separation using microfluidic devices, focusing on its techniques, its advantages over conventional methods, and its potential applications, as well as foreseeable challenges in the separation of synthetic nanoparticles and biological molecules, especially DNA, proteins, viruses, and exosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thoriq Salafi
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences (CeLS), National University of Singapore, 05-01 28 Medical Drive, 117456 Singapore. and Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Block EA #03-12, 117576 Singapore
| | - Kerwin Kwek Zeming
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Block EA #03-12, 117576 Singapore
| | - Yong Zhang
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences (CeLS), National University of Singapore, 05-01 28 Medical Drive, 117456 Singapore. and Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Block EA #03-12, 117576 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hejazian M, Nguyen NT. Magnetofluidic concentration and separation of non-magnetic particles using two magnet arrays. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:044103. [PMID: 27478527 PMCID: PMC4947043 DOI: 10.1063/1.4955421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The present paper reports the use of diluted ferrofluid and two arrays of permanent magnets for the size-selective concentration of non-magnetic particles. The micro magnetofluidic device consists of a straight channels sandwiched between two arrays of permanent magnets. The permanent magnets create multiple capture zones with minimum magnetic field strength along the channel. The complex interaction between magnetic forces and hydrodynamic force allows the device to operate in different regimes suitable for concentration of non-magnetic particles with small difference in size. Our experimental results show that non-magnetic particles with diameters of 3.1 μm and 4.8 μm can be discriminated and separated with this method. The results from this study could be used as a guide for the design of size-sensitive separation devices for particle and cell based on negative magnetophoresis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Hejazian
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University , Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University , Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hejazian M, Phan DT, Nguyen NT. Mass transport improvement in microscale using diluted ferrofluid and a non-uniform magnetic field. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11703a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the mass transport enhancement of a non-magnetic fluorescent dye with the help of diluted ferrofluid and a non-uniform magnetic field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Hejazian
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Center
- Griffith University
- Australia
| | - Dinh-Tuan Phan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Center
- Griffith University
- Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tarn MD, Elders LT, Peyman SA, Pamme N. Diamagnetic repulsion of particles for multilaminar flow assays. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra21867e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A continuous multilaminar flow reaction was performed on functionalised polymer particlesviadiamagnetic repulsion forces, using a simple, inexpensive setup.
Collapse
|