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Kalogirou AS, Oh HJ, Asquith CRM. The Synthesis and Biological Applications of the 1,2,3-Dithiazole Scaffold. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073193. [PMID: 37049953 PMCID: PMC10096614 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The 1,2,3-dithiazole is an underappreciated scaffold in medicinal chemistry despite possessing a wide variety of nascent pharmacological activities. The scaffold has a potential wealth of opportunities within these activities and further afield. The 1,2,3-dithiazole scaffold has already been reported as an antifungal, herbicide, antibacterial, anticancer agent, antiviral, antifibrotic, and is a melanin and Arabidopsis gibberellin 2-oxidase inhibitor. These structure activity relationships are discussed in detail, along with insights and future directions. The review also highlights selected synthetic strategies developed towards the 1,2,3-dithiazole scaffold, how these are integrated to accessibility of chemical space, and to the prism of current and future biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S Kalogirou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 6 Diogenis Str., Engomi, P.O. Box 22006, Nicosia 1516, Cyprus
| | - Hans J Oh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christopher R M Asquith
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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2
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Laitinen T, Meili T, Koyioni M, Koutentis PA, Poso A, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Asquith CRM. Synthesis and evaluation of 1,2,3-dithiazole inhibitors of the nucleocapsid protein of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) as a model for HIV infection. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 68:116834. [PMID: 35653871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We disclose a series of potent anti-viral 1,2,3-dithiazoles, accessed through a succinct synthetic approach from 4,5-dichloro-1,2,3-dithiazolium chloride (Appel's salt). A series of small libraries of compounds were screened against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infected cells as a model for HIV. This approach highlighted new structure activity relationship understanding and led to the development of sub-micro molar anti-viral compounds with reduced toxicity. In addition, insight into the mechanistic progress of this system is provided via advanced QM-MM modelling. The 1,2,3-dithiazole represents a versatile scaffold with potential for further development to treat both FIV and HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Theres Meili
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Maria Koyioni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Antti Poso
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Christopher R M Asquith
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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3
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Maffuid KA, Koyioni M, Torrice CD, Murphy WA, Mewada HK, Koutentis PA, Crona DJ, Asquith CRM. Design and evaluation of 1,2,3-dithiazoles and fused 1,2,4-dithiazines as anti-cancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 43:128078. [PMID: 33951490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Heteroatom rich 1,2,3-dithiazoles are relatively underexplored in medicinal chemistry. We now report screening data on a series of structurally diverse 1,2,3-dithiazoles and electronically related 1,2,4-dithiazines with the aim of identifying interesting starting points for potential future optimisation. The 1,2,3-dithiazoles, were obtained via a number of different syntheses and screened on a series of cancer cell lines. These included breast, bladder, prostate, pancreatic, chordoma and lung cancer cell lines with an additional skin fibroblast cell line as a toxicity control. Several low single digit micromolar compounds with promising therapeutic windows were identified for breast, bladder and prostate cancer. Furthermore, key structural features of 1,2,3-dithiazoles are discussed, that show encouraging scope for future refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn A Maffuid
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Maria Koyioni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P. O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Chad D Torrice
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - William A Murphy
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Heemaja K Mewada
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Daniel J Crona
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christopher R M Asquith
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Novel Chemically Modified Curcumin (CMC) Derivatives Inhibit Tyrosinase Activity and Melanin Synthesis in B16F10 Mouse Melanoma Cells. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050674. [PMID: 33946371 PMCID: PMC8145596 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin hyperpigmentation disorders arise due to excessive production of the macromolecular pigment melanin catalyzed by the enzyme tyrosinase. Recently, the therapeutic use of curcumin for inhibiting tyrosinase activity and production of melanin have been recognized, but poor stability and solubility have limited its use, which has inspired synthesis of curcumin analogs. Here, we investigated four novel chemically modified curcumin (CMC) derivatives (CMC2.14, CMC2.5, CMC2.23 and CMC2.24) and compared them to the parent compound curcumin (PC) for inhibition of in vitro tyrosinase activity using two substrates for monophenolase and diphenolase activities of the enzyme and for diminution of cellular melanogenesis. Enzyme kinetics were analyzed using Lineweaver-Burk and Dixon plots and nonlinear curve-fitting to determine the mechanism for tyrosinase inhibition. Copper chelating activity, using pyrocatechol violet dye indicator assay, and antioxidant activity, using a DPPH radical scavenging assay, were also conducted. Next, the capacity of these derivatives to inhibit tyrosinase-catalyzed melanogenesis was studied in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells and the mechanisms of inhibition were elucidated. Inhibition mechanisms were studied by measuring intracellular tyrosinase activity, cell-free and intracellular α-glucosidase enzyme activity, and effects on MITF protein level and cAMP maturation factor. Our results showed that CMC2.24 showed the greatest efficacy as a tyrosinase inhibitor of all the CMCs and was better than PC as well as a popular tyrosinase inhibitor-kojic acid. Both CMC2.24 and CMC2.23 inhibited tyrosinase enzyme activity by a mixed mode of inhibition with a predominant competitive mode. In addition, CMC2.24 as well as CMC2.23 showed a comparable robust efficacy in inhibiting melanogenesis in cultured melanocytes. Furthermore, after removal of CMC2.24 or CMC2.23 from the medium, we could demonstrate a partial recovery of the suppressed intracellular tyrosinase activity in the melanocytes. Our results provide a proof-of-principle for the novel use of the CMCs that shows them to be far superior to the parent compound, curcumin, for skin depigmentation.
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Baranovsky IV, Konstantinova LS, Tolmachev MA, Popov VV, A. Lyssenko K, Rakitin OA. Synthesis of 2-((2-(Benzo[d]oxazol-2-yl)-2 H-imidazol-4-yl)amino)-phenols from 2-((5 H-1,2,3-Dithiazol-5-ylidene)amino)phenols through Unprecedented Formation of Imidazole Ring from Two Methanimino Groups. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173768. [PMID: 32824981 PMCID: PMC7504547 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A new synthetic pathway to four substituted imidazoles from readily available 2-((4-aryl(thienyl)-5H-1,2,3-dithiazol-5-ylidene)amino)phenols has been developed. Benzo[d]oxazol-2-yl(aryl(thienyl))methanimines were proved as key intermediates in their synthesis. The formation of an imidazole ring from two methanimine derivatives likely includes the opening of one benzoxazole ring followed by ring closure by intermolecular nucleophilic attack of the N-methanimine atom to a carbon atom of another methanimine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia V. Baranovsky
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.B.); (L.S.K.); (M.A.T.)
| | - Lidia S. Konstantinova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.B.); (L.S.K.); (M.A.T.)
- Nanotechnology Education and Research Center, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia;
| | - Mikhail A. Tolmachev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.B.); (L.S.K.); (M.A.T.)
| | - Vadim V. Popov
- Nanotechnology Education and Research Center, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia;
| | - Konstantin A. Lyssenko
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- G. V. Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Per., 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg A. Rakitin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.B.); (L.S.K.); (M.A.T.)
- Nanotechnology Education and Research Center, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-499-135-5327
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Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activity of Rare Substituted 1,2,3-Thiaselenazoles and Corresponding Matched Pair 1,2,3-Dithiazoles. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9070369. [PMID: 32630252 PMCID: PMC7400446 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9070369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report our investigations into the underlying differences between 1,2,3-dithiazole and their ultra-rare counterpart, 1,2,3-thiaselenazole. This rare 1,2,3-thiaselenazole chemotype was afforded by sulfur extrusion and selenium insertion into the preconstructed 1,2,3-dithiazoles. We built a library of matched paired compounds to compare and contrast the two ring systems. This led to the development of both narrow and broad-spectrum antimicrobial compounds with sub-micro molar potency, limited to no toxicity and a further understanding of the transition state electronics through molecular simulations. We also identified the potent 4,5,6-trichlorocyclopenta[d][1,2,3]thiaselenazole 11a, for use against Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii, Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii, all of which have limited clinical treatment options. The 1,2,3-thiaselenazole represents a new class of potential compounds for the treatment of a host of multi-resistant hospital derived infections.
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Makhova NN, Belen’kii LI, Gazieva GA, Dalinger IL, Konstantinova LS, Kuznetsov VV, Kravchenko AN, Krayushkin MM, Rakitin OA, Starosotnikov AM, Fershtat LL, Shevelev SA, Shirinian VZ, Yarovenko VN. Progress in the chemistry of nitrogen-, oxygen- and sulfur-containing heterocyclic systems. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Methods of Calpain Inhibition to Determine the Role of Calpains in Embryo Development in Amphibians. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 30617809 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8988-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Calpains are a family of calcium-dependent intracellular cysteine proteases that regulate important physiological processes by substrate cleavage. Despite the fact that the role of calpains in cell migration and other processes has been extensively studied in vitro, the same does not apply to cell migration and morphogenetic events during embryogenesis, in vivo. Herein, we describe the use of three different methods to selectively block calpain activity in vivo in order to investigate the impact on Xenopus gastrulation and neurulation, namely, a calpain inhibitor, a dominant negative, and a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide (MO). We also provide methods to determine the effectiveness of the calpain inhibition and effect on cell fate specification and morphogenetic movements, during embryogenesis in vivo.
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Charalambous A, Antoniades I, Christodoulou N, Zanardelli S, Skourides PA. Determining Temporal and Spatial Expression of Calpains in Amphibians. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1915:67-79. [PMID: 30617796 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8988-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Calpains are a family of calcium-dependent intracellular cysteine proteases that regulate important physiological processes by substrate cleavage. Despite the fact that Calpains have been identified in the Xenopus genome, their expression patterns and role have not been characterized. Therefore, herein, we describe two methods to determine temporal and spatial expression of Calpain 2 during Xenopus development, namely, RT-PCR and whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH). In addition, indirect immunofluorescence (IF) is described to determine translocation to the plasma membrane, which correlates with activity levels of Calpain 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Charalambous
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ioanna Antoniades
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Sara Zanardelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Paris A Skourides
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Rakitin OA, Zibarev AV. Synthesis and Applications of 5‐Membered Chalcogen‐Nitrogen π‐Heterocycles with Three Heteroatoms. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg A. Rakitin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic ChemistryRussian Academy of Sciences 119991 Moscow Russia
- Nanotechnology Education and Research CenterSouth Ural State University 454080 Chelyabinsk Russia
| | - Andrey V. Zibarev
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic ChemistrySiberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Department of ChemistryNational Research University – Tomsk State University 634050 Tomsk Russia
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11
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Konstantinova LS, Baranovsky IV, Pritchina EA, Mikhailov MS, Bagryanskaya IY, Semenov NA, Irtegova IG, Salnikov GE, Lyssenko KA, Gritsan NP, Zibarev AV, Rakitin OA. Fused 1,2,3-Thiaselenazoles Synthesized from 1,2,3-Dithiazoles through Selective Chalcogen Exchange. Chemistry 2017; 23:17037-17047. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia S. Konstantinova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 119991 Moscow Russia
- Nanotechnology Education and Research Center; South Ural State University; 454080 Chelyabinsk Russia
| | - Ilia V. Baranovsky
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Elena A. Pritchina
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion; Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences; Novosibirsk State University; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Maksim S. Mikhailov
- Nanotechnology Education and Research Center; South Ural State University; 454080 Chelyabinsk Russia
| | - Irina Yu. Bagryanskaya
- Department of Natural Sciences; Novosibirsk State University; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Nikolay A. Semenov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Irina G. Irtegova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Georgy E. Salnikov
- Department of Natural Sciences; Novosibirsk State University; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | | | - Nina P. Gritsan
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion; Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Department of Physics; Novosibirsk State University; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Andrey V. Zibarev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Department of Physics; Novosibirsk State University; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Department of Chemistry; Tomsk State University; 634050 Tomsk Russia
| | - Oleg A. Rakitin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 119991 Moscow Russia
- Nanotechnology Education and Research Center; South Ural State University; 454080 Chelyabinsk Russia
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Asquith CRM, Konstantinova LS, Laitinen T, Meli ML, Poso A, Rakitin OA, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Hilton ST. Evaluation of Substituted 1,2,3-Dithiazoles as Inhibitors of the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Nucleocapsid Protein via a Proposed Zinc Ejection Mechanism. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2119-2126. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. M. Asquith
- School of Pharmacy; Faculty of Life Sciences; University College London; London WC1N 1AX UK
- Clinical Laboratory & Center for Clinical Studies; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Lidia S. Konstantinova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
- Nanotechnology Education and Research Center; South Ural State, University; Lenina Ave. 76 Chelyabinsk 454080 Russian Federation
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Eastern, Finland; Kuopio 70211 Finland
| | - Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory & Center for Clinical Studies; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Antti Poso
- School of Pharmacy; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Eastern, Finland; Kuopio 70211 Finland
| | - Oleg A. Rakitin
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
- Nanotechnology Education and Research Center; South Ural State, University; Lenina Ave. 76 Chelyabinsk 454080 Russian Federation
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory & Center for Clinical Studies; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Stephen T. Hilton
- School of Pharmacy; Faculty of Life Sciences; University College London; London WC1N 1AX UK
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Koyioni M, Manoli M, Koutentis PA. The Reaction of DABCO with 4-Chloro-5H-1,2,3-dithiazoles: Synthesis and Chemistry of 4-[N-(2-Chloroethyl)piperazin-1-yl]-5H-1,2,3-dithiazoles. J Org Chem 2015; 81:615-31. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Koyioni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus,
P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Manoli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus,
P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
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