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Nejdl L, Petera L, Šponer J, Zemánková K, Pavelicová K, Knížek A, Adam V, Vaculovičová M, Ivanek O, Ferus M. Quantum Dots in Peroxidase-like Chemistry and Formamide-Based Hot Spring Synthesis of Nucleobases. ASTROBIOLOGY 2022; 22:541-551. [PMID: 35333585 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are usually seen as artificial semiconductor particles exhibiting optical and electronic properties interesting for nanotechnological applications. However, they may also play a role in prebiotic chemistry. Starting from zinc acetate, cadmium acetate, and mercaptosuccinic acid, we demonstrate the formation of ZnCd QDs upon UV irradiation in prebiotic liquid formamide. We show that ZnCd QDs are able to increase the yield of RNA nucleobase synthesis from formamide up to 300 times, suggesting they might have served as universal catalysts in a primordial milieu. Based on the experimentally observed peroxidase-like activity of ZnCd QDs upon irradiation with visible light, we propose that QDs could be relevant to a broad variety of processes relating to the emergence of terrestrial life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Nejdl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Petera
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Judit Šponer
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Zemánková
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Pavelicová
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Knížek
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Vaculovičová
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Ivanek
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Ferus
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Wan J, Zheng L, Kong L, Lu Z, Tao Y, Feng Z, Lv F, Meng F, Bie X. Development of a rapid detection method for real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR of Salmonella spp. and Salmonella Enteritidis in ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Su Y, Chu H, Tian J, Du Z, Xu W. Insight into the nanomaterials enhancement mechanism of nucleic acid amplification reactions. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kim JW, Kim M, Lee KK, Chung KH, Lee CS. Effects of Graphene Oxide-Gold Nanoparticles Nanocomposite on Highly Sensitive Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Detection. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10101921. [PMID: 32993046 PMCID: PMC7601864 DOI: 10.3390/nano10101921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has become a powerful molecular diagnostic technique over the past few decades, but remains somewhat impaired due to low specificity, poor sensitivity, and false positive results. Metal and carbon nanomaterials, quantum dots, and metal oxides, can improve the quality and productivity of PCR assays. Here, we describe the ability of PCR assisted with nanomaterials (nano-PCR) comprising a nanocomposite of graphene oxide (GO) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for sensitive detection of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Graphene oxide and AuNPs have been widely applied as biomedical materials for diagnosis, therapy, and drug delivery due to their unique chemical and physical properties. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is highly contagious and fatal for cloven-hoofed animals including pigs, and it can thus seriously damage the swine industry. Therefore, a highly sensitive, specific, and practical method is needed to detect FMDV. The detection limit of real-time PCR improved by ~1000 fold when assisted by GO-AuNPs. We also designed a system of detecting serotypes in a single assay based on melting temperatures. Our sensitive and specific nano-PCR system can be applied to diagnose early FMDV infection, and thus may prove to be useful for clinical and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Won Kim
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB) 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.-W.K.); (M.K.); (K.K.L.)
- Dignostics Platform Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) 218 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Korea;
| | - Myeongkun Kim
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB) 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.-W.K.); (M.K.); (K.K.L.)
- Dignostics Platform Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) 218 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Korea;
| | - Kyung Kwan Lee
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB) 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.-W.K.); (M.K.); (K.K.L.)
- Dignostics Platform Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) 218 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Korea;
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Kwang Hyo Chung
- Dignostics Platform Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) 218 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Korea;
| | - Chang-Soo Lee
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB) 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.-W.K.); (M.K.); (K.K.L.)
- Dignostics Platform Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) 218 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Korea;
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Peng X, Luo G, Wu Z, Wen W, Zhang X, Wang S. Fluorescent-Magnetic-Catalytic Nanospheres for Dual-Modality Detection of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:41148-41156. [PMID: 31613583 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of H9N2 avian influenza virus (H9N2 AIV) brings high mortality and huge economic losses every year. Sensitive and reliable detection methods are essential to timely diagnosis and treatment. Herein, a dual-modality immunoassay is proposed for H9N2 AIV detection by employing fluorescent-magnetic-catalytic nanospheres (FMCNs) as labels and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-induced metallization as a signal amplification strategy. The excellent magnetic properties of FMCNs endow the assay a potential application in complex samples. Also, the excellent fluorescence properties of FMCNs enable fluorescence modality readout. The antibodies on the FMCN surface can achieve efficient capture and separation of targets. Amplified electrochemical modality readout can be obtained through ALP-catalyzed silver deposition. Dual-modality immunoassay combined the advantages of electrochemical assay with fluorescence assay and provides accurate detection results to meet different testing needs. With two quantitative analysis forms, H9N2 AIV can be detected by electrochemical signals with a quantitation range of 0.1 to 1000 ng/mL and a detection limit of 10 pg/mL. The linear range is 300 to 1000 ng/mL with a detection limit of 69.8 ng/mL by the fluorescence signal readout. Moreover, the specificity, anti-interference ability, accuracy, and diversity of the proposal have unlimited potential for early diagnosis of suspect infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolun Peng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hubei University , Wuhan 430062 , PR China
| | - Guan Luo
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hubei University , Wuhan 430062 , PR China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hubei University , Wuhan 430062 , PR China
| | - Wei Wen
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hubei University , Wuhan 430062 , PR China
| | - Xiuhua Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hubei University , Wuhan 430062 , PR China
| | - Shengfu Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hubei University , Wuhan 430062 , PR China
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Hu J, Jiang YZ, Tang M, Wu LL, Xie HY, Zhang ZL, Pang DW. Colorimetric-Fluorescent-Magnetic Nanosphere-Based Multimodal Assay Platform for Salmonella Detection. Anal Chem 2018; 91:1178-1184. [PMID: 30516043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and sensitive foodborne pathogen detection assay, which can be applied in multiple fields, is essential to timely diagnosis. Herein, we proposed a multisignal readout lateral flow immunoassay for Salmonella typhimurium ( S. typhi) detection. The assay employs colorimetric-fluorescent-magnetic nanospheres (CFMNs) as labels, which possess multifunctional target separation and enrichment, multisignal readout, and two formats of quantitation. The assay for S. typhi detection involves magnetic separation and chromatography. First, the S. typhi were separated and enriched from matrix by antibody labeled CFMNs, and then the S. typhi-containing suspension is added onto the sample pad to flow up the test strip. The introduction of magnetic separation enhances anti-interference ability and 10-fold sensitivity, making the assay possible for practical application. The assay has realized naked eye detection of 1.88 × 104 CFU/mL S. typhi, and 3.75 × 103 CFU/mL S. typhi can be detected with a magnetic assay reader, which is 2-4 orders of magnitude lower than other label-based LFIAs, with a quantitation range of 1.88 × 104 to 1.88 × 107 CFU/mL by measuring the fluorescence intensity and magnetic signal. Moreover, the successful detection of S. typhi in complex matrix (tap water, milk, fetal bovine serum, and whole blood) indicated its potential application in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , People's Republic of China.,Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan 430072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Zhong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Man Tang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Ling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Yan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , People's Republic of China.,School of Life Science and Technology , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing , 100081 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dai-Wen Pang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , People's Republic of China
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Ye X, Fang X, Li X, Kong J. Gold nanoparticle-mediated nucleic acid isothermal amplification with enhanced specificity. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1043:150-157. [PMID: 30392663 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification is a promising method in the area of nucleic acid detection. However, it suffers from a high rate of false-positive amplifications that largely restrict its application. In this study, we observed gold nanoparticles (AuNP) absorbing single-stranded DNA primers and interacting with Bst DNA polymerase via electrostatic adsorption. As a result of these interactions, the presence of the gold nanoparticles exerted a hot-start effect on the loop-mediated isothermal amplification system. Based on these results, we developed a novel AuNP-mediated nucleic acid isothermal amplification assay. This assay displays significantly enhanced specificity-the proportion of false positive decreased from 76% to 0% and from 100% to 0% for the detection of rotavirus and the β-actin gene, respectively, with the hot-start temperature of 48 °C. Moreover, our AuNP-based assay maintained good sensitivity and a satisfactory detection limit (1 × 103copies/μL) compared with the conventional assay. This approach has the potential to solve the nonspecificity problem of loop-mediated isothermal amplification, thereby promoting its real-world application, particularly, in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Xueen Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China.
| | - Xinxin Li
- Shanghai Suxin Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 201321, PR China
| | - Jilie Kong
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China.
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Sang F, Zhang Z, Yuan L, Liu D. Quantum dots for a high-throughput Pfu polymerase based multi-round polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Analyst 2018; 143:1259-1267. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01764b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We developed a Pfu polymerase based multi-round PCR technique assisted by quantum dots (QDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuming Sang
- School of Marine Science and Technology
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Weihai
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhizhou Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Technology
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Weihai
- People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Yuan
- School of Marine Science and Technology
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Weihai
- People's Republic of China
| | - Deli Liu
- School of Marine Science and Technology
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Weihai
- People's Republic of China
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Development of Nano-Polymerase Chain Reaction and Its Application. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(17)61051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Tang F, Pang DW, Chen Z, Shao JB, Xiong LH, Xiang YP, Xiong Y, Wu K, Ai HW, Zhang H, Zheng XL, Lv JR, Liu WY, Hu HB, Mei H, Zhang Z, Sun H, Xiang Y, Sun ZY. Visual and efficient immunosensor technique for advancing biomedical applications of quantum dots on Salmonella detection and isolation. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:4688-4698. [PMID: 26853517 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07424j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
It is a great challenge in nanotechnology for fluorescent nanobioprobes to be applied to visually detect and directly isolate pathogens in situ. A novel and visual immunosensor technique for efficient detection and isolation of Salmonella was established here by applying fluorescent nanobioprobes on a specially-designed cellulose-based swab (a solid-phase enrichment system). The selective and chromogenic medium used on this swab can achieve the ultrasensitive amplification of target bacteria and form chromogenic colonies in situ based on a simple biochemical reaction. More importantly, because this swab can serve as an attachment site for the targeted pathogens to immobilize and immunologically capture nanobioprobes, our mAb-conjugated QD bioprobes were successfully applied on the solid-phase enrichment system to capture the fluorescence of targeted colonies under a designed excitation light instrument based on blue light-emitting diodes combined with stereomicroscopy or laser scanning confocal microscopy. Compared with the traditional methods using 4-7 days to isolate Salmonella from the bacterial mixture, this method took only 2 days to do this, and the process of initial screening and preliminary diagnosis can be completed in only one and a half days. Furthermore, the limit of detection can reach as low as 10(1) cells per mL Salmonella on the background of 10(5) cells per mL non-Salmonella (Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis or Citrobacter freundii, respectively) in experimental samples, and even in human anal ones. The visual and efficient immunosensor technique may be proved to be a favorable alternative for screening and isolating Salmonella in a large number of samples related to public health surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China. and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dai-Wen Pang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Virology, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Microbiological Laboratory, Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430015, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Bo Shao
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Hong Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Virology, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China and Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ping Xiang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Microbiological Laboratory, Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430015, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wu
- Jiangan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430017, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Wu Ai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Microbiological Laboratory, Qiaokou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Li Zheng
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Rui Lv
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Yong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Bing Hu
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Mei
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yun Xiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zi-Yong Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China.
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