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Boydas EB, Roemelt M. The trials and triumphs of modelling X-ray absorption spectra of transition metal phthalocyanines. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024. [PMID: 39015952 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01900h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
This study explores the electronic structure of Co, Fe and Mn phthalocyanines (TMPcs) as well as their perfluorinated counterparts through a series of electronic structure calculations utilizing multireference methods and by simulating their metal L-edge and ligand (nitrogen and fluorine) K-edge X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) in an angle-resolved manner. Simulations targeting different ground-state symmetries, where relevant, have been conducted to observe changes in the N K-edge lineshape. The applicability of the quasi-degenerate formulation of n-electron valence state perturbation theory (QD-NEVPT2) for L-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is evaluated, alongside the use of a restricted active space (RAS) formalism to describe the final-state multiplets generated by L-shell X-ray processes. Our findings provide valuable insights into the electronic properties of TMPcs, in particular with respect to the effect of fluorination, and demonstrate the broad applicability of various formulations of NEVPT2 in spectral simulations. Moreover, this study highlights the utility of manual truncation of the configuration spaces in order to allow for large active orbital spaces in aforementioned calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esma Birsen Boydas
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Michael Roemelt
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
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2
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Oleiki E, Javaid S, Lee G. Impact of fluorination on the energy level alignment of an F n ZnPc/MAPbI 3 interface. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:5070-5076. [PMID: 36504749 PMCID: PMC9680936 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00582d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We have studied interactions at an interface between a Methylammonium Lead Iodide (MAPbI3) surface and zinc-phthalocyanine molecules with F substituting peripheral H (F n ZnPc; n = 4, 8, 12, and 16) by employing hybrid density functional theory (DFT) based simulations. These calculations show that F n ZnPc molecules form a stable interface with MAPbI3, whose binding strength is comparable to that of the un-substituted (ZnPc) case. As a consequence of fluorination, an increase in the ionization potential/electron affinity (i.e., a systematic lowering of molecular energy levels), as well as interfacial charge transfer, is observed whose magnitude depends upon the degree of fluorination. In contrast to the common belief of unfavorable hole transfer for excessive fluorination, our work unveils that the valence band offset remains favorable for all ranges of substitution (n); thus, hole transfer from MAPbI3 to F n ZnPc is facilitated while the electron transfer process is suppressed. This unusual behavior originates from the intermolecular interaction and substrate-to-molecule electron transfer at the heterojunction, which gradually suppresses the downward shift of F n ZnPc energy levels by increasing the value of n. Given the beneficial impacts of fluorination, such as hydrophobicity, our work provides valuable insight for exploiting stable F n ZnPc towards high-efficiency perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Oleiki
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Saqib Javaid
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
- MMSG, Theoretical Physics Division PINSTECH, P.O. Nilore Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Geunsik Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
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3
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Mei L, Shi Y, Cao F, Liu X, Li XM, Xu Z, Miao Z. PEGylated Phthalocyanine-Functionalized Graphene Oxide with Ultrahigh-Efficient Photothermal Performance for Triple-Mode Antibacterial Therapy. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:2638-2648. [PMID: 33938721 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study proposes a novel multifunctional synergistic antibacterial phototherapy technique for the rapid healing of bacteria-infected wounds. By binding PEGylated phthalocyanines to the surface of graphene oxide via noncovalent functionalization, the photothermal conversion efficiency of the obtained nanocomposites can be significantly increased, which shows that the sample temperature can achieve nearly 100 °C after only 10 min of 450 nm light illumination at a concentration ≥25 μg/mL. Moreover, the nanocomposites can rapidly generate singlet oxygen under 680 nm light irradiation and physically cut bacterial cell membranes. The triple effects are expected to obtain a synergistic antibacterial efficiency and reduce the emergence of bacterial resistance. After dual-light irradiation for 10 min, the generation of hyperthermia and singlet oxygen can cause the death of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The results of an in vivo experiment revealed that the as-prepared nanocomposites combined with dual-light-triggered antibacterial therapy can effectively restrain the inflammatory reaction and accelerate the healing of bacteria-infected wounds. These were confirmed by the examination of pathological tissue sections and inflammatory factors in rats with bacteria-infected wounds. This nanotherapeutic platform is a potential photoactivated antimicrobial strategy for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Mei
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
| | - Yanmei Shi
- Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Fengyi Cao
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Liu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Min Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, United States
| | - Zhenlong Xu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Miao
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
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4
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Li T, Bandari VK, Hantusch M, Xin J, Kuhrt R, Ravishankar R, Xu L, Zhang J, Knupfer M, Zhu F, Yan D, Schmidt OG. Integrated molecular diode as 10 MHz half-wave rectifier based on an organic nanostructure heterojunction. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3592. [PMID: 32680989 PMCID: PMC7368027 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17352-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable efforts have been made to realize nanoscale diodes based on single molecules or molecular ensembles for implementing the concept of molecular electronics. However, so far, functional molecular diodes have only been demonstrated in the very low alternating current frequency regime, which is partially due to their extremely low conductance and the poor degree of device integration. Here, we report about fully integrated rectifiers with microtubular soft-contacts, which are based on a molecularly thin organic heterojunction and are able to convert alternating current with a frequency of up to 10 MHz. The unidirectional current behavior of our devices originates mainly from the intrinsically different surfaces of the bottom planar and top microtubular Au electrodes while the excellent high frequency response benefits from the charge accumulation in the phthalocyanine molecular heterojunction, which not only improves the charge injection but also increases the carrier density. The demand for miniaturization of electronics has been motivating a growing interest in high-performance molecular electronics. Li, Bandari et al. report a fully integrated molecular rectifier based on a molecular heterojunction and microtubular electrode enabling high frequency operation at more than 10 MHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Li
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany.,Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Vineeth Kumar Bandari
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany.,Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Martin Hantusch
- Institute for Solid State Research, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jianhui Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Robert Kuhrt
- Institute for Solid State Research, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rachappa Ravishankar
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany.,Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Longqian Xu
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany.,Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jidong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Martin Knupfer
- Institute for Solid State Research, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Feng Zhu
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany. .,Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany. .,Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany. .,State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.
| | - Donghang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany.,Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
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5
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Sergi Lopes C, Merces L, de Oliveira RF, de Camargo DHS, Bof Bufon CC. Rectification ratio and direction controlled by temperature in copper phthalocyanine ensemble molecular diodes. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:10001-10009. [PMID: 32196026 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10601d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic diodes and molecular rectifiers are fundamental electronic devices that share one common feature: current rectification ability. Since both present distinct spatial dimensions and working principles, the rectification of organic diodes is usually achieved by interface engineering, while changes in molecular structures commonly control the molecular rectifiers' features. Here, we report on the first observation of temperature-driven inversion of the rectification direction (IRD) in ensemble molecular diodes (EMDs) prepared in a vertical stack configuration. The EMDs are composed of 20 nm thick molecular ensembles of copper phthalocyanine in close contact with one of its fluorinated derivatives. The material interface was found to be responsible for modifying the junction's conduction mechanisms from nearly activationless transport to Poole-Frenkel emission and phonon-assisted tunneling. In this context, the current rectification was found to be dependent on the interplay of such distinct charge transport mechanisms. The temperature has played a crucial role in each charge transport transition, which we have investigated via electrical measurements and band diagram analysis, thus providing the fundamentals on the IRD occurrence. Our findings represent an important step towards simple and rational control of rectification in carbon-based electronic nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Sergi Lopes
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Brumboiu IE, Haldar S, Lüder J, Eriksson O, Herper HC, Brena B, Sanyal B. Ligand Effects on the Linear Response Hubbard U: The Case of Transition Metal Phthalocyanines. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:3214-3222. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b11940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Emilia Brumboiu
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 34141 Daejeon, Korea
| | - Soumyajyoti Haldar
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Johann Lüder
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 80424 Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Olle Eriksson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heike C. Herper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Barbara Brena
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Biplab Sanyal
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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7
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Sabik A, Mazur P, Gołek F, Trembulowicz A, Antczak G. Phthalocyanine arrangements on Ag(100): From pure overlayers of CoPc and F 16CuPc to bimolecular heterostructure. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:144702. [PMID: 30316254 DOI: 10.1063/1.5050377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have utilized scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and low energy electron diffraction to determine the structural properties of two types of metal-phthalocyanines (MPcs), i.e., cobalt-phthalocyanine (CoPc) and hexadecafluorinated copper-phthalocyanine (F16CuPc) on the Ag(100) surface. For coverage close to one monolayer, both systems form long-range ordered structures with square unit cells. The size and rotation of the unit cell with respect to the silver lattice depend on the chemical composition of MPc. Both types of molecules prefer adsorption with around a 30° angle between the molecular axis and the [011] silver direction. The CoPcs mainly arrange in a (5 × 5)R0 phase; however, two additional local arrangements, a 26 × 26 R 1 1 ○ and a (7 × 7)R0, were detected by STM. The F16CuPcs form a 29 × 29 R 2 2 ○ structure. The co-adsorption of CoPc and F16CuPc on the Ag(100) surface in a 1:1 ratio leads to the formation of a compositionally ordered chessboard-like 5 2 × 5 2 R 4 5 ○ structure. During filled states imaging, the different appearance of the central part of each MPc allows us to distinguish CoPcs from F16CuPcs. Regardless of the applied voltage polarity, the ligands of F16CuPcs appear brighter than the ligands of CoPcs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Sabik
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Mazur
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Franciszek Gołek
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Artur Trembulowicz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Grażyna Antczak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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Siles PF, Devarajulu M, Zhu F, Schmidt OG. Direct Imaging of Space-Charge Accumulation and Work Function Characteristics of Functional Organic Interfaces. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1703647. [PMID: 29450970 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The tailoring of organic systems is crucial to further extend the efficiency of charge transfer mechanisms and represents a cornerstone for molecular device technologies. However, this demands control of electrical properties and understanding of the physics behind organic interfaces. Here, a quantitative spatial overview of work function characteristics for phthalocyanine architectures on Au substrates is provided via kelvin probe microscopy. While macroscopic investigations are very informative, the current approach offers a nanoscale spatial rendering of electrical characteristics which is not possible to attain via conventional techniques. Interface dipole is observed due to the formation of charge accumulation layers in thin F16 CuPc, F16 CoPc, and MnPc films, displaying work functions of 5.7, 6.1, and 5.0 eV, respectively. The imaging and quantification of interface locations with significant surface potential and work function response (<0.33 eV for material thickness <1 nm) show also a dependency on the crystalline state of the organic systems. The work function mapping suggests space-charge carrier regions of about 4 nm at the organic interface. This reveals rich spatial electric parameters and ambipolar characteristics that may drive electrical performance at device scales, opening a realm of possibilities toward the development of functional organic architectures and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo F Siles
- Materials Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mirunalini Devarajulu
- Materials Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Feng Zhu
- Materials Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Materials Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfAED), TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Cluster of Excellence MERGE, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
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Shen K, Narsu B, Ji G, Sun H, Hu J, Liang Z, Gao X, Li H, Li Z, Song B, Jiang Z, Huang H, Wells J, Song F. On-surface manipulation of atom substitution between cobalt phthalocyanine and the Cu(111) substrate. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00636e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An on-surface atom substation has been manipulated by thermal annealing which transmetalizes CoPc to CuPc for various applications.
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