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Cooper C, Paul R, Alsaleh A, Washburn S, Rackers W, Kumar S, Nesterov VN, D'Souza F, Vinogradov SA, Wang H. Naphthodithiophene-Fused Porphyrins: Synthesis, Characterization, and Impact of Extended Conjugation on Aromaticity. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302013. [PMID: 37467466 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The fusion of tetrapyrroles with aromatic heterocycles constitutes a useful tool for manipulating their opto-electronic properties. In this work, the synthesis of naphthodithiophene-fused porphyrins was achieved through a Heck reaction-based cascade of steps followed by the Scholl reaction. The naphthodithiophene-fused porphyrins display a unique set of optical and electronic properties. Fusion of the naphtho[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene to porphyrin (F2VTP) leads to a ~20% increase in the fluorescence lifetime, which is accompanied, unexpectedly, by a more than two-fold drop in the emission quantum yield (ϕ=0.018). In contrast, fusion of the isomeric naphtho[1,2-b:4,3-b']dithiophene to porphyrin (F3VPT) results in a ~1.5-fold increase in the fluorescence quantum yield (ϕ=0.13) with a concomitant ~30 % increase in the fluorescence lifetime. This behavior suggests that fusion of the porphyrin with the naphthodithiopheno-system mainly affects the radiative rate constant in the Q-state deactivation pathway, where the effects of the isomeric naphtho[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene- versus naphtho[1,2-b:4,3-b']dithiophene-fusion are essentially the opposite. Interestingly, nucleus-independent chemical shifts analysis revealed a considerable difference between the aromaticities of these two isomeric systems. Our results demonstrate that subtle structural differences in the fused components of the porphyrin can be reflected in rather significant differences between the photophysical properties of the resulting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Ros Paul
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine and Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ajyal Alsaleh
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Spenser Washburn
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - William Rackers
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Siddhartha Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | | | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Sergei A Vinogradov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine and Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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2
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Vinoth Kumar V, Gayathri P, Sankar R, Arunamaheswari C, Prasath R. Investigation on the Role of Molecular Planarity and Conjugation Effects on Physicochemical Properties of Anthracene and Pyrene Appended meso-5,15-Bis(Thien-2-yl)-10,20-Diphenylporphyrin Triads. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2149566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Vinoth Kumar
- PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Pachaiyappa’s College (Affiliated to University of Madras), Chennai, India
| | - P. Gayathri
- Department of Chemistry, Ethiraj College for Women, Chennai, India
| | - R. Sankar
- PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Pachaiyappa’s College (Affiliated to University of Madras), Chennai, India
| | - C. Arunamaheswari
- PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Pachaiyappa’s College (Affiliated to University of Madras), Chennai, India
- Department of Science and Humanities, KCG College of Technology, Chennai, India
| | - R. Prasath
- PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Pachaiyappa’s College (Affiliated to University of Madras), Chennai, India
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3
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Moss A, Nevonen DE, Hu Y, Nesterov VN, Nemykin VN, Wang H. Unsymmetric Pentacene- and Pentacenequinone-Fused Porphyrins: Understanding the Effect of Cross- and Linear-Conjugation. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2022; 2:468-481. [PMID: 36855607 PMCID: PMC9955193 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.2c00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Unsymmetric pentacenequinone-fused (cross-conjugated) and pentacene-fused (linear-conjugated) porphyrins were designed and synthesized. The cross-conjugated (AM 1 -AM 3 ) and linear-conjugated (AM 5 -AM 7 ) porphyrins displayed strikingly different sets of optical and electronic properties, both of which are unusual and nontypical of porphyrins. MCD, DFT, and TDDFT calculations suggest that multiple charge transfer states exist in both π-conjugated systems, which contributes to the complex absorption and MCD spectra of these molecular systems. The general Gouterman's four-orbital model used to explain porphyrin spectroscopy led to contradicting theoretical and experimental data, and is thus not applicable for these molecular systems. The "2 + 4" and "3 + 3" active spaces have been deduced and have proven effective to interpret the absorption and MCD spectra of the pentacenequinone-fused (cross-conjugated) and pentacene-fused (linear-conjugated) porphyrins, respectively. Spectroelectrochemistry of AM 5 -AM 7 revealed broad and intense IR absorptions in the range of 1500-2500 nm, illustrating the exceptional ability of these pentacene-fused systems to accommodate positive charges. A pronounced metal effect was observed for pentacene-fused porphyrins. While pentacene-fused Ni(II) porphyrin (AM6 ) demonstrated an abnormal ability to stabilize pentacene with a half-life of >28.3 days, the half-life of the free base and Zn(II) counterparts were normal, similar to those of pentacene analogues. This work provides important and useful information on guiding new material designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austen Moss
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Dustin E. Nevonen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Yi Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Vladimir N. Nesterov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada,Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 552 Buehler Hall, 1420 Circle Dr., Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, United States,
| | - Hong Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States,
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4
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Han T, Jang Y, Arvidson J, D'Souza F, Wang H. Optical and photophysical properties of platinum benzoporphyrins with C 2v and D 2h symmetry. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2022. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424622500195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Fringu I, Lascu A, Macsim AM, Fratilescu I, Epuran C, Birdeanu M, Fagadar-Cosma E. Pt(II)-A2B2 metalloporphyrin-AuNPS hybrid material suitable for optical detection of 1-anthraquinonsulfonic acid. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-02047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Chen C, Li D, Cao G, Qin Z, Xu Y, Liu X, Li Q, Xie Y, Li C. Solvent-regulated biomorphs from the intense π,π-mediated assemblies of tetracenequinone fused porphyrin. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01173a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tetracenequninone fused porphyrin exhibits remarkable π,π-stacking, which can be regulated by solvents to afford various biomorphs or cubic-shaped architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanyue Cao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhonghe Qin
- Shanghai World Foreign Language Academy, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Shanghai World Foreign Language Academy, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiujun Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Qizhao Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongshu Xie
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengjie Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
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Efimov IV, Kulikova LN, Zhilyaev DI, Voskressensky LG. Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Isocyanides with Activated Methylene Group. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V. Efimov
- Research Center: Molecular Design and Synthesis of Innovative Compounds for Medicine Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) Miklukho‐Maklaya st, 6 117198 Moscow Russia
| | - Larisa N. Kulikova
- Research Center: Molecular Design and Synthesis of Innovative Compounds for Medicine Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) Miklukho‐Maklaya st, 6 117198 Moscow Russia
| | - Dmitry I. Zhilyaev
- Research Center: Molecular Design and Synthesis of Innovative Compounds for Medicine Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) Miklukho‐Maklaya st, 6 117198 Moscow Russia
| | - Leonid G. Voskressensky
- Research Center: Molecular Design and Synthesis of Innovative Compounds for Medicine Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) Miklukho‐Maklaya st, 6 117198 Moscow Russia
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8
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Kumar S, Webre WA, Stewart C, D'Souza F, Wang H. A Synthetic Approach to β-Functionalized Naphtho[2,3]porphyrins. Org Lett 2020; 22:7078-7082. [PMID: 32898422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A concise synthetic method has been developed to access functionalized naphtho[2,3]porphyrins through combining two sequence reactions involving a Heck-electrocyclization-aromatization sequence and a Wittig-Knovenegal sequence. Using this method, mononaphtho[2,3]porphyrin (NP-1), opp-dinaphtho[2,3]porphyrin (NP-2), and push-pull naphtho[2,3]porphyrin (NP-3) have been prepared. These naphtho[2,3]porphyrins displayed interesting optical and electrochemical properties. Excellent efficiencies of singlet oxygen generation were obtained for these naphtho[2,3]porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Whitney A Webre
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Courtney Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
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9
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Banala S, Fokong S, Brand C, Andreou C, Kräutler B, Rueping M, Kiessling F. Quinone-fused porphyrins as contrast agents for photoacoustic imaging. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6176-6181. [PMID: 28989649 PMCID: PMC5628350 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01369h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is an emerging non-invasive diagnostic modality with many potential clinical applications in oncology, rheumatology and the cardiovascular field. For this purpose, there is a high demand for exogenous contrast agents with high absorption coefficients in the optical window for tissue imaging, i.e. the near infrared (NIR) range between 680 and 950 nm. We herein report the photoacoustic properties of quinone-fused porphyrins inserted with different transition metals as new highly promising candidates. These dyes exhibit intense NIR absorption, a lack of fluorescence emission, and PA sensitivity in concentrations below 3 nmol mL-1. In this context, the highest PA signal was obtained with a Zn(ii) inserted dye. Furthermore, this dye was stable in blood serum and free thiol solution and exhibited negligible cell toxicity. Additionally, the Zn(ii) probe could be detected with an up to 3.2 fold higher PA intensity compared to the clinically most commonly used PA agent, ICG. Thus, further exploration of the 'quinone-fusing' approach to other chromophores may be an efficient way to generate highly potent PA agents that do not fluoresce and shift their absorption into the NIR range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Banala
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging , University Clinic , RWTH Aachen University , Pauwelstraße 30 , D-52074 Aachen , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49 241 8085566
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1 , D-52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Stanley Fokong
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging , University Clinic , RWTH Aachen University , Pauwelstraße 30 , D-52074 Aachen , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49 241 8085566
| | - Christian Brand
- Department of Radiology , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , 1275 York Avenue , New York , NY 10065 , USA
| | - Chrysafis Andreou
- Department of Radiology , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , 1275 York Avenue , New York , NY 10065 , USA
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80-82 , A6020 , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Magnus Rueping
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1 , D-52074 Aachen , Germany
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging , University Clinic , RWTH Aachen University , Pauwelstraße 30 , D-52074 Aachen , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49 241 8085566
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10
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Banala S, Wurst K, Kräutler B. Panchromatic π-Extended Porphyrins from Conjugation with Quinones. Chempluschem 2016; 81:477-488. [PMID: 31968777 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201600115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Typical porphyrins are coloured compounds due to their characteristic wavelength-selective visible light absorptions. An exceptional "blackened" ZnII -porphyrin was recently obtained from fusing the β,β'-positions of the porphyrin core with four quinone units. Here, studies with metal-free and NiII -containing analogues are reported. These quinone-fused porphyrins were prepared from the corresponding β,β'-tetrasulfolenoporphyrins via thermally generated porphyrindienes, which were trapped by [4+2] cycloaddition as benzoquinone cycloadducts, which were subsequently oxidised. By using this strategy, metal-free and NiII -containing porphyrins with one, two, three or four conjugated naphthoquinone moieties were prepared efficiently. The presence of the π-conjugated naphthoquinone moieties changed the porphyrin chromophores profoundly, giving broadly absorbing "blackened" pigments. The influence of coordinated NiII ions, or of the absence of a metal ion in the modified porphyrin core, on their structural and spectroscopic properties was explored. Blackened quinone-conjugated porphyrins might be pigments suitable for solar energy conversion. With their unique peripheral functional groups they are also a set of porphyrins "programmed" for further covalent extension. Thus, they are building blocks for the preparation of supra-porphyrinoid assemblies that might be useful in optoelectronics and in the nanosciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Banala
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.,Institutes of Organic Chemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH University Aachen, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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11
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Filatov MA, Etzold F, Gehrig D, Laquai F, Busko D, Landfester K, Baluschev S. Interplay between singlet and triplet excited states in a conformationally locked donor–acceptor dyad. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:19207-17. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03784k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and photophysical characterization of a palladium(ii) porphyrin – anthracene dyad bridged via short and conformationally rigid bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene spacer were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A. Filatov
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- D-55128 Mainz
- Germany
- Institute of Polymers
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
| | - Fabian Etzold
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- D-55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Dominik Gehrig
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- D-55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Frédéric Laquai
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- D-55128 Mainz
- Germany
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE)
- Material Science and Engineering (MSE)
| | - Dmitri Busko
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- D-55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | | | - Stanislav Baluschev
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- D-55128 Mainz
- Germany
- Optics and Spectroscopy Department
- Faculty of Physics
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