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Lasseter J, Rack PD, Randolph SJ. Selected Area Deposition of High Purity Gold for Functional 3D Architectures. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:757. [PMID: 36839126 PMCID: PMC9965196 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Selected area deposition of high purity gold films onto nanoscale 3D architectures is highly desirable as gold is conductive, inert, plasmonically active, and can be functionalized with thiol chemistries, which are useful in many biological applications. Here, we show that high-purity gold coatings can be selectively grown with the Me2Au (acac) precursor onto nanoscale 3D architectures via a pulsed laser pyrolytic chemical vapor deposition process. The selected area of deposition is achieved due to the high thermal resistance of the nanoscale geometries. Focused electron beam induced deposits (FEBID) and carbon nanofibers are functionalized with gold coatings, and we demonstrate the effects that laser irradiance, pulse width, and precursor pressure have on the growth rate. Furthermore, we demonstrate selected area deposition with a feature-targeting resolutions of ~100 and 5 µm, using diode lasers coupled to a multimode (915 nm) and single mode (785 nm) fiber optic, respectively. The experimental results are rationalized via finite element thermal modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Lasseter
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Philip D. Rack
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Steven J. Randolph
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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2
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Fang C, Xing Y. Investigation of the Shadow Effect in Focused Ion Beam Induced Deposition. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12060905. [PMID: 35335717 PMCID: PMC8955986 DOI: 10.3390/nano12060905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Due to the precursor gas flow in the focused ion beam induced deposition process, a shadow effect appears behind the shading structures. This article carries out experiments with phenanthrene as the precursor gas and establishes a numerical model to define the shadow area and estimate the intensity of the shadow effect, considering the morphology of shading structure, the beam shift, and the nozzle parameters. Within the shadow area, the precursor molecule adsorption contribution is estimated by calculating the fraction of precursor gas flow in a specific direction. Finally, the number of precursor molecules within the beam impact area influenced by the shadow effect is obtained, emphasizing the important role of gas surface diffusion. The adsorption contribution within the shadow area differs a lot while deposited structures are similar in height. The error between the simulation and the experimental results is about 5%, verifying the accuracy of the proposed model.
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3
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Fang C, Chai Q, Chen Y, Xing Y, Zhou Z. The chiral coating on an achiral nanostructure by the secondary effect in focused ion beam induced deposition. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:135301. [PMID: 34905738 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac4308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Optical metamaterials are widely used in electromagnetic wave modulation due to their sub-wavelength feature sizes. In this paper, a method to plate an achiral nanopillar array with chiral coating by the secondary effect in focused ion beam induced deposition is proposed. Guided by the pattern defined in a bitmap with variable residence time, the beam scan strategy suppresses the interaction between adjacent nanostructures. A uniform chiral coating is formed on the target nanostructure without affecting the adjacent nanostructure, under carefully selected beam parameters and the rotation angle of the sample stage. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy results show that the chiral film has high purity metal, which enables the generation of localized surface plasmon resonances and causes the circular dichroism (CD) under circularly polarized light illumination. Finally, the tailorable CD spectrum of the coated array is verified by the finite difference time domain method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Chai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xing
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zaifa Zhou
- Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Perera T, Mallawaarachchi S, Premaratne M. Chiral Plasmonic Ellipsoids: An Extended Mie-Gans Model. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:11214-11219. [PMID: 34761942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mie-Gans theory optically characterizes ellipsoidal and by extension generally elongated nonchiral metal nanoparticles (MNPs) and is ubiquitous in verifying experimental results and predicting particle behavior. Recently, elongated chiral MNPs have garnered enthusiasm, but a theory to characterize their chiroptical behavior is lacking in the literature. In this Letter, we present an ab initio model for chiral ellipsoidal MNPs to address this shortcoming and demonstrate that it reduces to the general Mie-Gans model under nonchiral conditions, produces results that concur with state-of-the-art numerical simulations, and can accurately replicate recent experimental measurements. Furthermore, to gain physical insights, we analyze factors such as background medium permittivity and particle size that drive the chiroptical activity using two types of plasmonic chiral MNPs. We also demonstrate the utility of our model in metamaterial design. Generic features of our model can be extended to characterize similar elongated chiral MNPs, fueling many other variants of the current model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharaka Perera
- Advanced Computing and Simulation Laboratory (AχL), Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sudaraka Mallawaarachchi
- Advanced Computing and Simulation Laboratory (AχL), Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics, School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Malin Premaratne
- Advanced Computing and Simulation Laboratory (AχL), Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Wei W, Chen S, Ji CY, Qiao S, Guo H, Feng S, Li J. Ultra-sensitive amplitude engineering and sign reversal of circular dichroism in quasi-3D chiral nanostructures. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:33572-33581. [PMID: 34809167 DOI: 10.1364/oe.441464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Circular dichroism (CD), as one of the most representative chiroptical effects, provides a simple strategy for the detection and characterization of the molecular chirality. The enhancement and sign reversal of CD are of great importance for its practical applications in chiral bio-sensing, chirality switching and optical filtering, etc. Here, we realize considerable adjustments and the sign reversal of CD in quasi-three-dimensional (quasi-3D) combined Archimedean spiral nanostructures. With special local and lattice configurations, the nanostructures have both right-handed and left-handed geometric chirality, which are designed based on the proximity effect of stencil lithography. We find that the CD response of the nanostructures becomes obvious once its height exceeds 200 nm and can be adjusted by the further increase of the height or the change of the blade spacing of the nanostructures. The CD reversal is achieved by utilizing the competition of two chiral centers when the height or blade spacing exceeds a critical value. Further analysis of the scattering power of multipole moments reveals that the CD modulation is determined by both magnetic dipole moment and electric quadrupole moment. Benefiting from the highly sensitive CD response to the height, the extreme sign reversal of CD is achieved when a sub-10-nm ultrathin medium layer is anchored on the surface of the nanostructures, which provides a promising strategy for ultra-sensitive chiral bio-sensing.
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6
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Gogoi A, Konwer S, Zhuo GY. Polarimetric Measurements of Surface Chirality Based on Linear and Nonlinear Light Scattering. Front Chem 2021; 8:611833. [PMID: 33644001 PMCID: PMC7902787 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.611833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A molecule, molecular aggregate, or protein that cannot be superimposed on its mirror image presents chirality. Most living systems are organized by chiral building blocks, such as amino acids, peptides, and carbohydrates, and any change in their molecular structure (i.e., handedness or helicity) alters the biochemical and pharmacological functions of the molecules, many of which take place at surfaces. Therefore, studying surface chirogenesis at the nanoscale is fundamentally important and derives various applications. For example, since proteins contain highly ordered secondary structures, the intrinsic chirality can be served as a signature to measure the dynamics of protein adsorption and protein conformational changes at biological surfaces. Furthermore, a better understanding of chiral recognition and separation at bio-nanointerfaces is helpful to standardize chiral drugs and monitor the synthesis of adsorbents with high precision. Thus, exploring the changes in surface chirality with polarized excitations would provide structural and biochemical information of the adsorbed molecules, which has led to the development of label-free and noninvasive measurement tools based on linear and nonlinear optical effects. In this review, the principles and selected applications of linear and nonlinear optical methods for quantifying surface chirality are introduced and compared, aiming to conceptualize new ideas to address critical issues in surface biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Gogoi
- Department of Physics, Jagannath Barooah College, Jorhat, India
| | - Surajit Konwer
- Department of Chemistry, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Guan-Yu Zhuo
- Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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7
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Mu X, Hu L, Cheng Y, Fang Y, Sun M. Chiral surface plasmon-enhanced chiral spectroscopy: principles and applications. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:581-601. [PMID: 33410859 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06272c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this review, the development context and scientific research results of chiral surface plasmons (SPs) in recent years are classified and described in detail. First, the principle of chiral SPs is introduced through classical and quantum theory. Following this, the classification and properties of different chiral structures, as well as the superchiral near-field, are introduced in detail. Second, we describe the excitation and propagation properties of chiral SPs, which lays a good foundation for the application of chiral SPs and their chiral spectra in various fields. After that, we have summarized the recent research results of chiral SPs and their applications in the areas of biology, two-dimensional materials, topological materials, analytical chemistry, chiral sensing, chiral optical force, and chiral light detection. Chiral SPs are a new type of optical phenomenon that have useful application potential in many fields and are worth exploring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijiao Mu
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China.
| | - Li Hu
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Detection, Control and Integrated System, School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Cheng
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China.
| | - Yurui Fang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Electron, and Ion Beams (Ministry of Education), School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Mengtao Sun
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China. and Collaborative Innovation Center of Light Manipulations and Applications, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, P. R. China
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8
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Cuscunà M, Manoccio M, Esposito M, Scuderi M, Nicotra G, Tarantini I, Melcarne A, Tasco V, Losurdo M, Passaseo A. Gallium chiral nanoshaping for circular polarization handling. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:187-196. [PMID: 34821297 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01078b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work we report the local growth of ordered arrays of 3D core-shell chiral nanohelices based on plasmonic gallium metal. The structures can be engineered in a single step using focused ion beam induced deposition, where a Ga+ ion source is used to shape the metallic nanohelix core, while the dielectric precursor is dissociated to create dielectric shells. The solubility of gallium in the different investigated dielectric matrices controls the core-shell thickness ratio of the nanohelices. The chiral plasmonic behaviour of these gallium-based nanostructures is experimentally measured by circularly polarized light transmission through nanostructure arrays and compared with numerical simulations. Large chiroptical effects in the visible range are demonstrated due to the plasmonic effects arising from gallium nanoclusters in the core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Cuscunà
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy.
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9
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Manoccio M, Esposito M, Passaseo A, Cuscunà M, Tasco V. Focused Ion Beam Processing for 3D Chiral Photonics Nanostructures. MICROMACHINES 2020; 12:6. [PMID: 33374782 PMCID: PMC7823276 DOI: 10.3390/mi12010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The focused ion beam (FIB) is a powerful piece of technology which has enabled scientific and technological advances in the realization and study of micro- and nano-systems in many research areas, such as nanotechnology, material science, and the microelectronic industry. Recently, its applications have been extended to the photonics field, owing to the possibility of developing systems with complex shapes, including 3D chiral shapes. Indeed, micro-/nano-structured elements with precise geometrical features at the nanoscale can be realized by FIB processing, with sizes that can be tailored in order to tune optical responses over a broad spectral region. In this review, we give an overview of recent efforts in this field which have involved FIB processing as a nanofabrication tool for photonics applications. In particular, we focus on FIB-induced deposition and FIB milling, employed to build 3D nanostructures and metasurfaces exhibiting intrinsic chirality. We describe the fabrication strategies present in the literature and the chiro-optical behavior of the developed structures. The achieved results pave the way for the creation of novel and advanced nanophotonic devices for many fields of application, ranging from polarization control to integration in photonic circuits to subwavelength imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariachiara Manoccio
- Department of Mathematics and Physics Ennio De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.P.); (M.C.); (V.T.)
| | - Marco Esposito
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.P.); (M.C.); (V.T.)
| | - Adriana Passaseo
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.P.); (M.C.); (V.T.)
| | - Massimo Cuscunà
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.P.); (M.C.); (V.T.)
| | - Vittorianna Tasco
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.P.); (M.C.); (V.T.)
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10
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Jing Z, Li Q, Bai Y, Li Y, Zhang Z. Circular dichroism of spatially complementary chiral nanostructures. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:445302. [PMID: 32702677 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aba8be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Circular dichroism (CD) is widely used in biology, medicine, and physics. Three-dimensional (3D) chiral structures have been extensively studied because of their ability to produce significant CD effects. Previously reported 3D chiral structures are limited due to the complexity of fabrication processes and CD mechanisms. Here, spatially complementary chiral nanostructure (SCCN) arrays, which comprise bottom silver films with zigzag-shaped nanoslit and top complementary silver zigzag-shaped nanowires, are theoretically and experimentally shown to provide the CD effect. SCCN arrays are prepared experimentally by combining electron beam lithography (EBL) with normal electron beam deposition (NEBD) method and by utilizing EBL and NEBD only once. Numerical results demonstrate that localized surface plasmon excited on top complementary silver zigzag-shaped nanowires and surface plasmon polariton excited on bottom silver films with zigzag-shaped nanoslit result in the CD effect of SCCN arrays. In addition, the CD effect can be tuned by changing the width of the top complementary silver zigzag-shaped nanowires. Such type of chiral nanostructures has easy tunability, simple fabrication, and a better understanding of chiral optical response, which provides a new design for spatially chiral optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Jing
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, People's Republic of China
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11
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Optimization of Pt-C Deposits by Cryo-FIBID: Substantial Growth Rate Increase and Quasi-Metallic Behaviour. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10101906. [PMID: 32987887 PMCID: PMC7600287 DOI: 10.3390/nano10101906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Focused Ion Beam Induced Deposition (FIBID) under cryogenic conditions (Cryo-FIBID) technique is based on obtaining a condensed layer of precursor molecules by cooling the substrate below the condensation temperature of the gaseous precursor material. This condensed layer is irradiated with ions according to a desired pattern and, subsequently, the substrate is heated above the precursor condensation temperature, revealing the deposits with the shape of the exposed pattern. In this contribution, the fast growth of Pt-C deposits by Cryo-FIBID is demonstrated. Here, we optimize various parameters of the process in order to obtain deposits with the lowest-possible electrical resistivity. Optimized ~30 nm-thick Pt-C deposits are obtained using ion irradiation area dose of 120 μC/cm2 at 30 kV. This finding represents a substantial increment in the growth rate when it is compared with deposits of the same thickness fabricated by standard FIBID at room temperature (40 times enhancement). The value of the electrical resistivity in optimized deposits (~4 × 104 µΩ cm) is suitable to perform electrical contacts to certain materials. As a proof of concept of the potential applications of this technology, a 100 µm × 100 µm pattern is carried out in only 43 s of ion exposure (area dose of 23 μC/cm2), to be compared with 2.5 h if grown by standard FIBID at room temperature. The ion trajectories and the deposit composition have been simulated using a binary-collision-approximation Monte Carlo code, providing a solid basis for the understanding of the experimental results.
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12
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Wang Y, Dong J, Wang Z, Zhou S, Wang Q, Han Q, Gao W, Ren K, Qi J. Strong circular dichroism enhancement by plasmonic coupling between graphene and h-shaped chiral nanostructure. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:33869-33879. [PMID: 31878446 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.033869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Circular dichroism (CD) is useful in polarization conversion, negative refraction chemical analysis, and bio-sensing. To achieve strong CD signals, researchers constantly break the symmetry of nanostructures. However, how to further enhance the CD based on a new mechanism has become a new challenge in this field. In this work, a hybrid plasmonic chiral system composed of an array of graphene ribbons (GRs) over h-shaped sliver chiral nanostructures (HSCNs) is theoretically investigated. Results demonstrate that the plasmonic coupling between HSCNs and GRs results in different enhanced absorptions for different circularly polarized lights. The absorbance of right circularly polarized light is enhanced to perfect absorption; the absorption of left circularly polarized light is enhanced weakly. It leads to the CD effect of HSCNs@GRs approaching 88%. The loss distributions of HSCNs and HSCNs@GRs reveal that the absorption is enhanced and transferred from HSCNs to GRs. Moreover, the current distributions of HSCNs@GRs are simplified to equivalent LC resonant circuits, which can qualitatively explain the change of CD signals by tuning geometrical parameters of HSCNs@GRs. The findings of this work provide a new method of enhancing chirality and benefit the design of graphene-based chiral optoelectronic devices.
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13
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Woźniak P, De Leon I, Höflich K, Haverkamp C, Christiansen S, Leuchs G, Banzer P. Chiroptical response of a single plasmonic nanohelix. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:19275-19293. [PMID: 30114185 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.019275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the chiroptical response of a single plasmonic nanohelix interacting with a weakly focused circularly polarized Gaussian beam. The optical scattering at the fundamental resonance is characterized experimentally and numerically. The angularly resolved scattering of the excited nanohelix is verified experimentally and it validates the numerical results. We employ a multipole decomposition analysis to study the fundamental and first higher-order resonance of the nanohelix, explaining their chiral properties in terms of the formation of chiral dipoles.
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14
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Venkataramanababu S, Nair G, Deshpande P, A JM, Mohan S, Ghosh A. Chiro-plasmonic refractory metamaterial with titanium nitride (TiN) core-shell nanohelices. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:255203. [PMID: 29613855 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aabb4a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chiral metamaterials are obtained by assembling plasmonic elements in geometries with broken mirror symmetry, which can have promising applications pertaining to generation, manipulation and detection of optical polarisation. The materials used to fabricate this promising nanosystem, especially in the visible-NIR regime, are limited to noble metals such as Au and Ag. However, they are not stable at elevated temperatures and in addition, incompatible with CMOS technologies. We demonstrate that it is possible to develop a chiro-plasmonic system based on a refractory material such as titanium nitride (TiN) which does not have these disadvantages. The building block of our metamaterial is a novel core-shell helix, obtained by coating TiN over silica nanohelices. These were arranged in a regular two-dimensional array over cm-scale areas, made possible by the use of scalable fabrication techniques such as laser interference lithography, glancing angle deposition and DC magnetron sputtering. The measured chiro-optical response was extremely broadband (<500 nm to >1400 nm), and had contributions from individual, as well as collective plasmon modes of the interacting nanohelices, whose spectral characteristics could be easily controlled by varying the direction of the incident radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Venkataramanababu
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, India
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15
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Huang Z, Liu J. Chiroptically Active Metallic Nanohelices with Helical Anisotropy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13. [PMID: 28960853 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201701883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of circular polarization states of light in the ultraviolet-visible-near infrared range, which cannot be operated using natural materials, is of fundamental interest derived from a wide range of chirality-associated optical, chemical and biological applications. To achieve this objective, chiral metamaterials made of metallic nanohelices (NHs) have been artificially designed and generated. The circular polarization manipulation is as a result of helical anisotropy and localized surface plasmon resonance of metallic NHs, and engineering helical structures and metallic composition gives rise to flexible tailoring of the circular polarization manipulation. Herein, we review the latest development of metallic NHs in terms of fabrication, fundamentally optical and magnetic properties, and chiroptical applications, followed by envisioning prospective applications closely related to molecular chirality. We strongly believe that the helicity-induced anisotropy of metallic NHs will provide us a wide range of opportunities to tackle some prominent problems and challenges intrinsically associated with the natural homochirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Huang
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Partner State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, HKBU, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, 9F, the Industrialization Complex of Shenzhen Virtual University Park, No. 2 Yuexing 3rd Road, South Zone, Hi-tech Industrial Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Junjun Liu
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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16
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Analyzing intrinsic plasmonic chirality by tracking the interplay of electric and magnetic dipole modes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11151. [PMID: 28894208 PMCID: PMC5593961 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11571-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmonic chirality represents significant potential for novel nanooptical devices due to its association with strong chiroptical responses. Previous reports on plasmonic chirality mechanism mainly focus on phase retardation and coupling. In this paper, we propose a model similar to the chiral molecules for explaining the intrinsic plasmonic chirality mechanism of varies 3D chiral structures quantitatively based on the interplay and mixing of electric and magnetic dipole modes (directly from electromagnetic field numerical simulations), which forms mixed electric and magnetic polarizability.
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17
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Benedetti A, Alam B, Esposito M, Tasco V, Leahu G, Belardini A, Li Voti R, Passaseo A, Sibilia C. Precise detection of circular dichroism in a cluster of nano-helices by photoacoustic measurements. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5257. [PMID: 28701743 PMCID: PMC5507913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Compact samples of nano-helices built by means of a focused ion beam technology with large bandwidth and high dichroism for circular polarization are promising for the construction of built-in-chip sensors, where the ideal transducer must be sufficiently confined without compromising its filtering ability. Direct all-optical measurements revealed the sample’s dichroic character with insufficient details because of scattering and diffraction interference. On the other hand, photoacoustic measurements resulted to be a possible alternative investigation, since they directly deal with absorbed power and allow to get clear evidences of the differential selection for the two opposite polarization states. Multi-level numerical simulations confirmed the experimental results, proving once again the reliability of photoacoustic technique and the versatility of this class of dichroic artificial materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Benedetti
- S.B.A.I. Department, Physics Section, "Sapienza: Università di Roma", Via A. Scarpa14/16, I-00161, Rome, Italy. .,D.I.E.T. Department, "Sapienza: Università di Roma", Via Eudossiana 18, I-00184, Rome, Italy.
| | - Badrul Alam
- S.B.A.I. Department, Physics Section, "Sapienza: Università di Roma", Via A. Scarpa14/16, I-00161, Rome, Italy.,D.I.E.T. Department, "Sapienza: Università di Roma", Via Eudossiana 18, I-00184, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Esposito
- CNR Nanotec, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Polo di Nanotecnologia, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, I-73100, Lecce, Italy.,"Università del Salento", Dip. Mat-Fis "Ennio De Giorgi", Via Arnesano, I-73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Vittorianna Tasco
- CNR Nanotec, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Polo di Nanotecnologia, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, I-73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Grigore Leahu
- S.B.A.I. Department, Physics Section, "Sapienza: Università di Roma", Via A. Scarpa14/16, I-00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Belardini
- S.B.A.I. Department, Physics Section, "Sapienza: Università di Roma", Via A. Scarpa14/16, I-00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Li Voti
- S.B.A.I. Department, Physics Section, "Sapienza: Università di Roma", Via A. Scarpa14/16, I-00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Adriana Passaseo
- CNR Nanotec, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Polo di Nanotecnologia, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, I-73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Concita Sibilia
- S.B.A.I. Department, Physics Section, "Sapienza: Università di Roma", Via A. Scarpa14/16, I-00161, Rome, Italy.,CNR Nanotec, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Polo di Nanotecnologia, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, I-73100, Lecce, Italy
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18
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Wang Y, He J, Mu X, Wang D, Zhang B, Shen Y, Lin M, Kübel C, Huang Y, Chen H. Solution Growth of Ultralong Gold Nanohelices. ACS NANO 2017; 11:5538-5546. [PMID: 28587454 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Metallic nanohelices are extremely rare and, to date, have never been synthesized by a direct solution method. In this work, we report ultralong Au nanohelices grown in solution under ambient conditions. They are ultralong with several tens of micrometers in length, with extraordinary aspect ratio (length/diameter greater than 22 300) and the number of pitches (more than 22 000 pitches). The pitch and width are uniform within each helix but vary widely among the helices. Crystal analyses showed that the facets, twin boundaries, grain sizes, and orientations are aperiodic along the helices. The apparent smooth curving is only possible with a large number of surface steps, suggesting that these structural features are the mere consequence of the helix formation rather than the cause. We propose that the nanowires are formed by the active surface growth mechanism and that the helicity originates from the random and asymmetrical blocking of nuclei embedded within the floccules of ligand complexes, in the form of either asymmetric binding of ligands or asymmetric diffusion of growth materials through the floccules. The separate growth environment of these nuclei causes constant helicity within each helix but differing helicity among the individuals. The embedding also provides a robust environment for the sustained growth of the nanohelices, leading to their record length and consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 637371 Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) , #08-03, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, 138634 Singapore
| | - Jiating He
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) , #08-03, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, 138634 Singapore
| | - Xiaoke Mu
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
| | - Di Wang
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
| | - Bowei Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 639798 Singapore
| | - Youde Shen
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 637371 Singapore
| | - Ming Lin
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) , #08-03, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, 138634 Singapore
| | - Christian Kübel
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
| | - Yizhong Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 639798 Singapore
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Centre for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 637371 Singapore
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19
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Hirt L, Reiser A, Spolenak R, Zambelli T. Additive Manufacturing of Metal Structures at the Micrometer Scale. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29. [PMID: 28052421 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201604211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the focus of additive manufacturing (AM) is shifting from simple prototyping to actual production. One driving factor of this process is the ability of AM to build geometries that are not accessible by subtractive fabrication techniques. While these techniques often call for a geometry that is easiest to manufacture, AM enables the geometry required for best performance to be built by freeing the design process from restrictions imposed by traditional machining. At the micrometer scale, the design limitations of standard fabrication techniques are even more severe. Microscale AM thus holds great potential, as confirmed by the rapid success of commercial micro-stereolithography tools as an enabling technology for a broad range of scientific applications. For metals, however, there is still no established AM solution at small scales. To tackle the limited resolution of standard metal AM methods (a few tens of micrometers at best), various new techniques aimed at the micrometer scale and below are presently under development. Here, we review these recent efforts. Specifically, we feature the techniques of direct ink writing, electrohydrodynamic printing, laser-assisted electrophoretic deposition, laser-induced forward transfer, local electroplating methods, laser-induced photoreduction and focused electron or ion beam induced deposition. Although these methods have proven to facilitate the AM of metals with feature sizes in the range of 0.1-10 µm, they are still in a prototype stage and their potential is not fully explored yet. For instance, comprehensive studies of material availability and material properties are often lacking, yet compulsory for actual applications. We address these items while critically discussing and comparing the potential of current microscale metal AM techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Hirt
- ETH and University of Zürich, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Gloriastrasse 35, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alain Reiser
- ETH Zürich, Department of Materials, Laboratory for Nanometallurgy, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Spolenak
- ETH Zürich, Department of Materials, Laboratory for Nanometallurgy, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tomaso Zambelli
- ETH and University of Zürich, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Gloriastrasse 35, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Deka MJ, Chowdhury D. Chiral carbon dots and their effect on the optical properties of photosensitizers. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10611d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we have successfully prepared intrinsically chiral carbon dots from chiral precursors. We have also demonstrated that the chirality of these carbon dots can affect the optical properties of photosensitizer molecules like azobenzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manash Jyoti Deka
- Material Nanochemistry Laboratory
- Physical Sciences Division
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology
- Guwahati-781035
- India
| | - Devasish Chowdhury
- Material Nanochemistry Laboratory
- Physical Sciences Division
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology
- Guwahati-781035
- India
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21
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Esposito M, Tasco V, Todisco F, Cuscunà M, Benedetti A, Scuderi M, Nicotra G, Passaseo A. Programmable Extreme Chirality in the Visible by Helix-Shaped Metamaterial Platform. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:5823-8. [PMID: 27564432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The capability to fully control the chiro-optical properties of metamaterials in the visible range enables a number of applications from integrated photonics to life science. To achieve this goal, a simultaneous control over complex spatial and localized structuring as well as material composition at the nanoscale is required. Here, we demonstrate how circular dichroic bands and optical rotation can be effectively and independently tailored throughout the visible regime as a function of the fundamental meta-atoms properties and of their three dimensional architecture in a the helix-shaped metamaterials. The record chiro-optical effects obtained in the visible range are accompanied by an additional control over optical efficiency, even in the plasmonic context. These achievements pave the way toward fully integrated chiral photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Esposito
- CNR NANOTEC- Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Polo di Nanotecnologia , c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento Mat-Fis Ennio De Giorgi, Università del Salento , I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Vittorianna Tasco
- CNR NANOTEC- Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Polo di Nanotecnologia , c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesco Todisco
- CNR NANOTEC- Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Polo di Nanotecnologia , c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento Mat-Fis Ennio De Giorgi, Università del Salento , I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Massimo Cuscunà
- CNR NANOTEC- Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Polo di Nanotecnologia , c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessio Benedetti
- Dipartimento D.I.E.T., "Sapienza: Università di Roma" , Via Eudossiana 18, I-00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Scuderi
- CNR-IMM Sezione di Catania , Strada VIII, 5, I-95121 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nicotra
- CNR-IMM Sezione di Catania , Strada VIII, 5, I-95121 Catania, Italy
| | - Adriana Passaseo
- CNR NANOTEC- Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Polo di Nanotecnologia , c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
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22
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Hu L, Tian X, Huang Y, Fang L, Fang Y. Quantitatively analyzing the mechanism of giant circular dichroism in extrinsic plasmonic chiral nanostructures by tracking the interplay of electric and magnetic dipoles. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:3720-3728. [PMID: 26814829 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08527f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic chirality has drawn much attention because of tunable circular dichroism (CD) and the enhancement for chiral molecule signals. Although various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the plasmonic CD, a quantitative explanation like the ab initio mechanism for chiral molecules, is still unavailable. In this study, a mechanism similar to the mechanisms associated with chiral molecules was analyzed. The giant extrinsic circular dichroism of a plasmonic splitting rectangle ring was quantitatively investigated from a theoretical standpoint. The interplay of the electric and magnetic modes of the meta-structure is proposed to explain the giant CD. We analyzed the interplay using both an analytical coupled electric-magnetic dipole model and a finite element method model. The surface charge distributions showed that the circular current yielded by the splitting rectangle ring causes the ring to behave like a magneton at some resonant modes, which then interact with the electric modes, resulting in a mixing of the two types of modes. The strong interplay of the two mode types is primarily responsible for the giant CD. The analysis of the chiral near-field of the structure shows potential applications for chiral molecule sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hu
- Soft Matter and Interdisciplinary Research Center, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
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23
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Formation of Enhanced Uniform Chiral Fields in Symmetric Dimer Nanostructures. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17534. [PMID: 26621558 PMCID: PMC4664915 DOI: 10.1038/srep17534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral fields with large optical chirality are very important in chiral molecules analysis, sensing and other measurements. Plasmonic nanostructures have been proposed to realize such super chiral fields for enhancing weak chiral signals. However, most of them cannot provide uniform chiral near-fields close to the structures, which makes these nanostructures not so efficient for applications. Plasmonic helical nanostructures and blocked squares have been proved to provide uniform chiral near-fields, but structure fabrication is a challenge. In this paper, we show that very simple plasmonic dimer structures can provide uniform chiral fields in the gaps with large enhancement of both near electric fields and chiral fields under linearly polarized light illumination with polarization off the dimer axis at dipole resonance. An analytical dipole model is utilized to explain this behavior theoretically. 30 times of volume averaged chiral field enhancement is gotten in the whole gap. Chiral fields with opposite handedness can be obtained simply by changing the polarization to the other side of the dimer axis. It is especially useful in Raman optical activity measurement and chiral sensing of small quantity of chiral molecule.
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