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Morales-Guevara R, Fuentes JA, Páez-Hernández D, Carreño A. Intramolecular Hydrogen Bond in Pyridine Schiff Bases as Ancillary Ligands of Re(I) Complexes Is a Switcher between Visible and NIR Emissions: A Relativistic Quantum Chemistry Study. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8997-9007. [PMID: 36413983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes have been described as suitable fluorophores, particularly for biological applications. fac-[Re(CO)3(N,N)L](0 or 1+) complexes, where N,N is a substituted dinitrogenated ligand (bipyridine or derivatives with relatively small substituents) and L the ancillary ligand [a pyridine Schiff base (PSB) harboring an intramolecular hydrogen bond (IHB)], have presented promissory results concerning their use as fluorophores, especially for walled cells (i.e., bacteria and fungi). In this work, we present a relativistic theoretical analysis of two series of fac-[Re(CO)3(N,N)PSB]1+ complexes to predict the role of the IHB in the ancillary ligand concerning their photophysical behavior. N,N corresponds to 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) (series A) or 4,4'-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-2,2'-bipyridine (deeb) (series B). We found that all the complexes present absorption in the visible light range. In addition, complexes presenting a PSB with an IHB exhibit luminescent emission suitable for biological purposes: large Stokes shift, emission in the range of 600-700 nm, and τ in the order of 10-2 to 10-3 s. By contrast, complexes with PSB lacking the IHB show a predicted emission with the lowest triplet excited-state energy entering the NIR region. These results suggest a role of the IHB as an important switcher between visible and NIR emissions in this kind of complexes. Since the PSB can be substituted to modulate the properties of the whole Re(I) complex, it will be interesting to explore whether other substitutions can also affect the photophysical properties, mainly the emission range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaly Morales-Guevara
- Programa de Doctorado en Físicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile.,Laboratory of Organometallic Synthesis, Center of Applied NanoSciences (CANS), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 330, Santiago 8370186, Chile
| | - Juan A Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Genética y Patogénesis Bacteriana, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 330, Santiago 8370186, Chile
| | - Dayán Páez-Hernández
- Programa de Doctorado en Físicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile.,Laboratory of Organometallic Synthesis, Center of Applied NanoSciences (CANS), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 330, Santiago 8370186, Chile
| | - Alexander Carreño
- Programa de Doctorado en Físicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile.,Laboratory of Organometallic Synthesis, Center of Applied NanoSciences (CANS), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 330, Santiago 8370186, Chile
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2
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Morales-Guevara R, Fuentes JA, Paez-Hernández D, Carreño A. The role of substituted pyridine Schiff bases as ancillary ligands in the optical properties of a new series of fac-rhenium(i) tricarbonyl complexes: a theoretical view. RSC Adv 2021; 11:37181-37193. [PMID: 35496390 PMCID: PMC9043815 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05737e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, luminescent Re(i) tricarbonyl complexes have been increasingly proposed as fluorophores suitable for fluorescence microscopy to visualize biological structures and cells. In this sense, incorporating an asymmetrical pyridine Schiff base (PSB) as the ancillary ligand strongly modifies the staining and luminescent properties of Re(i) tricarbonyl complexes. In this work, we analyzed two series of Re(i) tricarbonyl complexes with their respective PSB ligands: (1) fac-[Re(CO)3(2,2'-bpy)(PSB)]1+ and (2) fac-[Re(CO)3(4,4'-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-2,2'-bpy)(PSB)]1+, where the PSB exhibits substitutions at positions 4 or 6 in the phenolic ring with methyl or halogen substituents. Thus, we performed computational relativistic DFT and TDDFT studies to determine their optical properties. The ten complexes analyzed showed absorption in the visible light range. Furthermore, our analyses, including zero-field splitting (ZFS), allowed us to determine that the low-lying excited state locates below the 3LLCT states. Interestingly, seven of the ten analyzed complexes, whose corresponding PSB harbors an intramolecular hydrogen bond (IHB), exhibited luminescent emission that could be suitable for biological purposes: large Stokes shift, emission in the range 600-700 nm and τ in the order of 10-2 to 10-3 s. Conversely, the three complexes lacking the IHB due to two halogen substituents in the corresponding PSB showed a predicted emission with the lowest triplet excited state energy entering the NIR region. The main differences in the complexes' photophysical behavior have been explained by the energy gap law and time-resolved luminescence. These results emphasize the importance of choosing suitable substituents at the 4 and 6 positions in the phenolic ring of the PSB, which determine the presence of the IHB since they modulate the luminescence properties of the Re(i) core. Therefore, this study could predict Re(i) tricarbonyl complexes' properties, considering the desired emission features for biological and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaly Morales-Guevara
- Universidad Andres Bello, Programa de Doctorado en Físicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Santiago Chile
- Laboratory of Organometallic Synthesis, Center of Applied NanoSciences (CANS), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello República 330 Santiago Chile
| | - Juan A Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Genética y Patogénesis Bacteriana, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello República 330 Santiago Chile
| | - Dayán Paez-Hernández
- Universidad Andres Bello, Programa de Doctorado en Físicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Santiago Chile
- Laboratory of Organometallic Synthesis, Center of Applied NanoSciences (CANS), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello República 330 Santiago Chile
| | - Alexander Carreño
- Universidad Andres Bello, Programa de Doctorado en Físicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Santiago Chile
- Laboratory of Organometallic Synthesis, Center of Applied NanoSciences (CANS), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello República 330 Santiago Chile
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3
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Carreño A, Gacitúa M, Solis-Céspedes E, Páez-Hernández D, Swords WB, Meyer GJ, Preite MD, Chávez I, Vega A, Fuentes JA. New Cationic fac-[Re(CO) 3(deeb)B2] + Complex, Where B2 Is a Benzimidazole Derivative, as a Potential New Luminescent Dye for Proteins Separated by SDS-PAGE. Front Chem 2021; 9:647816. [PMID: 33842435 PMCID: PMC8027506 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.647816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium-dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) can be used to separate proteins based mainly on their size such as in denaturing gels. Different staining methods have been reported to observe proteins in the gel matrix, where the most used dyes are generally anionic. Anionic dyes allow for interactions with protonated amino acids, retaining the dye in the proteins. Fluorescent staining is an alternative technique considered to be sensitive, safe, and versatile. Some anionic complexes based on d6 transition metals have been used for this purpose, where cationic dyes have been less explored in this context. In this work, we synthesized and characterized a new monocationic rhenium complex fac-[Re(CO)3(deeb)B2]+ (where deeb is 4,4′-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-2,2′-bpy and B2 is 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-(3H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-2-yl)phenol). We carried out a structural characterization of this complex by MS+, FTIR, 1H NMR, D2O exchange, and HHCOSY. Moreover, we carried out UV-Vis, luminescence, and cyclic voltammetry experiments to understand the effect of ligands on the complex’s electronic structure. We also performed relativistic theoretical calculations using the B3LYP/TZ2P level of theory and R-TDDFT within a dielectric continuum model (COSMO) to better understand electronic transitions and optical properties. We finally assessed the potential of fac-[Re(CO)3(deeb)B2]+ (as well as the precursor fac-Re(CO)3(deeb)Br and the free ligand B2) to stain proteins separated by SDS-PAGE. We found that only fac-[Re(CO)3(deeb)B2]+ proved viable to be directly used as a luminescent dye for proteins, presumably due to its interaction with negatively charged residues in proteins and by weak interactions provided by B2. In addition, fac-[Re(CO)3(deeb)B2]+ seems to interact preferentially with proteins and not with the gel matrix despite the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). In future applications, these alternative cationic complexes might be used alone or in combination with more traditional anionic compounds to generate counterion dye stains to improve the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Carreño
- Center of Applied NanoSciences (CANS), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Eduardo Solis-Céspedes
- Escuela de Bioingeniería Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile.,Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Química Computacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Dayán Páez-Hernández
- Center of Applied NanoSciences (CANS), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Wesley B Swords
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Marcelo D Preite
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química y Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ivonne Chávez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Vega
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile.,Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnología Cedenna, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan A Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Genética y Patogénesis Bacteriana, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
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4
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González I, Cortés-Arriagada D, Dreyse P, Sanhueza L, Crivelli I, Ngo HM, Ledoux-Rak I, Toro-Labbe A, Maze J, Loeb B. Studies on the solvatochromic effect and NLO response in new symmetric bimetallic Rhenium compounds. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Otero C, Carreño A, Polanco R, Llancalahuen FM, Arratia-Pérez R, Gacitúa M, Fuentes JA. Rhenium (I) Complexes as Probes for Prokaryotic and Fungal Cells by Fluorescence Microscopy: Do Ligands Matter? Front Chem 2019; 7:454. [PMID: 31297366 PMCID: PMC6606945 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Re(I) complexes have exposed highly suitable properties for cellular imaging (especially for fluorescent microscopy) such as low cytotoxicity, good cellular uptake, and differential staining. These features can be modulated or tuned by modifying the ligands surrounding the metal core. However, most of Re(I)-based complexes have been tested for non-walled cells, such as epithelial cells. In this context, it has been proposed that Re(I) complexes are inefficient to stain walled cells (i.e., cells protected by a rigid cell wall, such as bacteria and fungi), presumably due to this physical barrier hampering cellular uptake. More recently, a series of studies have been published showing that a suitable combination of ligands is useful for obtaining Re(I)-based complexes able to stain walled cells. This review summarizes the main characteristics of different fluorophores used in bioimage, remarking the advantages of d6-based complexes, and focusing on Re(I) complexes. In addition, we explored different structural features of these complexes that allow for obtaining fluorophores especially designed for walled cells (bacteria and fungi), with especial emphasis on the ligand choice. Since many pathogens correspond to bacteria and fungi (yeasts and molds), and considering that these organisms have been increasingly used in several biotechnological applications, development of new tools for their study, such as the design of new fluorophores, is fundamental and attractive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Otero
- Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexander Carreño
- Center for Applied Nanosciences (CANS), Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rubén Polanco
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe M Llancalahuen
- Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ramiro Arratia-Pérez
- Center for Applied Nanosciences (CANS), Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Gacitúa
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan A Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Genética y Patogénesis Bacteriana, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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6
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Cyclic voltammetry, relativistic DFT calculations and biological test of cytotoxicity in walled-cell models of two classical rhenium (I) tricarbonyl complexes with 5-amine-1,10-phenanthroline. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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7
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Oyarzún DP, Chardon-Noblat S, Linarez Pérez OE, López Teijelo M, Zúñiga C, Zarate X, Schott E, Carreño A, Arratia-Perez R. Comparative study of the anchorage and the catalytic properties of nanoporous TiO2 films modified with ruthenium (II) and rhenium (I) carbonyl complexes. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Carreño A, Zúñiga C, Páez-Hernández D, Gacitúa M, Polanco R, Otero C, Arratia-Pérez R, Fuentes JA. Study of the structure–bioactivity relationship of three new pyridine Schiff bases: synthesis, spectral characterization, DFT calculations and biological assays. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj00390d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Schiff bases exhibit a broad range of applications, including their use as catalysts, stabilizers, dyes, and intermediates in organic synthesis; and biological activities, such as antifungal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Carreño
- Center of Applied Nanosciences (CANS)
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - César Zúñiga
- Center of Applied Nanosciences (CANS)
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
| | | | | | - Rubén Polanco
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal (CBV)
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Carolina Otero
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia
- Facultad de Medicina
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Chile
| | | | - Juan A. Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Genética y Patogénesis Bacteriana
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
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9
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Carreño A, Solis-Céspedes E, Páez-Hernández D, Arratia-Pérez R. Exploring the geometrical and optical properties of neutral rhenium (I) tricarbonyl complex of 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-diol using relativistic methods. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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X-ray diffraction and relativistic DFT studies on the molecular biomarker fac-Re(CO)3(4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bpy)(E-2-((3-amino-pyridin-4-ylimino)-methyl)-4,6-di-tert-butylphenol)(PF6). CHEMICAL PAPERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-017-0196-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Carreño A, Aros AE, Otero C, Polanco R, Gacitúa M, Arratia-Pérez R, Fuentes JA. Substituted bidentate and ancillary ligands modulate the bioimaging properties of the classical Re(i) tricarbonyl core with yeasts and bacteria. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj03792e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Six classical rhenium(i) tricarbonyl complexes were investigated for their ability to be used as dyes for bioimaging in walled cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Carreño
- Center of Applied Nanosciences (CENAP)
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
- Núcleo Milenio de Ingeniería Molecular para Catálisis y Biosensores (MECB)
| | - Alejandra E. Aros
- Núcleo Milenio de Ingeniería Molecular para Catálisis y Biosensores (MECB)
- ICM
- Chile
- Laboratorio de Genética y Patogénesis Bacteriana
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas
| | - Carolina Otero
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science (CIMIS)
- Facultad de Medicina
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Rubén Polanco
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Manuel Gacitúa
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES)
- Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez
- Peñalolén
- Chile
| | - Ramiro Arratia-Pérez
- Center of Applied Nanosciences (CENAP)
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
- Núcleo Milenio de Ingeniería Molecular para Catálisis y Biosensores (MECB)
| | - Juan A. Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Genética y Patogénesis Bacteriana
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas
- Universidad Andrés Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
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12
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Carreño A, Schott E, Zarate X, Manriquez JM, Vega JC, Mardones M, Cowley AH, Chavez I, Hinestroza JP, Arratia-Perez R. DFT studies on coordination models for adsorption essays of Cu(II) and Ni(II) solutions in modified silica gel with iminodiacetic groups. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-016-0022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Carreño A, Gacitúa M, Fuentes JA, Páez-Hernández D, Araneda C, Chávez I, Soto-Arriaza M, Manríquez JM, Polanco R, Mora GC, Otero C, Swords WB, Arratia-Pérez R. Theoretical and experimental characterization of a novel pyridine benzimidazole: suitability for fluorescence staining in cells and antimicrobial properties. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj02772a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Imidazopyridine showed fluorescence properties suitable for imaging with both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
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14
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Carreño A, Gacitúa M, Fuentes JA, Páez-Hernández D, Peñaloza JP, Otero C, Preite M, Molins E, Swords WB, Meyer GJ, Manríquez JM, Polanco R, Chávez I, Arratia-Pérez R. Fluorescence probes for prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells using Re(CO)3+complexes with an electron withdrawing ancillary ligand. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj00905k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Re(CO)3+complexes with an ancillary ligand present an electron withdrawing effect suitable for cell imaging.
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15
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Carreño A, Gacitúa M, Páez-Hernández D, Polanco R, Preite M, Fuentes JA, Mora GC, Chávez I, Arratia-Pérez R. Spectral, theoretical characterization and antifungal properties of two phenol derivative Schiff bases with an intramolecular hydrogen bond. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj01469g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Only one of the two isomers show biological activity but theory and spectroscopic techniques are not able to distinguish between both isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Carreño
- Doctorado en Fisicoquímica Molecular
- Center of Applied Nanosciences (CENAP)
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Manuel Gacitúa
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
- Macul
- Chile
| | - Dayán Páez-Hernández
- Doctorado en Fisicoquímica Molecular
- Center of Applied Nanosciences (CENAP)
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Rubén Polanco
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Marcelo Preite
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
- Macul
- Chile
| | - Juan A. Fuentes
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas
- Laboratorio de Microbiología
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Guido C. Mora
- Facultad de Medicina
- Laboratorio de Microbiología
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Ivonne Chávez
- Núcleo Milenio de Ingeniería Molecular para Catálisis y Biosensores
- ICM
- Chile
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Facultad de Química
| | - Ramiro Arratia-Pérez
- Doctorado en Fisicoquímica Molecular
- Center of Applied Nanosciences (CENAP)
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
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