1
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Liu Y, Kajihara Y, Okamoto R. Post-translational activation of the C-terminus of polypeptides for the synthesis of peptide thioesters and peptide thioester surrogates. Front Chem 2024; 12:1424953. [PMID: 39076613 PMCID: PMC11284063 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1424953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Semisynthesis using recombinant polypeptides is a powerful approach for the synthesis of proteins having a variety of modifications. Peptide thioesters, of which the peptide C-terminus is activated by a thioester, are utilized for coupling peptide building blocks. Biological methods employing intein have been a center for the C-terminal thioesterification of recombinant polypeptides. Chemical activation has emerged as an alternative methodology for synthesizing peptide thioesters from recombinant polypeptides. Chemical reactions are compatible with various solutions containing organic solvents, chaotropic reagents, or detergents that are generally incompatible with biomolecules such as intein. Despite the potential utility of chemical activation, available methods remain limited. This article introduces the methods for the chemical activation of a peptide C-terminus applied to the chemical synthesis of proteins. By showcasing these methodologies, we aim to accelerate the advancement of new chemical reactions and methodologies and broaden the frontiers for the chemical synthesis of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kajihara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Forefront Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Forefront Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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2
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Lamb C, Shi J, Wilden JD, Macmillan D. Novel electrochemically-mediated peptide dethiylation in processes relevant to native chemical ligation. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:7343-7350. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01499h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we explore electrochemical dethiylation in processes relevant to Native Chemical Ligation (NCL). NCL’s reliance on the redox active amino acid cysteine and β-mercaptoamine derivatives suggests a potential role for...
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3
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Okamoto R, Iritani K, Amazaki Y, Zhao D, Chandrashekar C, Maki Y, Kanemitsu Y, Kaino T, Kajihara Y. Semisynthesis of a Homogeneous Glycoprotein Using Chemical Transformation of Peptides to Thioester Surrogates. J Org Chem 2021; 87:114-124. [PMID: 34889597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Semisynthesis using recombinant polypeptides as building blocks is a powerful approach for the preparation of proteins with a variety of modifications such as glycosylation. The activation of the C terminus of recombinant peptides is a key step for coupling peptide building blocks and preparing a full-length polypeptide of a target protein. This article reports two chemical approaches for transformation of the C terminus of recombinant polypeptides to thioester surrogates. The first approach relies on efficient substitution of the C-terminal Cys residue with bis(2-sulfanylethyl)amine (SEA) to yield peptide-thioester surrogates. The second approach employs a native tripeptide, cysteinyl-glycyl-cysteine (CGC), to yield peptide-thioesters via a process mediated by a thioester surrogate. Both chemical transformation methods employ native peptide sequences and were thereby successfully applied to recombinant polypeptides. As a consequence, we succeeded in the semisynthesis of a glycosylated form of inducible T cell costimulator (ICOS) for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.,Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kento Iritani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoko Amazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Donglin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Chaitra Chandrashekar
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuta Maki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.,Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yurie Kanemitsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Tomoka Kaino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kajihara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.,Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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4
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de Veer SJ, White AM, Craik DJ. Sunflower Trypsin Inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1): Sowing Seeds in the Fields of Chemistry and Biology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:8050-8071. [PMID: 32621554 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nature-derived cyclic peptides have proven to be a vast source of inspiration for advancing modern pharmaceutical design and synthetic chemistry. The focus of this Review is sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1), one of the smallest disulfide-bridged cyclic peptides found in nature. SFTI-1 has an unusual biosynthetic pathway that begins with a dual-purpose albumin precursor and ends with the production of a high-affinity serine protease inhibitor that rivals other inhibitors much larger in size. Investigations on the molecular basis for SFTI-1's rigid structure and adaptable function have planted seeds for thought that have now blossomed in several different fields. Here we survey these applications to highlight the growing potential of SFTI-1 as a versatile template for engineering inhibitors, a prototypic peptide for studying inhibitory mechanisms, a stable scaffold for grafting bioactive peptides, and a model peptide for evaluating peptidomimetic motifs and platform technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J de Veer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew M White
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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5
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Veer SJ, White AM, Craik DJ. Der Sonnenblumen‐Trypsin‐Inhibitor 1 (SFTI‐1) in der Chemie und Biologie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon J. Veer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australien
| | - Andrew M. White
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australien
| | - David J. Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australien
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6
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Yan B, Ye L, Xu W, Liu L. Recent advances in racemic protein crystallography. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:4953-4965. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Jiang YY, Zhu L, Man X, Liang Y, Bi S. Mechanism of trifluoroacetic-acid-promoted N-to-S acyl transfer of enamides. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.05.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Burke HM, McSweeney L, Scanlan EM. Exploring chemoselective S-to-N acyl transfer reactions in synthesis and chemical biology. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15655. [PMID: 28537277 PMCID: PMC5458133 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
S -to-N acyl transfer is a high-yielding chemoselective process for amide bond formation. It is widely utilized by chemists for synthetic applications, including peptide and protein synthesis, chemical modification of proteins, protein-protein ligation and the development of probes and molecular machines. Recent advances in our understanding of S -to-N acyl transfer processes in biology and innovations in methodology for thioester formation and desulfurization, together with an extension of the size of cyclic transition states, have expanded the boundaries of this process well beyond peptide ligation. As the field develops, this chemistry will play a central role in our molecular understanding of Biology. The conversion of thioesters to amides via acyl transfer has become one of the most important synthetic techniques for the chemical synthesis and modification of proteins. This review discusses this S-to-N acyl transfer process, and highlights some of the key applications across chemistry and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M. Burke
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland
| | | | - Eoin M. Scanlan
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland
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9
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10
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Terrier VP, Delmas AF, Aucagne V. Efficient synthesis of cysteine-rich cyclic peptides through intramolecular native chemical ligation of N-Hnb-Cys peptide crypto-thioesters. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:316-319. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02546c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We herein introduce a straightforward synthetic route to cysteine-containing cyclic peptides. It is based on the intramolecular native chemical ligation of thioesters generated in situ from N-Hnb-Cys crypto-thioesters. The strategy is applied to a representative range of natural cyclic disulfide-rich peptide sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor P. Terrier
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire
- CNRS UPR 4301
- 45071 Orléans Cedex 2
- France
| | - Agnès F. Delmas
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire
- CNRS UPR 4301
- 45071 Orléans Cedex 2
- France
| | - Vincent Aucagne
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire
- CNRS UPR 4301
- 45071 Orléans Cedex 2
- France
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11
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Chen W, Kinsler VA, Macmillan D, Di WL. Tissue Kallikrein Inhibitors Based on the Sunflower Trypsin Inhibitor Scaffold - A Potential Therapeutic Intervention for Skin Diseases. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166268. [PMID: 27824929 PMCID: PMC5100903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue kallikreins (KLKs), in particular KLK5, 7 and 14 are the major serine proteases in the skin responsible for skin shedding and activation of inflammatory cell signaling. In the normal skin, their activities are controlled by an endogenous protein protease inhibitor encoded by the SPINK5 gene. Loss-of-function mutations in SPINK5 leads to enhanced skin kallikrein activities and cause the skin disease Netherton Syndrome (NS). We have been developing inhibitors based on the Sunflower Trypsin Inhibitor 1 (SFTI-1) scaffold, a 14 amino acids head-to-tail bicyclic peptide with a disulfide bond. To optimize a previously reported SFTI-1 analogue (I10H), we made five analogues with additional substitutions, two of which showed improved inhibition. We then combined those substitutions and discovered a variant (Analogue 6) that displayed dual inhibition of KLK5 (tryptic) and KLK7 (chymotryptic). Analogue 6 attained a tenfold increase in KLK5 inhibition potency with an Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) Kd of 20nM. Furthermore, it selectively inhibits KLK5 and KLK14 over seven other serine proteases. Its biological function was ascertained by full suppression of KLK5-induced Protease-Activated Receptor 2 (PAR-2) dependent intracellular calcium mobilization and postponement of Interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion in cell model. Moreover, Analogue 6 permeates through the cornified layer of in vitro organotypic skin equivalent culture and inhibits protease activities therein, providing a potential drug lead for the treatment of NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Chen
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Programme, Immunobiology Section, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica A. Kinsler
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Macmillan
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wei-Li Di
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Programme, Immunobiology Section, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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12
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Tsuda S, Mochizuki M, Sakamoto K, Denda M, Nishio H, Otaka A, Yoshiya T. N-Sulfanylethylaminooxybutyramide (SEAoxy): A Crypto-Thioester Compatible with Fmoc Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis. Org Lett 2016; 18:5940-5943. [PMID: 27805411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An N-sulfanylethylaminooxybutyramide (SEAoxy) has been developed as a novel thioester equivalent for native chemical ligation. SEAoxy peptide was straightforwardly synthesized by conventional Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis without a problem. Moreover, SEAoxy peptide could be directly applied to native chemical ligation owing to the intramolecular N-to-S acyl shift that releases the peptide-thioester in situ. This methodology was successfully applied to the synthesis of two bioactive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shugo Tsuda
- Peptide Institute, Inc., Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | | | - Ken Sakamoto
- Peptide Institute, Inc., Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Masaya Denda
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University , Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Hideki Nishio
- Peptide Institute, Inc., Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Akira Otaka
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University , Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Taku Yoshiya
- Peptide Institute, Inc., Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
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13
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Lelièvre D, Terrier VP, Delmas AF, Aucagne V. Native Chemical Ligation Strategy to Overcome Side Reactions during Fmoc-Based Synthesis of C-Terminal Cysteine-Containing Peptides. Org Lett 2016; 18:920-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Lelièvre
- Centre de Biophysique
Moléculaire,
CNRS UPR 4301, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Victor P. Terrier
- Centre de Biophysique
Moléculaire,
CNRS UPR 4301, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Agnès F. Delmas
- Centre de Biophysique
Moléculaire,
CNRS UPR 4301, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Vincent Aucagne
- Centre de Biophysique
Moléculaire,
CNRS UPR 4301, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
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14
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Ali Shah MI, Xu ZY, Liu L, Jiang YY, Shi J. Mechanism for the enhanced reactivity of 4-mercaptoprolyl thioesters in native chemical ligation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13793h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ring-strain-precluded strategy benefiting from entropy effects and n → π* orbital interaction, enhances the reactivity of C-terminal prolyl thioesters in NCL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhe-Yuan Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Yuan-Ye Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
| | - Jing Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
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15
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Behrendt R, White P, Offer J. Advances in Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis. J Pept Sci 2016; 22:4-27. [PMID: 26785684 PMCID: PMC4745034 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Today, Fmoc SPPS is the method of choice for peptide synthesis. Very-high-quality Fmoc building blocks are available at low cost because of the economies of scale arising from current multiton production of therapeutic peptides by Fmoc SPPS. Many modified derivatives are commercially available as Fmoc building blocks, making synthetic access to a broad range of peptide derivatives straightforward. The number of synthetic peptides entering clinical trials has grown continuously over the last decade, and recent advances in the Fmoc SPPS technology are a response to the growing demand from medicinal chemistry and pharmacology. Improvements are being continually reported for peptide quality, synthesis time and novel synthetic targets. Topical peptide research has contributed to a continuous improvement and expansion of Fmoc SPPS applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Behrendt
- Novabiochem, Merck & CieIm Laternenacker 58200SchaffhausenSwitzerland
| | - Peter White
- Novabiochem, Merck Chemicals LtdPadge RoadBeestonNG9 2JRUK
| | - John Offer
- The Francis Crick Institute215 Euston RoadLondonNW1 2BEUK
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