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Lohith TG, Kaittanis C, Belanger AP, Ahn SH, Sandoval P, Cohen L, Rajarshi G, Ruangsiriluk W, Islam R, Winkelmann CT, McQuade P. Radiosynthesis and Early Evaluation of a Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Probe [ 18F]AGAL Targeting Alpha-Galactosidase A Enzyme for Fabry Disease. Molecules 2023; 28:7144. [PMID: 37894622 PMCID: PMC10609273 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Success of gene therapy relies on the durable expression and activity of transgene in target tissues. In vivo molecular imaging approaches using positron emission tomography (PET) can non-invasively measure magnitude, location, and durability of transgene expression via direct transgene or indirect reporter gene imaging in target tissues, providing the most proximal PK/PD biomarker for gene therapy trials. Herein, we report the radiosynthesis of a novel PET tracer [18F]AGAL, targeting alpha galactosidase A (α-GAL), a lysosomal enzyme deficient in Fabry disease, and evaluation of its selectivity, specificity, and pharmacokinetic properties in vitro. [18F]AGAL was synthesized via a Cu-catalyzed click reaction between fluorinated pentyne and an aziridine-based galactopyranose precursor with a high yield of 110 mCi, high radiochemical purity of >97% and molar activity of 6 Ci/µmol. The fluorinated AGAL probe showed high α-GAL affinity with IC50 of 30 nM, high pharmacological selectivity (≥50% inhibition on >160 proteins), and suitable pharmacokinetic properties (moderate to low clearance and stability in plasma across species). In vivo [18F]AGAL PET imaging in mice showed high uptake in peripheral organs with rapid renal clearance. These promising results encourage further development of this PET tracer for in vivo imaging of α-GAL expression in target tissues affected by Fabry disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talakad G. Lohith
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (C.K.); (P.S.); (L.C.); (G.R.); (W.R.); (R.I.); (C.T.W.); (P.M.)
| | - Charalambos Kaittanis
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (C.K.); (P.S.); (L.C.); (G.R.); (W.R.); (R.I.); (C.T.W.); (P.M.)
| | - Anthony P. Belanger
- Molecular Cancer Imaging Facility, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02210, USA; (A.P.B.); (S.H.A.)
| | - Shin Hye Ahn
- Molecular Cancer Imaging Facility, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02210, USA; (A.P.B.); (S.H.A.)
| | - Phil Sandoval
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (C.K.); (P.S.); (L.C.); (G.R.); (W.R.); (R.I.); (C.T.W.); (P.M.)
| | - Lawrence Cohen
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (C.K.); (P.S.); (L.C.); (G.R.); (W.R.); (R.I.); (C.T.W.); (P.M.)
| | - Girija Rajarshi
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (C.K.); (P.S.); (L.C.); (G.R.); (W.R.); (R.I.); (C.T.W.); (P.M.)
| | - Wanida Ruangsiriluk
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (C.K.); (P.S.); (L.C.); (G.R.); (W.R.); (R.I.); (C.T.W.); (P.M.)
| | - Rizwana Islam
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (C.K.); (P.S.); (L.C.); (G.R.); (W.R.); (R.I.); (C.T.W.); (P.M.)
| | - Christopher T. Winkelmann
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (C.K.); (P.S.); (L.C.); (G.R.); (W.R.); (R.I.); (C.T.W.); (P.M.)
| | - Paul McQuade
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (C.K.); (P.S.); (L.C.); (G.R.); (W.R.); (R.I.); (C.T.W.); (P.M.)
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2
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Revealing 2-Dimethylhydrazino-2-alkyl alkynyl sphingosine derivatives as Sphingosine Kinase 2 inhibitors: some hints on the structural basis for selective inhibition. Bioorg Chem 2022; 121:105668. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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3
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Arachchige SS, Crich D. Side Chain Conformation and Its Influence on Glycosylation Selectivity in Hexo- and Higher Carbon Furanosides. J Org Chem 2022; 87:316-339. [PMID: 34905382 PMCID: PMC8741747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis and side chain conformational analysis of a series of four 6-deoxy-2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl hexofuranosyl donors with the d-gluco, l-ido, d-altro, and l-galacto configurations. The conformation of the exocyclic bond of these compounds depends on the relative configuration of the point of attachment of the side chain to the ring and of the two flanking centers and can be predicted on that basis analogously to the heptopyranose analogs. Variable-temperature nuclear magnetic resonance (VT NMR) spectroscopy of the activated donors reveals complex, configuration-dependent mixtures of intermediates that we interpret in terms of fused and bridged oxonium ions arising from participation by the various benzyl ethers. The increased importance of ether participation in the furanoside series compared to the pyranosides is discussed in terms of the reduced stabilization afforded to furanosyl oxocarbenium ions by covalent triflate formation. The stereoselectivities of the four donors are discussed on the basis of the benzyl ether participation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameera Siyabalapitiya Arachchige
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - David Crich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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4
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Fang H, Peng B, Ong SY, Wu Q, Li L, Yao SQ. Recent advances in activity-based probes (ABPs) and affinity-based probes (A fBPs) for profiling of enzymes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8288-8310. [PMID: 34221311 PMCID: PMC8221178 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01359a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) is a technique that uses highly selective active-site targeted chemical probes to label and monitor the state of proteins. ABPP integrates the strengths of both chemical and biological disciplines. By utilizing chemically synthesized or modified bioactive molecules, ABPP is able to reveal complex physiological and pathological enzyme-substrate interactions at molecular and cellular levels. It is also able to provide critical information of the catalytic activity changes of enzymes, annotate new functions of enzymes, discover new substrates of enzymes, and allow real-time monitoring of the cellular location of enzymes. Based on the mechanism of probe-enzyme interaction, two types of probes that have been used in ABPP are activity-based probes (ABPs) and affinity-based probes (AfBPs). This review highlights the recent advances in the use of ABPs and AfBPs, and summarizes their design strategies (based on inhibitors and substrates) and detection approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiao Fang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Bo Peng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University 127 West Youyi Road Xi'an 710072 P. R. China
| | - Sing Yee Ong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 4 Science Drive 2 117544 Singapore
| | - Qiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Shao Q Yao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 4 Science Drive 2 117544 Singapore
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5
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Artola M, Wouters S, Schröder SP, de Boer C, Chen Y, Petracca R, van den Nieuwendijk AMCH, Aerts JMFG, van der Marel GA, Codée JDC, Overkleeft HS. Direct Stereoselective Aziridination of Cyclohexenols with 3-Amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4(3 H)-one in the Synthesis of Cyclitol Aziridine Glycosidase Inhibitors. European J Org Chem 2019; 2019:1397-1404. [PMID: 31787842 PMCID: PMC6876648 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophellitol aziridine and its configurational and functional isomers are powerful covalent inhibitors of retaining glycosidases, and find application in fundamental studies on glycosidases, amongst others in relation to inherited lysosomal storage disorders caused by glycosidase malfunctioning. Few direct and stereoselective aziridination methodologies are known for the synthesis of cyclophellitol aziridines. Herein, we present our studies on the scope of direct 3‐amino‐2‐(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin‐4(3H)‐one‐mediated aziridination on a variety of configurational and functional cyclohexenol isosters. We demonstrate that the aziridination can be directed by an allylic or homoallylic hydroxyl through H‐bonding and that steric hindrance plays a key role in the diastereoselectivity of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Artola
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Shirley Wouters
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Sybrin P Schröder
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Casper de Boer
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Yurong Chen
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Rita Petracca
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | | | - Johannes M F G Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert A van der Marel
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D C Codée
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
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6
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Tangara S, Aupic C, Kanazawa A, Poisson JF, Py S. Aziridination of Cyclic Nitrones Targeting Constrained Iminosugars. Org Lett 2017; 19:4842-4845. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salia Tangara
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, DCM, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, DCM, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Clara Aupic
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, DCM, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, DCM, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Alice Kanazawa
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, DCM, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, DCM, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-François Poisson
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, DCM, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, DCM, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sandrine Py
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, DCM, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, DCM, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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7
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Marques ARA, Willems LI, Herrera Moro D, Florea BI, Scheij S, Ottenhoff R, van Roomen CPAA, Verhoek M, Nelson JK, Kallemeijn WW, Biela-Banas A, Martin OR, Cachón-González MB, Kim NN, Cox TM, Boot RG, Overkleeft HS, Aerts JMFG. A Specific Activity-Based Probe to Monitor Family GH59 Galactosylceramidase, the Enzyme Deficient in Krabbe Disease. Chembiochem 2017; 18:402-412. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André R. A. Marques
- Department of Biochemistry; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Meibergdreef 15 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Present address: Institute of Biochemistry; Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Otto-Hahn-Platz 9 24098 Kiel Germany
| | - Lianne I. Willems
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis; Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteeinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
- Present address: Department of Chemistry; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby V5A 1S6 BC Canada
| | - Daniela Herrera Moro
- Department of Biochemistry; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Meibergdreef 15 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bogdan I. Florea
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis; Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteeinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Scheij
- Department of Biochemistry; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Meibergdreef 15 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Roelof Ottenhoff
- Department of Biochemistry; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Meibergdreef 15 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Cindy P. A. A. van Roomen
- Department of Biochemistry; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Meibergdreef 15 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marri Verhoek
- Department of Biochemistry; Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Jessica K. Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Meibergdreef 15 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Wouter W. Kallemeijn
- Department of Biochemistry; Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Anna Biela-Banas
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry; Université D'Orléans; Rue de Chartres B. P. 6759 45100 Orléans France
| | - Olivier R. Martin
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry; Université D'Orléans; Rue de Chartres B. P. 6759 45100 Orléans France
| | - M. Begoña Cachón-González
- Department of Medicine; University of Cambridge; Addenbrooke's Hospital; Hills Road Cambridge CB2 2QQ UK
| | - Nee Na Kim
- Department of Medicine; University of Cambridge; Addenbrooke's Hospital; Hills Road Cambridge CB2 2QQ UK
| | - Timothy M. Cox
- Department of Medicine; University of Cambridge; Addenbrooke's Hospital; Hills Road Cambridge CB2 2QQ UK
| | - Rolf G. Boot
- Department of Biochemistry; Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis; Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteeinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M. F. G. Aerts
- Department of Biochemistry; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Meibergdreef 15 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry; Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
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8
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Silva S, Maycock CD. Chemoenzymatic preparation of optically active cyclic 4-hydroxy-acylaziridines. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00254h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly enantioselective chemoenzymatic route to cyclic 4-hydroxyacylaziridines is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saúl Silva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
- 2780-157 Oeiras
- Portugal
| | - Christopher D. Maycock
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
- 2780-157 Oeiras
- Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa
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9
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10
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Jiang J, Kuo CL, Wu L, Franke C, Kallemeijn W, Florea BI, van Meel E, van der Marel GA, Codée JDC, Boot RG, Davies GJ, Overkleeft HS, Aerts JMFG. Detection of Active Mammalian GH31 α-Glucosidases in Health and Disease Using In-Class, Broad-Spectrum Activity-Based Probes. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2016; 2:351-8. [PMID: 27280170 PMCID: PMC4882745 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of small molecule activity-based probes (ABPs) is an evolving and powerful area of chemistry. There is a major need for synthetically accessible and specific ABPs to advance our understanding of enzymes in health and disease. α-Glucosidases are involved in diverse physiological processes including carbohydrate assimilation in the gastrointestinal tract, glycoprotein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and intralysosomal glycogen catabolism. Inherited deficiency of the lysosomal acid α-glucosidase (GAA) causes the lysosomal glycogen storage disorder, Pompe disease. Here, we design a synthetic route for fluorescent and biotin-modified ABPs for in vitro and in situ monitoring of α-glucosidases. We show, through mass spectrometry, gel electrophoresis, and X-ray crystallography, that α-glucopyranose configured cyclophellitol aziridines label distinct retaining α-glucosidases including GAA and ER α-glucosidase II, and that this labeling can be tuned by pH. We illustrate a direct diagnostic application in Pompe disease patient cells, and discuss how the probes may be further exploited for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbing Jiang
- Department
of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chi-Lin Kuo
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Liang Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10
5DD, U.K.
| | - Christian Franke
- Department
of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter
W. Kallemeijn
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bogdan I. Florea
- Department
of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eline van Meel
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert A. van der Marel
- Department
of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Department
of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf G. Boot
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gideon J. Davies
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10
5DD, U.K.
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Department
of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
| | - Johannes M. F. G. Aerts
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
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11
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Jiang J, Artola M, Beenakker TJM, Schröder SP, Petracca R, de Boer C, Aerts JMFG, van der Marel GA, Codée JDC, Overkleeft HS. The Synthesis of Cyclophellitol-Aziridine and Its Configurational and Functional Isomers. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbing Jiang
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis; Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Marta Artola
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis; Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J. M. Beenakker
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis; Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Sybrin P. Schröder
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis; Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Rita Petracca
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis; Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Casper de Boer
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis; Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M. F. G. Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert A. van der Marel
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis; Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis; Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis; Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
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