1
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Lin H, Hu X, Han B, Yang X, Deng Y, Luo J, Ge Y, Mao B, Wang C, Yuan C. Facile Synthesis of Quinoline-Substituted 3-Hydroxy-2-oxindoles and 3-Amino-2-oxindoles via a Palladium-Catalyzed Cascade Intramolecular Cyclization/Intermolecular Nucleophilic Addition Reaction. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3413-3418. [PMID: 38377573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
An efficient cascade intramolecular cyclization/intermolecular nucleophilic addition reaction of allenyl benzoxazinone with isatin or isatin-derived ketimine has been established by using Pd0-π-Lewis base catalysis. A series of 3-hydroxy-2-oxindoles and 3-amino-2-oxindoles with quaternary carbon atoms at the C3 position were synthesized in good yields under mild conditions through this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Lin
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271016, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xinyan Hu
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271016, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Bing Han
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271016, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xianru Yang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271016, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yiwei Deng
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271016, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Jiayi Luo
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271016, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yanqing Ge
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271016, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Biming Mao
- Pharmacy College, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Chang Wang
- Pharmacy College, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Chunhao Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271016, Shandong, P. R. China
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2
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Wu XX, He Y, Qiao XX, Ma T, Zou CP, Li G, Zhao XJ. Organocatalyzed Enantioselective Aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman Reaction of Cyclic Ketimine with α,β-Unsaturated γ-Butyrolactam. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37157120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselective aza-MBH reaction is an efficient strategy for constructing novel carbon-carbon bonds, providing access to multitudinous chiral densely functionalized MBH products. However, the enantioselective aza-MBH reaction of cyclic-ketimines that would generate a versatile synthon is still missing and challenging. Herein, we developed a challenging direct organocatalytic asymmetric aza-MBH reaction involving cyclic ketimines attached to a neutral functional group. Moreover, the α,β-unsaturated γ-butyrolactam was utilized as a rare nucleophile alkene in this work. The reactions provide enantiomerically enriched 2-alkenyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ones, bearing with a tetra-substituted stereogenic center. Moreover, this reaction features high α-selectivities, high enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee), and good yields (up to 80%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Xi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yonghui He
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiu-Xiu Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Chang-Peng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ganpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
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3
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He HJ, Wang RQ, Wan LX, Zhou LY, Li HY, Li GB, Xiao YC, Chen FE. Organocatalytic Asymmetric Morita-Baylis-Hillman Reaction of Isatins with Vinyl Sulfones. J Org Chem 2023; 88:3802-3807. [PMID: 36822154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c03073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The organocatalytic asymmetric Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) reaction of isatin derivatives with various vinyl sulfones is disclosed. Chiral sulfone-containing 3-hydroxyoxindoles were produced in good to high yields and with good to high ee's. This report displays an unprecedented example to apply activated alkenes with sulfone moiety other than carbonyl groups in asymmetric MBH reactions and provides an efficient strategy to incorporate the sulfone functional group for the synthesis of chiral 3-hydroxyoxindoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jiao He
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Rui-Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lin-Xi Wan
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li-Yan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hong-Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guo-Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - You-Cai Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fen-Er Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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4
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Azaz T, Mourya H, Singh V, Ram B, Tiwari B. Reductive Alkenylation of Ketimines via Hydride Transfer from Aldehydes. J Org Chem 2023; 88:632-639. [PMID: 36475729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The first direct N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed preparation of allylic amines bearing a quaternary center (α-tertiary amine) from isatin-derived ketimines in the presence of vinyl selenones and aldehydes is reported. This multicomponent reaction is expected to proceed via unprecedented in situ reduction of imines through a hydride transfer from the aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tazeen Azaz
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS-Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Hemlata Mourya
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS-Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Vikram Singh
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS-Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Bali Ram
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Bhoopendra Tiwari
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS-Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India
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5
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Meng Y, Chen L, Li EQ. Recent Advances in Lewis Base-Catalysed Chemo-, Diastereo- and Enantiodivergent Reactions of Electron-deficient Olefins and Alkynes. CHEM REC 2021; 22:e202100276. [PMID: 34962071 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Lewis base catalysis provides powerful synthetic strategies for the selective construction of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Thus continuous efforts have been deployed to develop effective methodologies involving Lewis base catalysis. The nucleophilicity and steric hindrance of Lewis base catalyst often plays a major role in catalytic reactivity and selectivity in the reaction. In the past decades, tremendous progress has been made in the divergent construction of valuable motifs under Lewis base catalysis. In this review, we provide a comprehensive and updated summary of Lewis base-catalysed chemo-, diastereo- and enantiodivergent reaction, as well as the related mechanism will be highlighted in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinggao Meng
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Lihui Chen
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Er-Qing Li
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
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6
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Kaur J, Preet Kaur B, Islam N, Chauhan P, Singh Chimni S. Stereoselective Mannich Reaction of
α
‐Acetoxy‐
β
‐keto Esters with Isatin Imine: An Efficient Access to Vicinal Tetra‐Substituted Stereocenters. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasneet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry Khalsa College Amritsar 143001 India
| | - Banni Preet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, U.G.C. Centre of Advance Studies in Chemistry Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar 143005 India
| | - Nasarul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. Degree College Bandipora 193502 India
| | - Pankaj Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jagti PO Nagrota, NH-44 Jammu 181 221 India
| | - Swapandeep Singh Chimni
- Department of Chemistry, U.G.C. Centre of Advance Studies in Chemistry Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar 143005 India
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7
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Xu C, Reep C, Jarvis J, Naumann B, Captain B, Takenaka N. Asymmetric Catalytic Ketimine Mannich Reactions and Related Transformations. Catalysts 2021; 11:712. [PMID: 34745653 PMCID: PMC8570560 DOI: 10.3390/catal11060712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The catalytic enantioselective ketimine Mannich and its related reactions provide direct access to chiral building blocks bearing an α-tertiary amine stereogenic center, a ubiquitous structural motif in nature. Although ketimines are often viewed as challenging electrophiles, various approaches/strategies to circumvent or overcome the adverse properties of ketimines have been developed for these transformations. This review showcases the selected examples that highlight the benefits and utilities of various ketimines and remaining challenges associated with them in the context of Mannich, allylation, and aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman reactions as well as their variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changgong Xu
- Chemistry Program, Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901-6975, USA
| | - Carlyn Reep
- Chemistry Program, Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901-6975, USA
| | - Jamielyn Jarvis
- Chemistry Program, Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901-6975, USA
| | - Brandon Naumann
- Chemistry Program, Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901-6975, USA
| | - Burjor Captain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146-0431, USA
| | - Norito Takenaka
- Chemistry Program, Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901-6975, USA
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8
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Li G, Liu M, Zou S, Feng X, Lin L. A Bispidine-Based Chiral Amine Catalyst for Asymmetric Mannich Reaction of Ketones with Isatin Ketimines. Org Lett 2020; 22:8708-8713. [PMID: 33074003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A unique chiral amine organocatalyst with a bispidine structure was found to be efficient for the diastereo- and enantioselective Mannich reaction of isatin ketimines with ketones. A series of 3-substituted 3-amino-2-oxindoles bearing vicinal tertiary and quaternary chiral stereogenic centers were obtained in excellent yields with excellent dr and ee values. The gram-scale synthesis and transformation of the product showed the practicability of this methodology. In addition, a possible transition state model was proposed to explain the origin of the stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonglin Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Mohuizi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Sijia Zou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Lili Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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9
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Takizawa S. Organocatalytic Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Heterocycles by Enantioselective aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman-Type Domino Reactions. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:299-315. [PMID: 32238648 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c19-00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Organocatalytic enantioselective domino reactions are an extremely attractive methodology, as their use enables the construction of complex chiral skeletons from readily available starting materials in two or more steps by a single operation under mild reaction conditions. Thus, these reactions can save both the quantity of chemicals and length of time typically required for the isolation and/or purification of synthetic intermediates. Additionally, no metal contamination of the products occurs, given that organocatalysts include no expensive or toxic metals. The aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman (aza-MBH) reaction is an atom-economical carbon-carbon bond-forming reaction between α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds and imines mediated by Lewis base (LB) catalysts, such as nucleophilic phosphines and amines. aza-MBH products are functionalized chiral β-amino acid derivatives that are highly valuable as pharmaceutical raw materials. Although various enantioselective aza-MBH processes have been investigated, very few studies of aza-MBH-type domino reactions have been reported due to the complexity of the aza-MBH process, which involves a Michael/Mannich/H-transfer/β-elimination sequence. Accordingly, in this review article, our recent efforts in the development of enantioselective domino reactions initiated by MBH processes are described. In the domino reactions, chiral organocatalysts bearing Brønsted acid (BA) and/or LB units impart synergistic activation to substrates, leading to the easy synthesis of highly functionalized heterocycles (some of which have tetrasubstituted and/or quaternary carbon stereocenters) in high yield and enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Takizawa
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Artificial Intelligence Research Center, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University
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10
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Gui H, Jangra H, Mao B, Wang T, Yi H, Xu Q, Wei Y, Zipse H, Shi M. Construction of α,α‐disubstituted α‐Amino Acid Derivatives
via
aza‐Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman Reactions of 2‐Aminoacrylates with Activated Olefins. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hou‐Ze Gui
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry & Molecular EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Meilong Road No. 130 200237 Shanghai China
| | - Harish Jangra
- Department of ChemistryLMU München Butenandtstrasse 5–13 81377 München Germany
| | - Ben Mao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry & Molecular EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Meilong Road No. 130 200237 Shanghai China
| | - Tian‐Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry & Molecular EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Meilong Road No. 130 200237 Shanghai China
| | - Heng Yi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry & Molecular EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Meilong Road No. 130 200237 Shanghai China
| | - Qin Xu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry & Molecular EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Meilong Road No. 130 200237 Shanghai China
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Linglin Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department of ChemistryLMU München Butenandtstrasse 5–13 81377 München Germany
| | - Min Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry & Molecular EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Meilong Road No. 130 200237 Shanghai China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Linglin Lu Shanghai 200032 China
- Shenzhen Grubbs InstituteSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518000 Guangdong China
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11
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Franc M, Urban M, Císařová I, Veselý J. Highly enantioselective addition of sulfur-containing heterocycles to isatin-derived ketimines. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:7309-7314. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01338e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report a highly stereoselective addition of sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds to isatin-derived ketimines efficiently catalyzed by cinchonidine-derived bifunctional tertiary aminothiourea (1 mol%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Franc
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Charles University
- 12843 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - Michal Urban
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Charles University
- 12843 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Charles University
- 12843 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - Jan Veselý
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Charles University
- 12843 Prague
- Czech Republic
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12
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Pellissier H. Synthesis of chiral 3-substituted 3-amino-2-oxindoles through enantioselective catalytic nucleophilic additions to isatin imines. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:1349-1369. [PMID: 29977400 PMCID: PMC6009130 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review collects the recent developments in the synthesis of chiral 3-substituted 3-amino-2-oxindoles based on enantioselective catalytic nucleophilic additions to isatin imines published since the beginning of 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Pellissier
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
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13
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Urban M, Franc M, Hofmanová M, Císařová I, Veselý J. The enantioselective addition of 1-fluoro-1-nitro(phenylsulfonyl)methane to isatin-derived ketimines. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:9071-9076. [PMID: 29083001 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02408h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
An asymmetric organocatalytic addition of fluorinated phenylsulfonylnitromethane to isatin-derived ketimines was developed. The reaction was efficiently catalyzed by a chiral tertiary amine, cinchonine. This methodology provides a new type of optically active compound with two adjacent quaternary carbon stereocenters in good yield (up to 96%), with moderate diastereoselectivity (up to 5.7 : 1 dr) and excellent enantioselectivity (up to 98/96% ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Urban
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - M Franc
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - M Hofmanová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - I Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Veselý
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic.
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14
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Maity S, Sar S, Ghorai P. Primary Aminothiourea-Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of Rauhut-Currier Adducts of 3-Arylcyclohexenone with a Tethered Enone on the Aryl Moiety at the Ortho-Position. Org Lett 2018; 20:1707-1711. [PMID: 29558154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An enantioselective synthesis of Rauhut-Currier (RC) adducts from 3-aryl cyclohexenone with a tethered enone moiety at the ortho-position on the aryl group is accomplished. This method provides a wide range of valuable synthetic building blocks having a unique [6-5-6] all-carbon-fused tricyclic skeleton. A primary amine-containing thiourea, a bifunctional organocatalyst, was found to be an efficient catalyst for this transformation. The primary amine counterpart of the catalyst possibly activates the aliphatic enone via dienamine formation (HOMO activation), whereas the thiourea counterpart activates the tethered enone (LUMO activation). Considering the difficulty in achieving an RC reaction of β,β-disubstituted (alkyl and aryl) enones, this method would be significantly rewarding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal , Bhopal By-pass Road , Bhauri, Bhopal - 462066 , India
| | - Suman Sar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal , Bhopal By-pass Road , Bhauri, Bhopal - 462066 , India
| | - Prasanta Ghorai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal , Bhopal By-pass Road , Bhauri, Bhopal - 462066 , India
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15
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Mohammadi Ziarani G, Moradi R, Lashgari N. Asymmetric synthesis of chiral oxindoles using isatin as starting material. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Zhu JY, Yang WL, Liu YZ, Shang SJ, Deng WP. A copper(i)-catalyzed asymmetric Mannich reaction of glycine Schiff bases with isatin-derived ketimines: enantioselective synthesis of 3-substituted 3-aminooxindoles. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00691h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a copper/Ph-Phosferrox-catalyzed asymmetric Mannich reaction of Schiff bases with isatin-derived ketimines to prepare 3-substituted 3-aminooxindoles with excellent results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Wu-Lin Yang
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Yang-Zi Liu
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Shao-Jing Shang
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Wei-Ping Deng
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
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17
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Kaur J, Chimni SS. Catalytic synthesis of 3-aminooxindoles via addition to isatin imine: an update. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:3328-3347. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob03002a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
3-Substituted-3-aminooxindoles have attracted the attention of organic chemist to develop different synthetic methodologies for their synthesis using catalysts. This review covers the recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasneet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry
- U.G.C. Centre of Advance Study-II
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar
- India
| | - Swapandeep Singh Chimni
- Department of Chemistry
- U.G.C. Centre of Advance Study-II
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar
- India
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18
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Zhong NJ, Wang YZ, Cheng L, Wang D, Liu L. Recent advances in the annulation of Morita–Baylis–Hillman adducts. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:5214-5227. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00929e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize some of the most recent advances in the construction of cyclic compounds from the annulation of Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) adducts, which have demonstrated their importance by possessing diverse functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng-Jun Zhong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yi-Zhan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Liang Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Dong Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Li Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
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19
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He Q, Du W, Chen YC. Asymmetric [3+2] Annulations to Construct 1,2-Bispirooxindoles Incorporating a Dihydropyrrolidine Motif. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing He
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Chun Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 People's Republic of China
- College of Pharmacy; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing 400038 People's Republic of China
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20
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Pellissier H. Recent developments in the asymmetric organocatalytic Morita−Baylis−Hillman reaction. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Kaur J, Kumari A, Bhardwaj VK, Chimni SS. Chiral Squaramide-Catalyzed Enantioselective Decarboxylative Addition of β-Keto Acids to Isatin Imines. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasneet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, U.G.C. Centre of Advance Studies in Chemistry; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar 143005 India
| | - Anita Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, U.G.C. Centre of Advance Studies in Chemistry; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar 143005 India
| | - Vimal K. Bhardwaj
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Ropar; Nangal Road Rupnagar 140001 India
| | - Swapandeep Singh Chimni
- Department of Chemistry, U.G.C. Centre of Advance Studies in Chemistry; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar 143005 India
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22
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Cheng C, Lu X, Ge L, Chen J, Cao W, Wu X, Zhao G. Effective asymmetric vinylogous Mannich reaction of isatin imines with α,α-dicyanoolefins in the presence of a simple chiral amide phosphonium bifunctional phase transfer catalyst. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00546b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A Mannich reaction between N-Boc isatin imine and α,α-dicyanoolefin as well as subsequent oxidative cleavage of the malonic nitrile moiety were described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Xuehe Lu
- Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Luo Ge
- Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Weiguo Cao
- Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances
| | - Gang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
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23
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Ngo TTD, Kishi K, Sako M, Shigenobu M, Bournaud C, Toffano M, Guillot R, Baltaze JP, Takizawa S, Sasai H, Vo-Thanh G. Organocatalyzed [4+2] Annulation of All-Carbon Tetrasubstituted Alkenes with Allenoates: Synthesis of Highly Functionalized 2H
- and 4H
-Pyran Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Thuy-Duong Ngo
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, ICMMO. UMR 8182. Laboratoire de Catalyse Moléculaire; Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay; 91405 Orsay Cedex France
| | - Kenta Kishi
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR); Osaka University; Osaka 567-0047 Japan
| | - Makoto Sako
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR); Osaka University; Osaka 567-0047 Japan
| | - Masashi Shigenobu
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR); Osaka University; Osaka 567-0047 Japan
| | - Chloée Bournaud
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, ICMMO. UMR 8182. Laboratoire de Catalyse Moléculaire; Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay; 91405 Orsay Cedex France
| | - Martial Toffano
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, ICMMO. UMR 8182. Laboratoire de Catalyse Moléculaire; Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay; 91405 Orsay Cedex France
| | | | | | - Shinobu Takizawa
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR); Osaka University; Osaka 567-0047 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sasai
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR); Osaka University; Osaka 567-0047 Japan
| | - Giang Vo-Thanh
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, ICMMO. UMR 8182. Laboratoire de Catalyse Moléculaire; Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay; 91405 Orsay Cedex France
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24
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Takenaga N, Adachi S, Furusawa A, Nakamura K, Suzuki N, Ohta Y, Komizu M, Mukai C, Kitagaki S. Planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane-based phosphine-phenol catalysts: application to the aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction of N-sulfonated imines with various vinyl ketones. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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He Q, Zhan G, Du W, Chen YC. Application of 7-azaisatins in enantioselective Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:309-13. [PMID: 26977190 PMCID: PMC4778495 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
7-Azaisatin and 7-azaoxindole skeletons are valuable building blocks in diverse biologically active substances. Here 7-azaisatins turned out to be more efficient electrophiles than the analogous isatins in the enantioselective Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) reactions with maleimides using a bifunctional tertiary amine, β-isocupreidine (β-ICD), as the catalyst. This route allows a convenient approach to access multifunctional 3-hydroxy-7-aza-2-oxindoles with high enantiopurity (up to 94% ee). Other types of activated alkenes, such as acrylates and acrolein, could also be efficiently utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing He
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gu Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ying-Chun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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26
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Bryant LA, Fanelli R, Cobb AJA. Cupreines and cupreidines: an established class of bifunctional cinchona organocatalysts. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:429-43. [PMID: 27340439 PMCID: PMC4901932 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cinchona alkaloids with a free 6'-OH functionality are being increasingly used within asymmetric organocatalysis. This fascinating class of bifunctional catalyst offers a genuine alternative to the more commonly used thiourea systems and because of the different spacing between the functional groups, can control enantioselectivity where other organocatalysts have failed. In the main, this review covers the highlights from the last five years and attempts to show the diversity of reactions that these systems can control. It is hoped that chemists developing asymmetric methodologies will see the value in adding these easily accessible, but underused organocatalysts to their screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Bryant
- School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy (SCFP), University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berks RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Rossana Fanelli
- School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy (SCFP), University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berks RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J A Cobb
- School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy (SCFP), University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berks RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
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27
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Rao KS, Ramesh P, Chowhan LR, Trivedi R. Asymmetric Mannich reaction: highly enantioselective synthesis of 3-amino-oxindoles via chiral squaramide based H-bond donor catalysis. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra16877a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile formation of 3-aminooxindole derivatives from the reaction of 1,3-diketones with isatin (N-Boc) via an asymmetric Mannich reaction catalyzed by chiral cinchona alkaloid based squaramide containing H-bond donor catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadiyala Srinivasa Rao
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
| | - Pambala Ramesh
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
| | - L. Raju Chowhan
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Central University of Gujarat
- Gandhinagar-382030
- India
| | - Rajiv Trivedi
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
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28
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Takizawa S, Kishi K, Yoshida Y, Mader S, Arteaga FA, Lee S, Hoshino M, Rueping M, Fujita M, Sasai H. Phosphine-Catalyzed β,γ-Umpolung Domino Reaction of Allenic Esters: Facile Synthesis of Tetrahydrobenzofuranones Bearing a Chiral Tetrasubstituted Stereogenic Carbon Center. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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29
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Takizawa S, Kishi K, Yoshida Y, Mader S, Arteaga FA, Lee S, Hoshino M, Rueping M, Fujita M, Sasai H. Phosphine‐Catalyzed β,γ‐Umpolung Domino Reaction of Allenic Esters: Facile Synthesis of Tetrahydrobenzofuranones Bearing a Chiral Tetrasubstituted Stereogenic Carbon Center. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:15511-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Takizawa
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki‐shi, Osaka 567‐0047 (Japan) http://www.sanken.osaka‐u.ac.jp/labs/soc/socmain.html
| | - Kenta Kishi
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki‐shi, Osaka 567‐0047 (Japan) http://www.sanken.osaka‐u.ac.jp/labs/soc/socmain.html
| | - Yasushi Yoshida
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki‐shi, Osaka 567‐0047 (Japan) http://www.sanken.osaka‐u.ac.jp/labs/soc/socmain.html
| | - Steffen Mader
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen (Germany)
| | - Fernando Arteaga Arteaga
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki‐shi, Osaka 567‐0047 (Japan) http://www.sanken.osaka‐u.ac.jp/labs/soc/socmain.html
| | - Shoukou Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113‐8656 (Japan)
| | - Manabu Hoshino
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113‐8656 (Japan)
| | - Magnus Rueping
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen (Germany)
| | - Makoto Fujita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113‐8656 (Japan)
| | - Hiroaki Sasai
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki‐shi, Osaka 567‐0047 (Japan) http://www.sanken.osaka‐u.ac.jp/labs/soc/socmain.html
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