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Hassan SM, Farid A, Panda SS, Bekheit MS, Dinkins H, Fayad W, Girgis AS. Indole Compounds in Oncology: Therapeutic Potential and Mechanistic Insights. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:922. [PMID: 39065774 PMCID: PMC11280311 DOI: 10.3390/ph17070922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a formidable global health challenge, with current treatment modalities such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and targeted therapy often hindered by low efficacy and adverse side effects. The indole scaffold, a prominent heterocyclic structure, has emerged as a promising candidate in the fight against cancer. This review consolidates recent advancements in developing natural and synthetic indolyl analogs, highlighting their antiproliferative activities against various cancer types over the past five years. These analogs are categorized based on their efficacy against common cancer types, supported by biochemical assays demonstrating their antiproliferative properties. In this review, emphasis is placed on elucidating the mechanisms of action of these compounds. Given the limitations of conventional cancer therapies, developing targeted therapeutics with enhanced selectivity and reduced side effects remains a critical focus in oncological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Hassan
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Alyaa Farid
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Siva S. Panda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Mohamed S. Bekheit
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Holden Dinkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Walid Fayad
- Drug Bioassay-Cell Culture Laboratory, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Adel S. Girgis
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
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2
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Aboshouk DR, Youssef MA, Bekheit MS, Hamed AR, Girgis AS. Antineoplastic indole-containing compounds with potential VEGFR inhibitory properties. RSC Adv 2024; 14:5690-5728. [PMID: 38362086 PMCID: PMC10866129 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08962b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most significant health challenges worldwide. Various techniques, tools and therapeutics/materials have been developed in the last few decades for the treatment of cancer, together with great interest, funding and efforts from the scientific society. However, all the reported studies and efforts seem insufficient to combat the various types of cancer, especially the advanced ones. The overexpression of tyrosine kinases is associated with cancer proliferation and/or metastasis. VEGF, an important category of tyrosine kinases, and its receptors (VEGFR) are hyper-activated in different cancers. Accordingly, they are known as important factors in the angiogenesis of different tumors and are considered in the development of effective therapeutic approaches for controlling many types of cancer. In this case, targeted therapeutic approaches are preferable to the traditional non-selective approaches to minimize the side effects and drawbacks associated with treatment. Several indole-containing compounds have been identified as effective agents against VEGFR. Herein, we present a summary of the recent indolyl analogs reported within the last decade (2012-2023) with potential antineoplastic and VEGFR inhibitory properties. The most important drugs, natural products, synthesized potent compounds and promising hits/leads are highlighted. Indoles functionalized and conjugated with various heterocycles beside spiroindoles are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia R Aboshouk
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
| | - M Adel Youssef
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Helwan University Helwan Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Bekheit
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
| | - Ahmed R Hamed
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, National Research Centre Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
| | - Adel S Girgis
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
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3
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Sutariya TR, Brahmbhatt GC, Atara HD, Parmar NJ, RajniKant, Gupta VK, Lagunes I, Padrón JM, Murumkar PR, Sharma MK, Yadav MR. An efficient one-pot synthesis and docking studies of bioactive new antiproliferative dispiro[oxindole/acenaphthylenone‒benzofuranone] pyrrolidine scaffolds. Mol Divers 2023:10.1007/s11030-023-10741-4. [PMID: 37935912 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10741-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
A new and efficient method has been developed to synthesize dispiro[oxindole/acenaphthylenone-benzofuranone]pyrrolidine compounds. This is done by triggering the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of azomethine ylides by reacting isatin/acenaphthoquinone with L-picolinic acid/L-proline/sarcosine/L-thioproline/tetrahydroisoquinolines, in a highly regioselective manner in an ionic liquid [DBU][Ac] with 4'-chloro-auron[2-(4-chlorobenzylidene)benzofuran-3(2H)-one]. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data support the proposed structures of the new compounds. The heterocycles derived from amino acids such as L-picolinic acid, L-proline, and L-thioproline showed significant inhibitory effects against six human solid tumors, including lung, breast, cervix, colon, and others. These new structures were also tested in the active sites of the MDM2 receptor to further study their antiproliferative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar R Sutariya
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar Dist. Anand, Gujarat, 388120, India
| | - Gaurangkumar C Brahmbhatt
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar Dist. Anand, Gujarat, 388120, India
| | - Hiralben D Atara
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar Dist. Anand, Gujarat, 388120, India
| | - Narsidas J Parmar
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar Dist. Anand, Gujarat, 388120, India.
| | - RajniKant
- Post-Graduate Department of Physics, University of Jammu, Jammu, Tawi, 180006, India
| | - Vivek K Gupta
- Post-Graduate Department of Physics, University of Jammu, Jammu, Tawi, 180006, India
| | - Irene Lagunes
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206, La Laguna, Spain
| | - José M Padrón
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Prashant R Murumkar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 001, India
| | - Mayank Kumar Sharma
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 001, India
| | - Mange Ram Yadav
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 001, India
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4
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Miankooshki FR, Bayat M, Nasri S, Samet NH. 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition reactions of isatin-derived azomethine ylides for the synthesis of spirooxindole and indole-derived scaffolds: recent developments. Mol Divers 2023; 27:2365-2397. [PMID: 35925529 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10510-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The unique therapeutic and biological characteristics of spirooxindole have led to the presentation of numerous reactions for the synthesis of spirooxindoles through 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of highly reactive isatin-derived azomethine ylides with activated olefins as the main tool for the formation of spirocyclic oxindoles during the last 4 years. Therefore, there is a need to highlight the recent developments in this area, along with the representative synthetic methods and relevant reaction mechanisms from 2018 to 2021. The representative synthetic methodologies were listed in four sections based on the procedure to form the azomethine ylide species including isatins and amino acids, isatin-derived α-(trifluoromethyl)imine, isatins and benzylamines, and from isatin-derived cyclic imine 1,3-dipoles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Bayat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Shima Nasri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Narges Habibi Samet
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
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5
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Kovačević S, Banjac MK, Podunavac-Kuzmanović S, Ajduković J, Salaković B, Rárová L, Đorđević M, Ivanov M. Local QSAR modeling of cytotoxic activity of newly designed androstane 3-oximes towards malignant melanoma cells. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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6
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Azomethine Ylides-Versatile Synthons for Pyrrolidinyl-Heterocyclic Compounds. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020668. [PMID: 36677727 PMCID: PMC9866015 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Azomethine ylides are nitrogen-based three-atom components commonly used in [3+2]-cycloaddition reactions with various unsaturated 2π-electron components. These reactions are highly regio- and stereoselective and have attracted the attention of organic chemists with respect to the construction of diverse heterocycles potentially bearing four new contiguous stereogenic centers. This review article complies the most important [3+2]-cycloaddition reactions of azomethine ylides with various olefinic, unsaturated 2π-electron components (acyclic, alicyclic, heterocyclic, and exocyclic ones) reported over the past two decades.
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7
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Srour AM, Dawood DH, Nossier ES, El-Shiekh RA, Mahmoud AE, Hussien AG, Omran MM, Ali MM. Design, synthesis and molecular docking simulation of oxindole-based derivatives with dual VEGFR-2 and cholinesterase inhibitory activities. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Wyman KA, Girgis AS, Surapaneni PS, Moore JM, Abo Shama NM, Mahmoud SH, Mostafa A, Barghash RF, Juan Z, Dobaria RD, Almalki AJ, Ibrahim TS, Panda SS. Synthesis of Potential Antiviral Agents for SARS-CoV-2 Using Molecular Hybridization Approach. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185923. [PMID: 36144662 PMCID: PMC9501548 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We synthesized a set of small molecules using a molecular hybridization approach with good yields. The antiviral properties of the synthesized conjugates against the SAR-CoV-2 virus were investigated and their cytotoxicity was also determined. Among all the synthesized conjugates, compound 9f showed potential against SARS-CoV-2 and low cytotoxicity. The conjugates’ selectivity indexes (SIs) were determined to correlate the antiviral properties and cytotoxicity. The observed biological data were further validated using computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailey A. Wyman
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Adel S. Girgis
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Pragnakiran S. Surapaneni
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A5C1.1, Canada
| | - Jade M. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Noura M. Abo Shama
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Sara H. Mahmoud
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Reham F. Barghash
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Zou Juan
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Radha D. Dobaria
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ahmad J. Almalki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek S. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Siva S. Panda
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Correspondence:
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9
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Matias M, Pinho JO, Penetra MJ, Campos G, Reis CP, Gaspar MM. The Challenging Melanoma Landscape: From Early Drug Discovery to Clinical Approval. Cells 2021; 10:3088. [PMID: 34831311 PMCID: PMC8621991 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is recognized as the most dangerous type of skin cancer, with high mortality and resistance to currently used treatments. To overcome the limitations of the available therapeutic options, the discovery and development of new, more effective, and safer therapies is required. In this review, the different research steps involved in the process of antimelanoma drug evaluation and selection are explored, including information regarding in silico, in vitro, and in vivo experiments, as well as clinical trial phases. Details are given about the most used cell lines and assays to perform both two- and three-dimensional in vitro screening of drug candidates towards melanoma. For in vivo studies, murine models are, undoubtedly, the most widely used for assessing the therapeutic potential of new compounds and to study the underlying mechanisms of action. Here, the main melanoma murine models are described as well as other animal species. A section is dedicated to ongoing clinical studies, demonstrating the wide interest and successful efforts devoted to melanoma therapy, in particular at advanced stages of the disease, and a final section includes some considerations regarding approval for marketing by regulatory agencies. Overall, considerable commitment is being directed to the continuous development of optimized experimental models, important for the understanding of melanoma biology and for the evaluation and validation of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Matias
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jacinta O Pinho
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria João Penetra
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Campos
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Catarina Pinto Reis
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Manuela Gaspar
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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10
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Nivetha N, Thangamani A. Dispirooxindole-pyrrolothiazoles: Synthesis, anti-cancer activity, molecular docking and green chemistry metrics evaluation. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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11
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Said MF, Georgey HH, Mohammed ER. Synthesis and computational studies of novel fused pyrimidinones as a promising scaffold with analgesic, anti-inflammatory and COX inhibitory potential. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113682. [PMID: 34245948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Addressing the global need for the development of safe and potent NSAIDs, new series of oxadiazolo and thiadiazolo fused pyrmidinones were synthesized and initially tested for their analgesic activity. All tested compounds showed promising analgesic activity compared with the reference standard indomethacin. Moreover, anti-inflammatory activity evaluation, ulcerogenic liability, and in vitro COX-1, COX-2 enzyme inhibition assays were also performed for the most active derivatives. The methoxyphenyl piperazinyl derivative 3d showed analgesic activity surpassing indomethacin with protection of 100%, and 83%; respectively. Also 3d showed good anti-inflammatory activity with relatively lower ulcer index compared with other tested compounds, and potent COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory activity with IC50 = 0.140, 0.007 μm, respectively, and with a selectivity index of 20.00 which was better than the reference standards and the other tested congeners. Additionally, compounds 3b, 3g and 3h revealed moderate selectivity (SI = 3.53, 3.70 and 5.87, respectively). Moreover, in silico physicochemical parameters revealed that the new fused pyrimidinones demonstrated promising pharmacokinetic properties. Furthermore, computational studies in form of 2D-quantitative structure-activity relationship (2D-QSAR) and 3D-pharmacophore confirmed the potential analgesic properties of the new target compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona F Said
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, P.O. Box 11562, Egypt.
| | - Hanan H Georgey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, P.O. Box 11562, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University for Sustainable Development, Cairo, 11777, Egypt.
| | - Eman R Mohammed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, P.O. Box 11562, Egypt
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12
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Liu B, Yan R, Li X, Du W, Chen Y. Asymmetric [3+2] Annulations of Thioaurone and Aurone Derivatives for the Construction of Spiroheterocycles. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bao‐Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University 610041 Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Ru‐Jie Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University 610041 Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Xun Li
- Chengdu Easton Biopharmaceuticals Co. Ltd. 611731 Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University 610041 Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Ying‐Chun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University 610041 Chengdu P. R. China
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13
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Deng Q, Meng X. Recent Advances in the Cycloaddition Reactions of 2‐Benzylidene‐1‐benzofuran‐3‐ones, and Their Sulfur, Nitrogen and Methylene Analogues. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:2838-2853. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Deng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Tianjin University of Technology Tianjin 300384 P.R. China
| | - Xiangtai Meng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Tianjin University of Technology Tianjin 300384 P.R. China
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14
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Youssef MA, Panda SS, El-Shiekh RA, Shalaby EM, Aboshouk DR, Fayad W, Fawzy NG, Girgis AS. Synthesis and molecular modeling studies of cholinesterase inhibitor dispiro[indoline-3,2'-pyrrolidine-3',3''-pyrrolidines]. RSC Adv 2020; 10:21830-21838. [PMID: 35516607 PMCID: PMC9054546 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03064c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A set of dispiro[indoline-3,2′-pyrrolidine-3′,3′′-pyrrolidines] 8a–l was regioselectively synthesized utilizing multi-component azomethine cycloaddition reaction of 3-(arylmethylidene)pyrrolidine-2,5-diones 5a–e, isatins 6a–c and sarcosine 7. Single crystal X-ray studies of 8c add conclusive support for the structure. Compounds 8e and 8g reveal cholinesterase inhibitory properties with promising efficacy against both AChE and BChE and were found to be more selective towards AChE than BChE as indicted by the selectivity index like Donepezil (a clinically used cholinesterase inhibitory drug). Molecular modeling studies assist in understanding the bio-observations and identifying the responsible parameters behind biological properties. Dispiro[indoline-3,2′-pyrrolidine-3′,3′′-pyrrolidines] were regioselectively synthesized revealing cholinesterase (AChE, BChE) inhibitory properties.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adel Youssef
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Helwan University Helwan Egypt
| | - Siva S Panda
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Augusta University Augusta GA 30912 USA
| | - Riham A El-Shiekh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University Cairo 11562 Egypt
| | - ElSayed M Shalaby
- X-Ray Crystallography Lab., Physics Division, National Research Centre Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
| | - Dalia R Aboshouk
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
| | - Walid Fayad
- Drug Bioassay-Cell Culture Laboratory, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
| | - Nehmedo G Fawzy
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
| | - Adel S Girgis
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
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15
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Kumaran S, Saritha R, Gurumurthy P, Parthasarathy K. Synthesis of Fused Spiropyrrolidine Oxindoles Through 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides Prepared from Isatins and α-Amino Acids with Heterobicyclic Alkenes. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Subramani Kumaran
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Madras; Guindy Campus -600025 Chennai India
| | - Rajendhiran Saritha
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Madras; Guindy Campus -600025 Chennai India
| | - Palanivelu Gurumurthy
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Madras; Guindy Campus -600025 Chennai India
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17
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Diradical-singlet character of 1,3-dipoles affects reactivity of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions and intramolecular cyclization. J Mol Model 2019; 25:306. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Srour AM, Dawood DH, Khalil MN, Nofal ZM. Synthesis and 2D-QSAR study of dispiropyrrolodinyl-oxindole based alkaloids as cholinesterase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2019; 83:226-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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19
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Saravana Mani K, Rajendran SP. A facile regio- and stereoselective synthesis of novel spiro[indolin-3,2′-pyrrolidin]-2-one’s via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2018.1442866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Synthesis, antibacterial properties and 2D-QSAR studies of quinolone-triazole conjugates. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 143:1524-1534. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Shalaby EM, Srour AM, Panda SS, George RF, Fitch AN, Girgis AS. Synthesis, X-ray powder diffraction and DFT-D studies of indole-based compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/zkri-2017-2106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Four indole-based compounds have been synthesized and their crystal structures determined using high-resolution synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction. In vacuo density function theory (DFT) optimization has been used in building initial molecular models for structure solution with the help of the Cambridge structure database. All four compounds were found to crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/c. Dispersion-corrected DFT (DFT-D) has been used for experimental crystal structure validation with acceptable agreement found between the DFT-optimized and final refined structures. Three of the compounds exhibit bronchodilation properties with potency comparable to the theophylline (standard reference).
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Affiliation(s)
- ElSayed M. Shalaby
- X-Ray Crystallography Lab., Physics Division, National Research Centre , Dokki, Giza 12622 , Egypt
| | - Aladdin M. Srour
- Therapeutical Chemistry Department, National Research Centre , Dokki, Giza 12622 , Egypt
| | - Siva S. Panda
- Department of Chemistry and Physics , Augusta University , Augusta, GA 30912 , USA
| | - Riham F. George
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Andrew N. Fitch
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility , CS40220 , 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9 , France
| | - Adel S. Girgis
- Pesticide Chemistry Department, National Research Centre , Dokki, Giza 12622 , Egypt
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22
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Synthesis and 2D-QSAR Study of Active Benzofuran-Based Vasodilators. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111820. [PMID: 29072621 PMCID: PMC6150240 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A new series of 2-alkyloxy-pyridine-3-carbonitrile-benzofuran hybrids (4a–x) was synthesized. All the new derivatives were examined via the standard technique for their vasodilation activity. Some of the investigated compounds exhibited a remarkable activity, with compounds 4w, 4e, 4r, 4s, 4f and 4g believed to be the most active hits in this study with IC50 values 0.223, 0.253, 0.254, 0.268, 0.267 and 0.275 mM, respectively, compared with amiodarone hydrochloride, the reference standard used (IC50 = 0.300 mM). CODESSA PRO was employed to obtain a statistically significant 2-Dimensional Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (2D-QSAR) model describing the bioactivity of the newly synthesized analogs (N = 24, n = 4, R2 = 0.816, R2cvOO = 0.731, R2cvMO = 0.772, F = 21.103, s2 = 6.191 × 10−8).
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23
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Identification of some novel xanthine-based derivatives with bronchodilator activity. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:1731-1747. [PMID: 28871831 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The discovery of new bronchodilators with higher efficacy than theophylline is an important issue for asthmatic patients. MATERIALS & METHODS Theophylline 2, 8-bromotheophylline 4 and theobromine 6 were reacted with different 2/3-chloro-N-phenylacetamides 1a-d or their propanamide analogs 1e-g to obtain 3a-g, 5a-g and 7a-g, respectively. The target compounds were screened for their in vitro bronchodilator activity using isolated guinea pig tracheal rings precontracted with histamine and compared with their precursors. RESULTS Many compounds exhibited promising activity especially 3d, 3f, 5d, 7d and 7e. 2D-QSAR study resulted in a significant model (N = 24, n = 5, R 2 = 0.848, R 2cvOO = 0.748, R 2cvMO = 0.745, F = 21.215, s 2 = 0.0002) using CODESSA-Pro software. CONCLUSION These compounds can be considered as promising hits for potent bronchodilators that may be useful for further investigations. [Formula: see text].
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24
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Soliman EA, Panda SS, Aziz MN, Shalaby EM, Mishriky N, Asaad FM, Girgis AS. Synthesis, molecular modeling studies and bronchodilation properties of nicotinonitrile containing-compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 138:920-931. [PMID: 28753516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Facile synthetic pathway for nicotinonitriles 5a‒o, 7a‒i was demonstrated through reaction of ketones 4a‒k, 6a‒f with ylidenemalononitrile 3 in the presence of sodium alkoxide. Meanwhile, nucleophilic attack of amines on 2-bromonicotinonitrile 9 (obtained through reaction of propenone 8 with malononitrile, followed by bromination with bromine in acetic acid) afforded 3-pyridinecarbonitriles 11a‒d. Single crystal X-ray of compound 7i reveals the monoclinic space group C2/c with 8 molecules per unit cell. Optimized structure of 7i [DFT/B3LYP, 6-31G(d,p)] shows close correlations to that of X-ray study. Compound 5l seems superior among all the synthesized analogues exhibiting bronchodilation properties about three folds potency compared to theophylline (standard reference) through pre-contracted tracheal rings with histamine standard method. Also compound 5a reveals promising observations (about two folds potency of the standard reference). Molecular modeling studies (3D-pharmacophore and 2D-QSAR) supported the observed biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Soliman
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Siva S Panda
- Department of Chemistry & Physics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Marian N Aziz
- Pesticide Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - ElSayed M Shalaby
- X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, Physics Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Nawal Mishriky
- Pesticide Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Fahmy M Asaad
- Pesticide Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Adel S Girgis
- Pesticide Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt.
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25
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Filatov AS, Knyazev NA, Molchanov AP, Panikorovsky TL, Kostikov RR, Larina AG, Boitsov VM, Stepakov AV. Synthesis of Functionalized 3-Spiro[cyclopropa[a]pyrrolizine]- and 3-Spiro[3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane]oxindoles from Cyclopropenes and Azomethine Ylides via [3 + 2]-Cycloaddition. J Org Chem 2017; 82:959-975. [PMID: 28004934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
3-Spiro[cyclopropa[a]pyrrolizine]- and 3-spiro[3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane]oxindoles were prepared in moderate to high yields via one-pot three-component reactions using substituted isatins, α-amino acids, and cyclopropenes. The key step is an intramolecular [3 + 2]-cycloaddition reaction of an in situ generated azomethine ylide onto a cyclopropene. Both N-substituted and N-unsubstituted α-amino acids, dipeptide Gly-Gly, and also benzylamine were used as the amine component for the azomethine ylide generation. The anticancer activity of some of the obtained compounds against human leukemia K562 cell line was evaluated by flow cytometry in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Filatov
- Saint-Petersburg State University , 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Nickolay A Knyazev
- Saint-Petersburg Academic University - Nanotechnology Research and Education Centre RAS , ul. Khlopina 8/3, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russian Federation.,Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Science , Tikhoretsky pr. 4, St. Petersburg 194064, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander P Molchanov
- Saint-Petersburg State University , 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Taras L Panikorovsky
- Saint-Petersburg State University , 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Rafael R Kostikov
- Saint-Petersburg State University , 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Anna G Larina
- Saint-Petersburg State University , 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Vitali M Boitsov
- Saint-Petersburg Academic University - Nanotechnology Research and Education Centre RAS , ul. Khlopina 8/3, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russian Federation.,Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University , ul. L'va Tolstogo 6/8, St. Petersburg 197022, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander V Stepakov
- Saint-Petersburg State University , 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation.,Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory , ul. Karbysheva 7, St. Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
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26
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Faidallah HM, Panda SS, Serrano JC, Girgis AS, Khan KA, Alamry KA, Therathanakorn T, Meyers MJ, Sverdrup FM, Eickhoff CS, Getchell SG, Katritzky AR. Synthesis, antimalarial properties and 2D-QSAR studies of novel triazole-quinine conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3527-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Panda SS, Detistov OS, Girgis AS, Mohapatra PP, Samir A, Katritzky AR. Synthesis and molecular modeling of antimicrobial active fluoroquinolone–pyrazine conjugates with amino acid linkers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2198-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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28
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Ismail NSM, George RF, Serya RAT, Baselious FN, El-Manawaty M, Shalaby EM, Girgis AS. Rational design, synthesis and 2D-QSAR studies of antiproliferative tropane-based compounds. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21486j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel tropane-based compounds were synthesized exhibiting antiproliferative properties against HepG2 and MCF7 carcinoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser S. M. Ismail
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Industries
- Future University
- Cairo 12311
- Egypt
| | - Riham F. George
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Cairo University
- Cairo
- Egypt
| | - Rabah A. T. Serya
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Ain Shams University
- Cairo
- Egypt
| | - Fady N. Baselious
- Research and Development Department
- Global Napi Pharmaceuticals
- 6th October City
- Egypt
| | - May El-Manawaty
- Pharmacognosy Department
- National Research Centre
- Giza 12622
- Egypt
| | - ElSayed M. Shalaby
- X-Ray Crystallography Lab
- Physics Division
- National Research Centre
- Giza 12622
- Egypt
| | - Adel S. Girgis
- Pesticide Chemistry Department
- National Research Centre
- Giza 12622
- Egypt
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29
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George RF, Panda SS, Shalaby ESM, Srour AM, Farag ISA, Girgis AS. Synthesis and molecular modeling studies of indole-based antitumor agents. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07061b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Potent antitumor active (HeLa, cervical carcinoma cell line) indole-based compounds were synthesized via azomethine ylide 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with 3,5-arylidene-4-piperidones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riham F. George
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Cairo University
- Cairo
- Egypt
| | - Siva S. Panda
- Department of Chemistry & Physics
- Augusta University
- Augusta
- USA
| | - El-Sayed M. Shalaby
- X-Ray Crystallography Lab
- Physics Division
- National Research Centre
- Giza 12622
- Egypt
| | - Aladdin M. Srour
- Therapeutical Chemistry Department
- National Research Centre
- Giza 12622
- Egypt
| | - I. S. Ahmed Farag
- X-Ray Crystallography Lab
- Physics Division
- National Research Centre
- Giza 12622
- Egypt
| | - Adel S. Girgis
- Pesticide Chemistry Department
- National Research Centre
- Giza 12622
- Egypt
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30
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Shalaby EM, Girgis AS, Farag H, Mabied AF, Fitch AN. Synthesis, X-ray powder diffraction and DFT calculations of vasorelaxant active 3-(arylmethylidene)pyrrolidine-2,5-diones. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24302a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two 3-(arylmethylidene)pyrrolidine-2,5-diones, 12a and 12b, were synthesized and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction utilizing a high-resolution synchrotron X-ray powder technique as well as DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- ElSayed M. Shalaby
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility
- 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9
- France
- X-Ray Crystallography Lab
- Physics Division
| | - Adel S. Girgis
- Pesticide Chemistry Department
- National Research Centre
- Dokki
- Egypt
| | - Hanaa Farag
- Pesticide Chemistry Department
- National Research Centre
- Dokki
- Egypt
| | - Ahmed F. Mabied
- X-Ray Crystallography Lab
- Physics Division
- National Research Centre
- Dokki
- Egypt
| | - Andrew N. Fitch
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility
- 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9
- France
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31
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Ibrahim MA, Panda SS, Oliferenko AA, Oliferenko PV, Girgis AS, Elagawany M, Küçükbay FZ, Panda CS, Pillai GG, Samir A, Tämm K, Hall CD, Katritzky AR. Macrocyclic peptidomimetics with antimicrobial activity: synthesis, bioassay, and molecular modeling studies. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:9492-503. [PMID: 26256838 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01400j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel, cyclic peptidomimetics were synthesized by facile acylation reactions using benzotriazole chemistry. Microbiological testing of the synthesized compounds revealed an exceptionally high activity against Candida albicans with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) two orders of magnitude lower than the MIC of the antifungal reference drug amphotericin B. A strikingly high activity was also observed against three Gram-negative bacterial strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus vulgaris), two of which are known human pathogens. Thus the discovered chemotype is a potential polypharmacological agent. The toxicity against mammalian tumor cells was found to be low, as demonstrated in five different human cell lines (HeLa, cervical; PC-3, prostate; MCF-7, breast; HepG2, liver; and HCT-116, colon). The internal consistency of the experimental data was studied using 3D-pharmacophore and 2D-QSAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA.
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32
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Panda SS, Liaqat S, Girgis AS, Samir A, Hall CD, Katritzky AR. Novel antibacterial active quinolone-fluoroquinolone conjugates and 2D-QSAR studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3816-21. [PMID: 26253630 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Novel, quinolone-fluoroquinolone conjugates 10a-f, 11a-f, 13a-f and 14a-f with amino acid linkers were synthesized in good yields utilizing benzotriazole chemistry. Antibacterial bioassay showed the synthesized bis-conjugates exhibit anti-bacterial properties comparable with the parent drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva S Panda
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA; Department of Chemistry & Physics, Georgia Reagents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Sumaira Liaqat
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA; Department of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Adel S Girgis
- Pesticide Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Samir
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - C Dennis Hall
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA
| | - Alan R Katritzky
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA
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